Medicated Soaps Research Articles

Antibacterial Activities of Medicated and Antiseptic Soaps on Staphylococcus Aureus and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Wound Infection

Soaps and other cleaning chemicals have been widely utilized for various cleaning purposes for a long time. As the skin is the first line of defense, most bacteria like Pseudomonas aureginosa and Staphylococcus aureus reside and are the primary cause of skin infections.The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial effects of medicated soap (tetmosol) and antiseptic soap (premier cool) against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wound samples. The antibacterial activity of medicated and antiseptic soapswas investigated against test organisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using agar well and disk diffusion methods. After serial dilution, different concentrations of the various soap samples in the range of 200 mg/ml to 62.5 mg/ml were prepared (using sterile distilled water). The result of this study showed that the antiseptic soap “Premier cool” was found to be most effective against all the bacteria strains tested. The antiseptic soap had the highest zone of inhibition (19.00 ± 1.42 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus and 15.00 ± 0.34 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the highest dilution used (200mg/ml). The medicated soap “Tetmosol” exhibited a minimal antibacterial activity against the isolates with a zone of inhibitions of 16.00 ± 0.48 mm 14.00 ± 1.41 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. The result of the minimum inhibitory concentration showed that antiseptic soap (Premier cool) had better MIC and MBC of 12.5 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml, respectively, on Staphylococcus aureus. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the MIC and MBC were 50 mg/ml, respectively. Medicated soap (Tetmosol) had a higher MIC of 25 mg/ml and MBC of 50 mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the MIC and MBC were 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml. The present work has shown that Staphylococcus aureusand Pseudomonas aeruginosa were susceptible to assayed medicated (Tetmosol) and antiseptic (Premier cool) soaps. This study proved that all the soaps samples had antibacterial activity against all the tested bacterial strains. Still, Premier cool soap is the most effective soap against all the given bacteria and should be the first choice for daily use. It is recommended that further studies should be done on antimicrobial resistance, both phenotypic and genotypic, concerning prolonged use of medicated and antiseptic soaps.

Antimicrobial Activity of Commonly Used Medicated Soaps on Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in Maiduguri, Nigeria

Background: The spread of antibiotic resistant infections in both hospital and community settings is a global public health problem. Proper hand washing with soaps has been described as a simple means of preventing disease transmission. Objectives: The antimicrobial activities of six commonly used medicated soaps - Safeguard®, Dettol®, Crusader®, Septol®, Tetmosol® and Sabulun salo (Local black soap) against multi-drug resistant pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolates were investigated in Maiduguri metropolis. Methods: Two isolates each of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were collected from laboratory unit of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital and confirmed using standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was determined using standard disc assay method. The effectiveness of the soaps against these organisms was determined using agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods. Results: The E. coli and S. aureus isolates were multi-drug resistant to the tested antimicrobials. Only one of the S. aureus isolates was susceptible to Safeguard®, Dettol®, Tetmosol® and Sabulun salo, while the other three isolates were resistant using the agar well diffusion method. Dettol®, Tetmosol® and Sabulun salo had the highest activity against all the isolates. One of the S. aureus isolates exhibited the highest susceptibility at MIC 1.56mg/ml and MBC 3.175mg/ml of the soaps’ concentrations. Conclusion: This study showed that Dettol®, Tetmosol® and Sabulun salo are the most effective soaps against antibiotic resistant bacteria and thus can be used to control the spread of pathogenic microorganisms in hospitals and communities through proper hand hygiene.

Medical Clowning: A Cost-Effective Way to Reduce Stress Among Children Undergoing Invasive Procedures.

BackgroundDistraction techniques like medical clowning and the use of soap bubbles can aid in reducing children’s stress levels while undergoing invasive medical procedures. Such complementary therapies are not a common practice in Pakistan, and data exploring the potential benefits of complementary therapies are sparse. This study aimed to determine whether distractions like medical clowns and soap bubbles could reduce anxiety and pain perceived by children undergoing invasive medical procedures in a hospital in Pakistan.Material and methodsWe conducted a randomized controlled trial of 76 pediatric patients (aged six to 12 years) whose treatment required a peripheral intravenous (IV) catheter insertion at the pediatric ward of the Fauji Foundation Hospital in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from March 2016 to June 2016. Peripheral IV catheter insertion was required for all patients as part of their treatments (no participants received IV catheter placement solely for this study). Our sample size was selected via random sampling, and we excluded patients whose parents or legal guardians did not consent for their inclusion. Study participants were randomly assigned to either a clown group (n=38) or a control group (n=38). The patients in the clown group underwent IV catheter placement while interacting with the medical student clown and soap bubbles in the presence of a parent. Patients in the control group underwent IV catheter placement with support provided only by the parent. We assessed the patient’s distress and anxiety before, during, and after the procedure. We used the Observation Scale of Behavioral Distress (OSBD), before and after the procedure with the short version of self-reported Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Children (STAI-C), the visual analog anxiety scale (VAS), and pain experienced with the Wong-Baker Faces pain scale (FPS) only after the procedure. Additionally, we collected demographic information. The hospital's ethical review committee approved our study design.ResultsOf the 76 study participants, 53.9% were male and 46.1% were female. Most patients lived in a rural setting (67%). Mean values of the FPS, OSBD, and STAI-C for the clown group (3.21, 6.23, and 8.52, respectively) were all lower than those for the control group (8.00, 18.02, and 15.29, respectively; p<.001); however, the difference was not statistically significant for children older than 10 years. After IV catheter placement, the mean VAS score for the clown group was also significantly lower than that for the control group (2.84 vs. 8.92, respectively; p<.001).ConclusionThe use of distractions via medical clowns and soap bubbles was an effective nonpharmacological method of reducing anxiety and perceived pain in children undergoing invasive medical procedures. Therefore, proceduralists could use such techniques as powerful, noninvasive, and cost-effective complementary and alternative medicine tools in pediatric treatment settings in Pakistan. Further studies on the potential benefits of the aforementioned techniques are warranted.

Survey of Tick Infestations on Pet Dogs in Jalingo Local Government Area, Taraba State

The study investigated the prevalence of tick infestation among pet dogs in Jalingo Metropolis, Taraba State. The study area was fragmented into five study sites namely Kona, Magami Mayo-gwoi, Mile Six and Nukkai areas. Thirty samples were collected from each study sites using random sampling method. The prevalence of ticks infestation on dogs recorded was 80%. Prevalence was significantly different between the sites (χ2 = 13.333, p =0.0098). Amongst the tick genera observed, Ammblyomma had the highest prevalence, 44 (29.3%) followed closely by Ixodes spp., 41 (27.3%), and the least was Dermacentor, 33 (22.0%). Dogs of 108 (72.0%) of the respondent were vaccinated. Dogs of 82 (54.7%) of the respondents received treatment for diseases. Only 71 (47.3%) respondents used medicated soap, acaricide or chemicals to control dog ectoparasites. Attitudes of dog owners contributes directly or indirectly to tick infestation of dogs in Jalingo metropolis.

EVALUATION OF ALLANBLACKIA FLORIBUNDA SEED OIL FOR POTENTIAL USE IN SOAP MAKING.

Allanblackia floribunda seed oil was extracted and used for soap production, as an alternative to palm oil and other frequently used vegetable oils in industries. The physico-chemical properties of the oil in terms of density, melting point, saponification value and iodine value were measured using American oil chemists’ society (AOCS) standard methods. Medicated Allanblackia floribunda soap was produced by reaction of the oil produced with caustic soda, water, pine oil, chloroxylenol, colour, fillers of different percentages. The physiochemical parameter measured show that the oil has iodine value of 39, melting point of 37 0C, density of 0.914 g/ml, peroxide value of 0.86 mEq/kg, saponification value of 198 mgKOH/g, moisture content of 0.16 % and percentage free fatty acid of 1.15%. The values of the physico-chemical properties of Allanblackia soap made were: soap weight = 81.8 g, soap texture - soft, foam height = 59.6 ml, percentage moisture content = 8.56 %, percentage free caustic alkali = 0.01 %, percentage alcohol insoluble matter = 4.0 %, percentage water insoluble matter = 1.6 % and percentage total fatty matter = 72.0 %. There were little deviations in the values of the parameters of the soap produced with the Allanblackia floribunda seed oil from that of the commercial medicated soaps (tetmosol and dettol) analysed. The results from the study show that the soap produced from Allanblackia floribunda seed oil is good and can serve as an alternative to palm oil.

Identifying the “Who” of the Sex-Trafficked Population of Phoenix [02F

INTRODUCTION: Sex-trafficking is one of the world’s fastest growing forms of crime worldwide, and yet less than 2% of victims have been identified. In 2016, there was an estimated 30% increase in reported cases of human trafficking in Arizona. The number of risks and harms endured by sex-trafficked individuals is lengthy, yet strategies and education to identify victims is not universal. The purpose of this study is to further understand the demographics and medical needs of the sex trafficked population of Phoenix. METHODS: Project STARFISH is a biannual drop-in center that provides resources to victims of sex- trafficking. Medical SOAP notes are written on persons who voluntarily seek medical services at these resource centers. Eighty de-identified SOAP notes were reviewed in this IRB-approved observational, qualitative study to determine demographic and medical needs of the sex-trafficked population of Phoenix. RESULTS: The analysis revealed a high incidence of pregnancy, polysubstance use, homelessness, sexually transmitted infections, domestic violence history, chronic pain and mental health needs. Additionally, demographics of this population were extrapolated and include a predominately female population, an average age of 35 years old, with 78% of people having health insurance, and one-third having regular contact with a primary physician. CONCLUSION: The evidence regarding the sex-trafficked population is limited, and this project helps gain valuable insight regarding the demographics and medical needs of this under-researched population. The impact of this project is threefold: identification of victims, education for healthcare professionals, and creation of open communication channels between victims and healthcare providers.

Sicken thy neighbour: The initial trade policy response to COVID‐19

AbstractSince the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic, many governments have limited exports of medical supplies and medicines. Pre‐pandemic barriers to imports of medical supplies and soap remain largely in place. Having characterised trade policy stance towards COVID‐19‐related goods, this study critically assesses the resort to export curbs and import taxes. Elements of an alternative, positive trade policy contribution to surmount this pandemic are presented.

Awareness among medical students in Islamabad and Rawalpindi regarding use of anti-bacterial soaps: A cross-sectional study

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge, practices and attitudes of undergraduate medical students about anti-bacterial soaps and hand sanitizers.&#x0D; Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with the help of a self-designed, validated online and paperback questionnaire. The questions were based on knowledge, attitudes and practices of students regarding antibacterial soaps and hand sanitizers.&#x0D; Results: A total of 474 students participated in the study. Majority of the students preferred medicated soaps (55.7%) and hand sanitizers (41.6%) for daily use and considered these products to be superior to regular non-medicated soaps and hand sanitizers. Television commercials (61.8%) were the most common source of information about these products. Medical students found it important to further increase the use of medicated soaps for better protection against disease causing microbes.&#x0D; Conclusion: Majority of the study participants were conscious about hygiene and hand sanitization because of interaction with patients. Moreover, most of the students perceived medicated soaps and hand sanitizers to be effective for protection against disease causing microbes under the influence of media marketing campaigns.

Comparison of the Antimicrobial effect of Ethanolic Hand Sanitizers and other Hand Disinfection Methods in Hospitals

AIM: To study and compare the antimicrobial effect of ethanolic hand sanitizers and other hand disinfection methods in hospitals. OBJECTIVE: To study and compare the antimicrobial effect of ethanolic hand sanitizers and other hand disinfection methods in hospitals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: There were a total of 50 participants (n=50), 10 participants for each method of disinfection. This study tested 5 different disindectants- a non medicated soap, a medicated soap, a non medicated hand wash, a medicated surgical standard handwash (with 4% chlorhexidinegluconate), and ethanol based handrub. Every participant was sampled before the hand disinfection. Another sample was obtained after disinfection. RESULT: The number of bacterial colonies is minimum with medicated hand wash containing 4% chlorhexidine glutamate (10.04%). This is followed by the use of ethanol based hand sanitiser (17.04%) for 2 mins. Next is the use of medicated soap (16.02%), followed by non-medicated hand wash (46.50%) and finally the maximum number of bacterial colonies present after hand disinfection is with the use of non-medicated soaps (52.06%). CONCLUSION: The ideal method of hand disinfection is using a medicated handwash (4% chlorhexidine glutamate). However, an excellent alternative to hand washing when antimicrobial efficacy, time for the procedure, and limited access to sinks are of concern is the use of ethanol based hand sanitizer.

Comparative Antiseptic Effects of Some Locally Used Plant Products on Isolated Skin Microorganisms

This research was undertaken to test the efficacy of three locally used plant products (shear butter, palm kernel oil and black soap) and their synergistic combinations against selected skin microbes. One hundred and twenty (120) swab sticks were used to collect skin associated organisms from body parts (leg, knee, head, chest, face, back, armpit and areas affected by heat rashes) among volunteers with Makurdi metropolis, Nigeria. Microbial culture, identification and sensitivity tests followed standard microbiological practices. Identified genera were: Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Escherichia, Mucor, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Candida and Epidermophyton conidia. Inhibitory effect of the locally used products was compared with known orthodox medicated soaps (OMS) as control. As a result, most of the microbes resisted shear butter (SB only) except Candida and Saccharomyces. Palm kernel oil (PKO only) was effective against all microbes except Bacillus. All isolates were sensitive to Black soap (BS only). SB+PKO were 80% effective whereas SB+BS were 90% effective while BS+PKO were 100% effective against all microbes. Only one of the three OMS was 100% effective on skin isolates. Black soap has proven more effective than the two popularly used medicated soaps against skin microflora. Palm kernel oil was also highly effective but 100% efficacy was observed when it mixed with black soap. It was due to their synergistic effect. Shear butter was the least effective but its antiseptic action may be enhanced when mixed with black soap. The information provided is useful in the discovery of cheap and effective natural products in the prevention and treatment of dermatophytic infections in Nigeria.

Comparative Antimicrobial Efficacy of Locally Made African Black Soaps Produced in Akure, Nigeria and Medicated Soaps Against Selected Clinical Skin Pathogens

Comparative Antimicrobial Efficacy of Locally Made African Black Soaps Produced in Akure, Nigeria and Medicated Soaps Against Selected Clinical Skin Pathogens

A comparative study of the physicochemical properties and antimicrobial qualities of Abuad moringa soap with conventional medicated soaps

The study was aimed at assessing the physicochemical properties and antimicrobial qualities of 'ABUAD moringa soap', a herbal soap produced with Moringa oleifera leaf by 'ABUAD Farm', Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. The physicochemical properties and antimicrobial qualities of ABUAD moringa soap on some selected bacteria and fungi were evaluated and compared with those of some conventional medicated and herbal soaps commonly used in Nigeria, such as Dettol, Tetmosol, Tura, Septol, Delta and Dudu Osun (herbal), as well as Lux, which serves as a control soap. The results of the physicochemical analyses revealed that all the soaps fall within the pH range of 8.83 and 9.83. All the soaps possess low values of free caustic alkali and detectable free fatty acid, as well as moderate values of total fatty matter. In-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of the soaps were investigated against microbial agents commonly found in association with skin infections, using the well-agar diffusion technique. The bacteria tested were Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Proteus mirabilis (ATCC 12453), as well as four clinical isolates namely, Escherichia coli, Leutococcus sanguinis, Corynebacterium accolens and Burkholderia cepacia. The fungi were Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Malassezia furfur ATCC 44349, and Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 23645. All the soaps, with exeption of lux, produced varied degrees of antibacterial activities, but ABUAD Moringa soap and Dudu Osun indicated superior effectiveness against the bacteria tested. Antifugal activities were produced by ABUAD moringa and Dudu Osun soaps only, on the fungi tested. ABUAD Moringa produced significantly higher antifungal activities on Malassezia furfur ATCC 44349 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 than Dudu Osun, but no significant difference was observed between the two soaps on their activities against Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 23645. The study showed that ABUAD Moringa soap possesses high therapeutic potentials against agents of bacterial and fungal skin infections.

A comparison of the antibacterial activity of some African black soaps and medicated soaps commonly used for the treatment of bacteria-infected wound

Background: Black soap is a medicinal product that could be harnessed for economic purpose if properly packaged, and misconception about its traditional use by herbalists is thrown overboard.Aims: To promote the relevance of these soaps for economic development, this study compared the antibacterial activity of black soaps with medicated soaps widely used against bacterial infections.Methods: The antibacterial activities of these soap samples were determined by agar diffusion and macrobroth dilution methods.Results: In this study, the statistical analysis of the inhibition zones showed that black soaps were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) more active than medicated soaps used against the test bacterial isolates. The black soaps inhibited and killed the isolates better than the medicated soaps at the different concentrations used. The minimum inhibitory concentration for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis ranged between 0.125 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL, Staphylococcus aureus (0.25–4) mg/mL, Escherichia coli (0.125–4) mg/mL and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1–4) mg/mL. The result showed that K. pneumoniae and E. faecalis were the most susceptible, followed by E. faecalis &gt; E. coli &gt; S. aureus &gt; P. aeruginosa.Conclusion: As a valuable medicinal output derivable from organic waste product that could be converted to wealth, African black soap production, utilisation and commercialisation have tremendous economic potentials. These soaps showed significant antibacterial activity greater than those of the medicated soaps. Hence, their use could be a better option in place of commercially available medicated and antiseptic soaps because of the degree of antibacterial activities they exhibited.

Antibacterial Activities of Some Medicated Soaps on Selected Human Pathogens

Twelve medicated soaps: Crusader, Septol, Carat, 14 days, Funbact, Lifebouy, Safeguard, Tetmosol, TCP, Dettol, Delta and Antigal were investigated for their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Two cloth washing soaps (Key and Truck) were used as control. Identification of the bacterial species was by standard microbiological techniques which included colonial examination, Gram staining and biochemical testing. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal activities of the soaps were determined by disc-agar diffusion method. Profloxacin was employed as a positive control antibiotic. Crusader soap had the highest antibacterial activity (25 mm, against Staphylococcus aureus) while Antigal exhibited the least zone of inhibition (9 mm against Staphylococcus aureus). Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed on the different concentrations of soap preparations used in the work. Staphylococcus aureus was very sensitive to most of the antibacterial soaps used, while Escherichia coli showed higher resistance to the soaps. The medicated soaps analysed have bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal effects on the test pathogens while complete resistance was shown by some of the test isolates even at higher concentrations of the soap preparations used. The cloth washing soaps had no antibacterial effect on the tested pathogens. The use of medicated soaps is thus recommended in homes, schools, offices and hospitals as a way of minimizing or stopping infections that are hitherto spread through the hands.

The Effects of Medically Relevant Compounds on the Physical Properties of Biofilms

The adaptation of bacteria to form biofilms has been linked to many problems in the medical field including the rise of drug-resistant superbugs. Exopolymeric substances (EPS), including carbohydrates, proteins, and polysaccharides, secreted by the bacteria provide protection from harmful chemical elements, such as chlorhexidine digluconate, commonly found in medical grade soap. Much is known about the biological and chemical mechanisms of chlorhexidine digluconate as an antiseptic, whereas the physical response of the bacterial biofilm to the chemical is poorly understood. In this investigation, we used force spectroscopy to analyze the physical effects of varied concentrations of chlorhexidine digluconate on a robust biofilm-forming Escherichia coli strain. Preliminary data suggest a correlation between the stiffness (spring constant) of the biofilm and the concentration of chlorhexidine digluconate.

Medical Rituals and Media Rituals

In the present article the author examines the ritual elements of the professionalization during medical studies, and its interference with media content of medical significance, comparing the role of medical and media rituals on the way of becoming a doctor. It is to be explored how these medical soap operas, medical dramas, medical thrillers or crime stories do exert influence on medical identity and role expectations. Do medical students and their relatives (with medical expertise frequently) identify themselves with these roles? Is their way of reception critical or naive? How media rituals are organizing, modulating the students' medical perception and expectations. Is there a mediated shadow initiation via media or it is excluded and denied? Does it perfuse the common social experience of becoming a doctor via peer communication and peer shaping of model behavior? We search the answers in the context of a theory of media rituals.

Antimicrobial Activity of Sabulun Salo a Local Traditional Medicated Soap

The antimicrobial activity of Sabulun salo ; a local traditional medicated soap widely used by different tribes in Nigeria such as Hausa, Yoruba and Nupe against skin infections was examined against some clinical isolates of pathogenic microorganisms ( Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans ) using agar dilution method. The pattern of inhibition varied with the soap concentration and the organisms tested. The soap was more effective on S. aureus with maximum zone of growth inhibition of 28 mm at 100% w/v followed by C. albicans (24mm). However, E. coli was resistant to the soap at all concentrations tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was found to be 12.5% w/v for both S. aureus and C. albicans . The antibacterial activities exhibited by sabulun salo in this study could be attributed to the presence of its constituents which signifies the potential of the soap as a of topical therapeutic agent. These findings therefore, justify the traditional medicinal use of sabulun salo.

Surgical hand antisepsis in veterinary practice: Evaluation of soap scrubs and alcohol based rub techniques

Recent studies have shown that hydro-alcoholic solutions are more efficient than traditional medicated soaps in the pre-surgical hand antisepsis of human surgeons but there is little veterinary literature on the subject. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of medicated soaps and a hydro-alcoholic solution prior to surgery using an in-use testing method in a veterinary setting. A preliminary trial was performed that compared the mean log(10) number of bacterial colony forming units (CFU) and the reduction factors (RF) between two 5-min hand-scrubbing sessions using different soaps, namely, povidone iodine (PVP) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), and the 1.5-min application of a hydro-alcoholic rub. A clinical in-use trial was then used to compare the hydro-alcoholic rub and CHX in a surgical setting. Sampling was performed using finger printing on agar plates. The hydro-alcoholic rub and CHX had a similar immediate effect, although the sustained effect was significantly better for the hydro-alcoholic rub, while PVP had a significantly lower immediate and sustained effect. The hydro-alcoholic rub showed good efficiency in the clinical trial and could be considered as a useful alternative method for veterinary surgical hand antisepsis.

Antimicrobial activity of medicated soaps commonly used by Dar es Salaam residents in Tanzania

An in vitro evaluation of the anti-microbial activity of medicated soaps was conducted using ditch-plate and hand washing techniques. Strains of reference microbes namely Candida albicans (ATCC90028), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923), Pseudomonas aureginosa (ATCC27853) and Escherichia coli (ATCC25922) were tested at three different soaps’ concentrations (1.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/ml). A total of 16 medicated soaps were assayed for their antimicrobial efficacy. Of these, 13 were medicated and 3 non-medicated soaps, which served as control. Ciprofloxacin and ketaconazole were employed as positive controls. Label disclosure for the soaps’ ingredients and other relevant information were absorbed. The most common antimicrobial active ingredients were triclosan, trichloroxylenol and trichlorocarbanilide. ANOVA for means of zones of inhibition revealed variability of antimicrobial activity among the medicated soaps. Positive correlation (r=0.318; P<0.01) between zones of inhibition and soaps’ concentrations was evidenced. Hand washing frequencies positively correlated with microbial counts. Roberts® soap exhibited the largest zone of inhibition (34 mm) on S. aureus. Candida albicans was the least susceptible microbe. Regency® and Dalan® exhibited the least zone of inhibition on the tested bacteria. Protex®, Roberts®, Family® and Protector® were equally effective (P<0.01) against S. aureus. In conclusion, majority of the assayed medicated soaps have satisfactory antibacterial activity; though lack antifungal effect with exception of Linda® liquid soap. The hand washing technique has proved to be inappropriate for evaluation of soaps’ antimicrobial efficacy due to presence of the skin microflora.

SOAP-Einbindung der Diagnosekodierung: ein Erfahrungsbericht

Summary The variet yo fs oftware systems in ah ospital represents a major challenge. Ac linical information system works as an integrator und therefore requires many interfaces to different subsystems .T he present report describes the integration of semantic coding (natural language processing) int ot he electronic medical record using SOAP technology .T he technical approac hi se xplaine da nd coding quality is appraise da fte rt hree months of live operation.