Medical Factors Research Articles

Determinants of persistent smoking among breast cancer survivors

Introduction: While quitting cigarette smoking can improve cancer treatment outcomes, many cancer patients continue to smoke post-diagnosis. The aim of this study was to examine factors associated with persistent cigarette use in postmenopausal women diagnosed with breast cancer, a cancer not traditionally thought of as tobacco-related. Methods: We used data of breast cancer patients who were recruited into the MARIE Study (Mamma Carcinoma Risk Factor Investigation) in Germany between 2002 and 2005 and followed up in 2009. This analysis was based on 450 study participants who reported active cigarette smoking at the time of diagnosis and participated in the follow-up interview. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association of sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, medical factors, and cancer treatment types with persistent smoking behavior. Results: At an average of 5.9 years (SD = 1.18) after diagnosis, 244 (54.2 %) breast cancer survivors were still smoking cigarettes at follow-up. A longer duration of smoking (OR = 1.04, 95 % CI = 1.01–1.06) and smoking on average ≥ 10 cigarettes per day (OR = 1.52, 95 % CI = 1.02–2.28) increased the likelihood of persistent smoking, whereas increasing age (OR = 0.94, 95 % CI = 0.90–0.97) and high engagement in leisure time physical activity (≥62 MET-hrs/wk: OR = 0.55, 95 % CI = 0.32–0.98) were associated with quitting. Conclusion: Smoking cessation programs in cancer care are needed. Specifically for breast cancer patients, tobacco treatment plans that include physical activity may be particularly helpful in quitting smoking cigarettes.

Benefit-finding in children with advanced cancer and their parents.

Although pediatric cancer often causes significant stress for families, most childhood cancer survivors are resilient and do not exhibit severe or lasting psychopathology. Research demonstrates some survivors may report benefit-finding or positive outcomes following this stressful life event. However, considerably less research has included families of children who are unlikely to survive their illness. Thus, this study investigated benefit-finding among parents and their children with advanced cancer, as well as associated demographic and medical factors. Families (N = 72) of children with advanced cancer (ages 5-25) were recruited from a large pediatric hospital. Advanced cancer was defined as relapsed or refractory disease, an estimated prognosis of <60%, or referral to end-of-life care. Participants completed a demographic survey and the Benefit Finding Scale at enrollment. Children, mothers, and fathers reported moderate to high benefit-finding scores. Correlations between family members were weak and non-significant. Children reported significantly higher benefit-finding than fathers. Demographic and medical factors were not associated with benefit-finding in children, mothers, or fathers. Families of children with advanced cancer reported moderate to high benefit-finding regardless of background or medical factors. Children identified benefits of their cancer experience independent of the experiences of their mothers and fathers. Larger studies should continue to examine factors associated with positive and negative outcomes in the context of childhood cancer to inform interventions.

Diagnostic Validity of Clinical Observations for Detecting Physiologic Swallowing Impairment.

A clinical swallow evaluation (CSE) is a noninvasive and indirect assessment of the anatomical and physiological integrity of the swallowing mechanism in a natural setting. A CSE goes beyond a screening, a dichotomized indicator of dysphagia risk, by comprehensively examining the patient's swallowing through gaining sensory and motor information of oral and pharyngeal function. Information obtained from CSEs in combination with medical, social, and environmental patient related factors allow clinicians to make critical decisions about patients' health and quality of life. It is essential that we have assessment tools with rigorous methodological quality to optimize the accuracy of our clinical judgement. The purpose of this study is to investigate the diagnostic validity of clinical observations obtained through the Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability (MASA) to better inform clinicians regarding the confidence that the items are testing what they are intended to test and reflect indication of true physiologic swallowing impairment and airway invasion. Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) analyses revealed that the MASA's diagnostic validity showed acceptable accuracy levels for detecting oral impairment and aspiration, and poor accuracy for detecting pharyngeal impairment and penetration. In the cross-validation analysis, the AUC accuracy level for aspiration changed from acceptable to poor, but remained the same for oral impairment, pharyngeal impairment and penetration. In our sample, acceptable levels for detecting aspiration but poor levels for detecting pharyngeal impairment indicate that the MASA does an adequate job of identifying risk but not explaining the nature of impairment. These results support the need for videofluoroscopic imaging to identify the nature and severity of swallowing impairment, guide intervention and provide recommendations for safe and efficient oral intake.

Abstract 4135745: Prematurity Predicts Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Congenital Heart Disease

Background: Neurodevelopmental (ND) impairment is common in both prematurity and congenital heart disease (CHD). Preterm infants with CHD may have a “double hit,” with worse ND impairments than seen in prematurity or CHD alone. We analyzed whether gestational age (GA) at delivery predicted ND outcomes in children with CHD. Methods: We performed a single-institution retrospective study of children who underwent infant heart surgery from 2007-2020 and returned for ND evaluation after discharge. Exclusion criteria were 1) trisomy 21 and 2) PDA ligation alone. The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III) assessed ND between ages 6-40 months. Patients were stratified into 4 GA groups: very/moderately preterm (≤33 weeks), late-preterm (34-36 weeks), early-term (37-38 weeks) or term/post-term (≥39 weeks). Hierarchical linear regression evaluated potential predictors of Bayley-III composite scores including GA category, demographic, medical, and surgical variables. Results: Among 1350 infants, 513 (38%) had a Bayley-III at median age 28 months [IQR 19, 34]. Of these, 448 (87%) were full-term and 65 (13%) preterm. In univariate analyses, children born preterm vs. full term had lower Bayley-III cognitive, language, and motor scores, explaining from 2.4% (language) to 6.2% (motor) of the variance in Bayley composite scores. In the final models, GA remained a strong independent predictor of motor and cognitive scores. Children with GA ≤33 weeks had the worst outcomes, with age-adjusted cognitive and motor composite scores 11 and 15 points lower, respectively, than those of term infants (Figure). Other significant risk factors included lower primary caregiver education, Black race, longer hospital length of stay, and genetic diagnosis. These models ultimately explained 17-26% of the variance in Bayley scores, with the highest explained variance in the motor domain. Conclusions: Adjusting for other patient and medical factors, preterm infants with CHD have worse cognitive and motor outcomes; risk is highest in those born at ≤33 weeks. Further work is needed to identify potentially modifiable factors to tailor prenatal, postnatal and perioperative care of infants with CHD born prematurely.

Abstract 4131439: Routine Social Isolation Screening Among Adults with Cardiovascular Disease: A Survival Analysis

Background: Evidence linking social isolation to cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality has grown in recent years. Still, information on how this may manifest in real world settings and its implications for screening practices is limited. In 2019, our large national integrated health care system implemented screening for social isolation as part of a broader universal social risk assessment. This repository of screening data was joined to administrative claims to test these associations in real world data and explore differences by demographic and medical factors. Methods: Social isolation responses recorded from 2019-2022 were included for a cohort of adult health plan members with documented atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). We selected a single random assessment for each member and retained any other responses for sensitivity analyses. Cohort members had at least 10 months of enrollment surrounding assessment date for use as the baseline period and were followed for 365 days. We used cox proportional hazards regression with right censoring for coverage gaps to estimate the risk of all-cause mortality conferred by social isolation. We used Poisson regression to model the rate of inpatient stays. Results: There were 881 deaths among 7,484 members (18% of those with social isolation; 11% of those without). The isolated group skewed less male (54% vs. 65%, p &lt;0.001) and older (68.4 [SD 12.7] vs. 67.5 [SD 12.6] years, p &lt;0.05) than those not isolated. At baseline, the isolated group had higher rates of mean inpatient stays (2.3 [SD 1.9] vs. 1.9 [SD 1.6], p &lt;0.001), ED visits (1.2 [SD 1.9] vs. 0.9 [SD 1.6], p &lt; 0.001), and smoking (50% vs. 44%, p &lt; 0.05), and a higher mean Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) (3.6 [SD 2.6] vs. 3.0 [SD 2.4], p &lt; 0.001). Adjusted survival models suggested an independent 33% increase in all-cause mortality risk among those screening positive for social isolation (1.33 HR 95% CI 1.10, 1.62). Adjusted Poisson models found a similar increase in inpatient stays (1.36 IRR 95% CI 1.14, 1.62). Conclusions: Our findings corroborate the association between social isolation and morbidity and mortality among those with known ASCVD. The effect for social isolation was similar in magnitude to clinical comorbidities and smoking, suggesting that routine screening for social isolation may provide valuable information for assessing and managing the risk of death among patients with ASCVD.

Panchakarma fitness form for clinical practice and research in Ayurveda

Background: The Panchakarma Fitness Form is an essential tool in Ayurveda, used to assess a patient’s suitability for specific Panchakarma treatments. By evaluating Dashavidha Pareeksha, Sama-Nirama Pareeksha, assessment of Agni, assessment of Koshta, examination of vital parameters, medical history, and other relevant factors, this form ensures that treatment decisions are informed, ethical, and patient-centered. Objectives: To develop and implement a Panchakarma Fitness Form for evaluating patient fitness for Panchakarma therapies and to assess its effectiveness in enhancing treatment safety, personalization, and compliance with clinical and ethical standards over a five-year period. Methods: A comprehensive Panchakarma Fitness Form was designed, incorporating sections on classical advocation on fitness for different Panchakarma therapies, medical history, clinical examination of patient, allergies, medication, and lifestyle factors. The form was used in both routine healthcare and clinical research settings, with a particular emphasis on its role in screening for study eligibility. The implementation of the Panchakarma Fitness Form enhanced patient safety by identifying contraindications and optimizing treatment decisions. This form contributed to improved treatment efficacy by tailoring therapies to individual health conditions and supporting personalized care. In clinical research settings, the form facilitated participant selection, improving study integrity and data reliability. Conclusions: The Panchakarma Fitness Form is a valuable tool that supports safe, effective, and personalized Ayurvedic treatment. By systematically assessing patient readiness, it reduces risks, enhances treatment outcomes, and aids in legal and ethical compliance in both clinical practice and research. This form sets a standard for quality and safety in Ayurveda, supporting patient-centered and informed healthcare.

The Therapeutic Management of Chemical and Herbal Medications on Uric Acid Levels and Gout: Modern and Traditional Wisdom

Background: Gout is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by elevated uric acid levels in the blood, which can precipitate acute gout attacks in individuals with genetic susceptibility, existing medical conditions, and dietary influences. Genetic predispositions, comorbid medical conditions, nutritional choices, and environmental factors increasingly recognize the multifactorial etiology of the disease. Methods: Recent research has highlighted the potential of phytochemicals, particularly flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids, to manage hyperuricemia (HUA) and its associated complications. Results: Plant’s natural compounds have garnered attention for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and uric acid-lowering properties, suggesting their role in alternative and complementary medicine. Phytochemicals have demonstrated promise in mitigating gout symptoms and potentially modifying the disease course by addressing different aspects of hyperuricemia and inflammation. Herbal remedies, with their complex phytochemical profiles, offer a unique advantage by potentially complementing conventional pharmacological treatments. The integration of herbal therapies with standard medications could lead to enhanced therapeutic outcomes through synergistic effects, optimizing disease management, and improving patient quality of life. Conclusions: This review examines the current understanding of the multifaceted etiology of gout, explores the role of phytochemicals in managing hyperuricemia, and discusses the potential benefits of combining herbal remedies with conventional treatments to improve patient care and therapeutic efficacy.

Inverse Association between the Body Mass Index and the Incidence of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms-Insights from the Hamburg City Health Population Study.

Overweight/obese patients experience a lower incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) compared to non-overweight patients, even though elevated body mass index (BMI) has been associated with various SAH risk factors. Given that intracranial aneurysms are a primary cause of SAH, a potential protective effect of a high BMI on intracranial aneurysms is likely but remains insufficiently investigated. This population-based MRI study aims to conduct detailed analyses on risk factors associated with the incidence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIA). Retrospective analysis of subjects enrolled in the prospective Hamburg City Health study who underwent intracranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was done. MRI scans were screened for UIA using time-of-flight angiography. Subject data including medical history, laboratory examinations, and risk factors for UIA were collected, and a multivariable logistic regression model was used to investigate the relationship between risk factors and UIA incidence. 2688 subjects (mean (IQR) age, 65 (58-71); 1176 female (43.8%) were included. An UIA was detected in 214 subjects with an incidence of 10.6% (6.0%) in females (males). Determinants for UIA were female sex (OR 2.00, 95%CI 1.45-2.77, p < 0.001), hypertension (OR 1.48, 95%CI 1.08-2.04, p = 0.015), smoking (OR 1.41, 95%CI 1.03-1.95, p = 0.036), and BMI (OR 0.95, 95%CI 0.91-0.98, p = 0.004). Among subjects with UIA, 9.4% with a BMI > 25 had multiple aneurysms, compared to 21.6% with BMI ≤ 25 (p = 0.012). This study suggests that a high BMI exhibits a protective effect on UIA incidence and the development of multiple aneurysms. Additionally, the data confirms established risk factors for UIA development, such as female sex, hypertension, and smoking.

Recurrent catatonia in a patient with bipolar disorder and polycythemia: A case report

We report the diagnostic and management challenges encountered in a case of a 57-year-old male patient with bipolar I disorder and comorbid polycythemia secondary to obstructive sleep apnea, who was treated in our inpatient psychiatric unit for suicidal ideation and recurrent catatonia. He was found to have catatonia with a Bush&amp;ndash;Francis Catatonia Rating Scale score of 18. He subsequently exhibited a positive response to the lorazepam challenge test. Before discharge, his daily lorazepam dose was titrated to 6 mg, which led to resolution of catatonic symptoms, and was tapered to discontinuation. During the second hospitalization, the patient&amp;rsquo;s catatonia returned, but due to lorazepam-induced bradycardia, he refrained from taking more than 1 mg of the medication. Divalproex sodium and memantine were initiated as off-label catatonic treatment plus lurasidone for bipolar depression. The patient was also found to have a positive antinuclear antibody titer (1:160). The hemato-immunological abnormalities present in our patient complicated his catatonic condition, underscoring the need to explore medical and neuropsychiatric catatonic factors for accurate diagnosis of this neuropsychiatric syndrome.

A random forest approach to analyzing socioeconomic influences on U.S. infant mortality

Abstract. One important measure of a society's overall health and well-being is infant mortality. However, the infant mortality in US has long been the highest for years among all the high-income nations. While technical and medical factors are often considered, this study posits that socioeconomic determinants also play a critical role. The random forest model, known as its great ability of ranking importance of factors, is an ideal instrument for evaluating how various socioeconomic factors affect infant mortality in the United States. Using data Wonder database, this study applies a random forest approach to evaluate and rank the significance of different socioeconomic factors. The results indicate that the fathers age, mothers education level, parental birthplace, and fathers race are the four most influential factors affecting infant mortality rates in the U.S. Based on these findings, this study advocates for increased attention from policymakers and the public to address these critical socioeconomic factors in efforts to reduce infant mortality.

Exploring accessibility, user experience and engagement of digital media among older patients with depression: a pilot and observational screening study protocol of the DiGA4Aged study

IntroductionThe prevalence of mental health problems is increasing worldwide, particularly in the vulnerable group of older people. The limited availability of therapists, long wait periods and increasing shortage of healthcare...

Identifying Predictors of Unfavorable Treatment Outcomes in Tuberculosis Patients

Objectives: In South Korea, there has been a continuous decrease in the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) attributable to a national TB elimination program; however, TB still poses a significant socioeconomic burden. This study aimed to analyze factors associated with successful TB treatment and to identify refractory patient groups with unfavorable outcomes. Methods: We analyzed anonymized data on 89,150 patients with TB provided by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Specifically, we collected independent variables, which were categorized as individual, regional, and medical facility factors. Individual factors included age, sex, nationality, TB type, drug-resistant status, category of TB, housing type, underlying disease status, number of referrals, and smoking status. Regional factors referred to the region where the TB case was reported. Medical facility factors included the first visit to a medical facility, categorized by hospital type and the distinction between private–public mix (PPM) and non-PPM depending on the presence or absence of dedicated TB nurses. These factors were analyzed in relation to treatment success to identify refractory patient groups with unfavorable outcomes. Results: Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed the following significant factors associated with successful TB treatment: sex, nationality, status of drug-resistant TB, category of TB, number of referrals, region of TB registry, underlying diseases, and smoking status. Specifically, compared with their relevant counterparts, male patients had a lower rate of successful treatment (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.66, reference [Ref.]: women); Korean nationals had a higher rate of treatment success (aOR: 7.20, Ref. foreign residents in Korea); resistant TB was associated with a lower rate of treatment success (aOR: 0.35, Ref.: non-resistant TB status); newly treated patients had a higher rate of treatment success (aOR: 1.75, Ref.: retreatment patient); switching hospitals once (aOR: 1.78), never (aOR: 1.41), or twice (aOR: 1.37) was associated with increased treatment success (Ref.: three or more times); having zero (aOR: 1.45), one (aOR: 1.31), or two (aOR: 1.24) underlying diseases was associated with a higher rate of treatment success (Ref. three or more underlying diseases); and past smokers (aOR: 1.40) and non-smokers (aOR: 1.35) had a higher rate of treatment success (Ref.: current smokers). Conclusions: Our study identified several factors contributing to unfavorable treatment outcomes in tuberculosis patients, including male patients, foreign residents in Korea, drug-resistant TB, retreatment patients, frequent hospital switching, multiple underlying diseases, and current smoking status. These research findings could inform the development of efficient management strategies and policies for improving the treatment success rate among patients with TB.

Non-success in pulmonary tuberculosis treatment: A narrative review of key contributing factors

Medical factors and non-medical factors account for a high number of difficulties in treating tuberculosis. This study aims to comprehensively examine the factors that contribute to failure in tuberculosis treatment. We searched for relevant articles in various databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Research Gate and Google Scholar. The summary of the results from several of these articles are that advanced age, the presence of comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and HIV, low vitamin C, low body mass index, and non-adherence to treatment are the key factors for failure in pulmonary tuberculosis treatment. The role of health workers in the medical field and support from the patient's family are important to provide support to patients with tuberculosis to increase their compliance with treatment.

Discovering an unknown risk. The unnoticed, potientially life-threatening risk to people with an inherited cardaic arrhythmia during the non-cardiac perioperative period.

Abstract Background Patient safety is a global goal. Known risks to patient safety are a challenge however, that challenge is significantly increased when a risk is unknown but exists. It is estimated that 18 million major surgeries in Europe are non-cardiac surgical procedures. Preventable adverse events remain a challenge within healthcare systems worldwide. Potentially life-threatening conditions such as inherited cardiac arrhythmias (ICA) can be triggered by a number of factors during the perioperative phase. Healthcare professionals’ lack of knowledge, awareness or confidence about risks associated with ICAs during non-cardiac surgical procedures may have an impact on patient safety and quality of care for people with an ICA. Purpose To determine the knowledge and experience of ICA by healthcare professionals, their views towards and confidence in caring for a person with an ICA in a surgical environment. Method A multiple method study using a twenty-four-item questionnaire was distributed to registered nurses and midwives, surgeons and anaesthetists within surgical areas of seventeen hospitals in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland of which 154 were returned and nine qualitative face to face interviews with registered nurses, midwives, and anaesthetists within surgical areas of one hospital in the Republic of Ireland and one hospital in Northern Ireland. Results Triangulation and convergence of data found a lack of knowledge in relation to inherited cardiac arrhythmias the study focused on, Long QT syndrome, Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT) and Brugada syndrome. Within this, it was reported that 88.4% of participants were not aware of the drugs to avoid lists. Of those who were aware, 11.6%, no surgeon reported being aware of the drugs to avoid lists. It was also reported that participants had no confidence to care for people with an ICA in surgical settings. Years since graduation did not equate to an increase in confidence to care for these conditions. Participants reported reliance on the anaesthetist to be knowledgeable, manage care or take the lead should an adverse event occur. However, only seven of the nineteen anaesthetists who took part were aware of the drugs to avoid lists for ICA. Conclusions This study has found a lack of knowledge and confidence relating to inherited cardiac arrhythmias in surgical settings. It also highlighted that anaesthetists are seen as the professional to go to, however they may be unaware of this. Many surgeries take place globally which have the potential to induce an adverse event in people with an ICA that may result in death. This study has found an unknown blind spot which is a serious patient safety issue and a hazardous medical risk factor.

Difference in long COVID prevalence due to different definitions and long COVID related risk factors

Abstract Several definitions of long COVID are used in research and practice what challenges epidemiological investigations. Here we present differences in long COVID prevalence accounting for several definitions and concordance between the definitions, as well as the risk factors associated with long COVID. Definitions considered were WHO post-COVID19 condition (PCC) definition with several thresholds (at least low - standard definition, moderate or strong impact on daily activities), NICE1 and NICE2 definitions (reported at least one or at least two symptoms), United States National Centre for Health Statistics, and United Kingdom Office for National Statistics definitions and perceived long COVID. Prevalence of long COVID among French adult population (N = 10 615) in autumn 2022 ranged from 1.2% to 13.4%, conditional of the definition. The concordance between the definitions was at best moderate. Next, on a smaller representative sample of a French adult population (N = 1 813) eight potential risk factors groups for long COVID were assessed in a systematic epidemiological investigation, following a conceptual model. Fifteen factors from seven groups were associated with long COVID including early-defined sociodemographic characteristics, pre-existing chronic conditions, short-term work-related factors, current socioeconomic position, health behaviours, infection-related factors, and perception of COVID-19 severity and long COVID. The likelihood of long COVID was higher for individuals with higher number of diseases and for nineteen out of twenty-six most prevalent dyads and a triad. A more standardized definition would facilitate research and surveillance of long COVID. Furthermore, long COVID should be observed as an interplay of social, medical and contextual factors rather than a mere complication of SARS-COV-2 infection, while patients with multimorbidity may present some of the particularly vulnerable population groups.

Urogenital Tuberculosis and Delayed Diagnosis: A Qualitative Study.

To identify the causes of delayed diagnosis of urogenital tuberculosis (UGT) through a qualitative study of patients with contracted bladder due to UGT. Eight patients diagnosed with contracted bladder due to UGT were evaluated. Data were obtained using face-to-face in-depth interviews and supplemented with medical records analysis and personal medical files. The identification of situations of diagnosis delay was coded by 2 urologists after data analyses. Codes were divided into 3 categories related to its causes: (1) health system; (2) disease factors; and (3) medical factors. The 8 interviews produced 220 minutes of audio and 1.3 GB of scanned documents. The most frequent categories were "Medical factors," followed by "Disease factors" and "Health system." The codes "No clinical-laboratory-radiological suspicion" and "No clinical suspicion" were the most frequent, both belonging to "Medical factors." Clinically, tuberculosis simulates other pathologies and lacks specific tests with adequate sensitivity. The low representation of "Health system" codes indicates that access to public and private health services does not influence delayed diagnosis. The lack of clinical and radiological suspicion and the lack of knowledge of UGT features are the main reasons for diagnosis delay. The causes of delayed diagnosis in our sample were related to "Medical factors," followed by "Disease factors." Better understanding UGT features is an important topic in continuous medical education.

Nutritional Status Impact on Hip Fracture Patients in a Rural Environment.

(1) Background: Hip fractures are highly prevalent traumatic events with significant functional consequences, particularly among the older population. These fractures are associated with increased mortality, postoperative complications, and functional dependence. Medical and nutritional factors such as malnutrition and sarcopenia are crucial for predicting functional outcomes and mortality in these patients. This study aimed to assess the nutritional status, vitamin D levels, and sarcopenia, as well as their relationship with mortality, mean hospital stay, and 30-day-readmission rate, in patients with hip fracture who underwent surgery in a rural hospital setting. (2) Methods: A longitudinal retrospective study involving 124 patients who underwent hip fracture surgery in 2021 was conducted. Sociodemographic, surgical, and nutritional data, including vitamin D, albumin, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, were collected. (3) Results: The average age of the sample was 89.1 years, with a postoperative 30-day-mortality rate of 8.1% and an average hospital stay of 10.4 days. Vitamin D deficiency was present in 79.7% of patients, and a high prevalence of malnutrition was indicated by low albumin and elevated BUN levels. Elevated BUN levels and low vitamin D levels were associated with higher mortality. (4) Conclusions: Adequate nutritional assessment in patients with hip fracture is vital for identifying the risks of complications and mortality. Understanding the current nutritional status and its associated complications will aid in developing strategies to improve health and reduce complications in the future.

Association of Four Dietary Patterns and Stair Climbing with Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events: A Large Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study.

The protective effect of a healthy diet combined with stair climbing on cardiovascular health is unclear. We aimed to assess the independent and joint associations of dietary patterns and stair climbing with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). We included 117,384 participants with information on dietary intake and stair climbing from the UK Biobank (UKBB). We excluded participants with MACEs at baseline and death within two years of follow-up. We used restricted cubic spline (RCS) plots describing the linear or nonlinear associations between dietary patterns (the alternate Mediterranean diet score (AMED), dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH), the healthful planted-based diet index (HPDI) and the alternate healthy eating index-2010 (AHEI-2010)) and stair climbing and MACEs. COX regressions estimated the hazard ratios (HRs) for incident MACEs associated with dietary patterns combined with stair climbing, and adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle and medical factors. The UKBB documented 9408 MACEs over a median follow-up of 13.3 years. Four dietary patterns were negatively and linearly associated with MACEs (P-nonlinear > 0.05), whereas daily stair climbing was negatively and nonlinearly associated with MACEs (P-nonlinear = 0.011). All of the dietary patterns had significant multiplicative interactions with stair climbing (all p-values < 0.05). The three dietary patterns had the lowest risk ratios for MACEs in the highest tertile (T3) combined with daily stair climbing of 60-100 steps (AMED: 0.78 (0.68, 0.89), DASH: 0.80 (0.70, 0.91) and HPDI: 0.86 (0.75, 0.98)), whereas the AHEI-2010 had the lowest HRs for MACEs in the T1 combined with stair climbing of 110-150 steps (AHEI-2010: 0.81 (0.71, 0.93)). Maintaining healthy dietary patterns and adhering to an average of 60-100 steps of stair climbing per day at home can be effective in preventing cardiovascular health-related events.

Unnecessary diagnostic imaging requested by medical students during a first day of residency simulation: an explorative study

BackgroundPhysicians’ choice of appropriate tests in the diagnostic process is crucial for patient safety. The increased use of medical imaging has raised concerns about its potential overuse. How appropriately medical students order diagnostic tests is unknown. We explored their ordering behavior of diagnostic imaging during a simulated first day of residency.MethodsIn total, 492 undergraduate medical students participated in the simulation. After history taking with simulated patients, the students used an electronic system for requesting diagnostic tests. The analysis focused on 16 patient cases, each managed by at least 50 students. We calculated the total number of ordered images and unnecessary radiation exposure in millisievert per patient and performed one sample t-tests (one tailed) with an expected mean of zero on a Bonferroni-corrected alpha level of 0.003 for the independent variable of unnecessary radiation exposure.ResultsUnnecessary diagnostic imaging was ordered across all patient cases. Ultrasound, especially abdominal ultrasound, X-rays of the thorax, and abdominal CTs were notably overused in 90.9%, 80.0%, and 69.2% of all patient cases, respectively. Unnecessary requests of imaging related to radiation resulted in radiation over-exposure for nearly all patients, with 37.5% of all patients being exposed to a significant radiation overdose on average.ConclusionMedical students’ overuse of diagnostic imaging can be explained by patient-related factors like anxiety and medical factors like missing clinical information leading to cognitive biases in patient workup. This suggests the need for interventions to improve students’ clinical decision-making and reduce cognitive biases. Investigating student-specific factors being associated with overuse of diagnostic imaging would be of additional interest.

LATE ONSET PSYCHOSIS IN THE ELDERLY

Late-onset psychosis in the elderly is a condition characterized by the onset of psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, after the age of 60. Although psychosis at younger ages is often associated with primary psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, diagnosis in the elderly is more complex, as it involves the need to differentiate between various conditions that can affect the brain and behavior, such as dementias, neurological disorders and factors related to brain aging. The impact of brain aging, such as diminished cognitive abilities and changes in brain structure, also plays an important role in the development and course of psychosis in this age group. The aim of this work is to analyze the differential diagnosis of late onset psychosis in the elderly, exploring the conditions that can mimic psychotic symptoms and the impact of brain aging on this process. It also aims to assess the implications of this diagnosis for clinical management and patients’ quality of life. This study uses a systematic review to investigate late onset psychosis in the elderly, its relationship with neurodegenerative diseases, differential diagnoses with dementias and therapeutic approaches, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological. The search was carried out in databases such as SciELO, PubMed, LILACS and Journal of Neurosciences, and included analysis of critical reviews, empirical studies and clinical guidelines. Additional data was obtained from population studies and clinical analyses involving geriatric patients with psychosis. The differential diagnosis of late onset psychosis is challenging, as it involves distinguishing between primary and secondary psychiatric causes. Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, are often associated with psychotic symptoms in the elderly. Likewise, disorders such as major depression with psychotic features and delirium can present with similar symptoms, and a detailed clinical assessment is essential. The exclusion of underlying medical factors, such as infections, metabolic disorders and adverse effects of medication, is crucial to ensure an accurate diagnosis. Brain aging, in turn, plays a key role in the vulnerability of the elderly to psychosis. With age, structural and functional changes occur in the brain, such as cortical atrophy, reduced neuronal density and alterations in dopaminergic pathways, which can predispose to the emergence of psychotic symptoms. These changes make the brain more susceptible to stress factors, inflammation and sensory deficits, which can precipitate psychotic episodes. Thus, the treatment of late onset psychosis involves a careful approach, given the sensitivity of the elderly to antipsychotics and the increased risk of side effects. The choice of treatment must balance efficacy in controlling symptoms with minimizing risks, and the use of low doses and constant monitoring are recommended to avoid complications. It is therefore concluded that late onset psychosis in the elderly presents significant diagnostic challenges, requiring a multifactorial approach that takes into account brain aging and the various medical conditions that can mimic or contribute to psychotic symptoms. Differential diagnosis is essential to ensure appropriate treatment, which, when properly targeted, can substantially improve patients’ quality of life. The impact of brain ageing on vulnerability to psychosis highlights the need for detailed clinical assessment and individualized therapeutic strategies for this population group.