Medical Service Facilities Research Articles

Research on the Evaluation of an Age-Friendly Layout of Medical Service Facilities in Wuhan City Based on Accessibility

Accessibility is an important indicator for measuring the level of medical facility services in cities. Traditional studies on healthcare accessibility for the elderly have typically focused on the capabilities of emergency services while overlooking the daily independent healthcare needs of the elderly. Taking Wuhan City as an example, the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method is used in this study to measure the accessibility of urban elderly residents with respect to general hospitals, specialized hospitals, and community health service centers. It also analyzes the appropriateness of the medical facility layout for the elderly in Wuhan City. The research findings indicate the following: (1) The accessibility evaluation method for urban medical facilities established with the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area model can accurately assess the supply–demand relationship between the elderly and various levels of medical facilities. (2) The overall coverage of medical service facilities in Wuhan City is relatively high, but there are significant differences in accessibility for elderly residents in different areas. (3) The appropriateness of daily healthcare access for elderly residents in the central urban areas of Wuhan City is mainly influenced by the layout of general hospitals, while, in the peripheral areas, it is mainly influenced by the layout of specialized hospitals and community health service centers. (4) Improving the appropriateness of urban medical facilities for elderly individuals requires differentiated improvement measures tailored to the characteristics of different zones.

The Experience of Marine Tribe Communities Regarding Handling Emergencies Due to Venomous Marine Animal Strings on The Coast of Bintan Regency, Riau Islands

The existence of Bintan Regency is surrounded by the ocean which is an ecosystem of marine animals. One of them is venomous marine animals such as constipated fish, lepu fish, jellyfish and others. Bintan Regency has a sea tribe community that lives on the coast and has its own culture in social life including treatment due to venomous marine animal stings. Handling emergencies due to venomous marine animal stings should be done with medical treatment. The results of field studies still found sea tribe communities who use traditional treatments. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of the sea tribe community regarding the handling of emergencies due to venomous marine animal stings on the coast of Bintan Regency, Riau Islands. The method used was a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Data collection was conducted with In-depth Interview. Participants were 10 marine tribesmen who had been stung by venomous marine animals. In Panglong Village, Bintan Regency, Riau Islands by purposive sampling. The research data were analyzed using the Colaizii approach. The results of this study obtained 4 themes, namely 1) seeking initial treatment with manipulative or body-based practices in reducing the effects of venomous marine animal stings, 2) biological-based practices are most commonly used in handling emergencies due to venomous marine animal stings, 3) combining beliefs with CAM practices in handling emergencies due to venomous marine animal stings, 4) overcoming ineffective treatment to medical service facilities in search of healing. The conclusion of this study is that the sea tribe community has experience using traditional medicine based on the tribe's beliefs and choosing medical treatment if the initial treatment is not effective. It is hoped that after this study, counseling can be conducted on emergency treatment due to venomous marine animal stings in collaboration with local health services

Identification and Mechanism of Residents’ Regional Non-Commuting Flow Patterns Based on the Gradient Boosting Decision Tree Model: A Case Study of the Shanghai Metropolitan Area

With the improvement in residents’ living standards, non-commuting has gradually become an important daily transportation behaviour for residents. The intensity of non-commuting flow can reflect the level of urban functional services and external attractiveness and can intuitively characterise the interconnection pattern and relationship among various cities within the metropolitan area. Related research is also a key topic in the fields of urban planning and transportation geography from a humanistic perspective. Taking the Shanghai Metropolitan Area as an example, this study explored the characteristics of the non-commuting flow of residents in the region and between cities and its nonlinear influencing factors with the help of the mobile phone signalling data and the gradient lifting decision tree model. Three conclusions were identified: first, non-commuting flow within each city in the metropolitan area was concentrated in the central urban area, while non-commuting flow between cities was concentrated in the central urban area of the urban border and strong core cities. Second, the built environment had a nonlinear impact on residents’ non-commuting flow. Different types of large-scale service facilities had different impact mechanisms on non-commuting flow, and public service facilities and transportation infrastructure jointly affected residents’ non-commuting flow. Third, transportation facilities had a more significant impact on the non-commuting flow between cities. Large tourism, cultural, and medical service facilities had a more significant impact on non-commuting flow within cities, with upper or lower thresholds according to the type of facility. The planning strategy needs to conduct targeted planning, regulation, and facility configuration based on the area’s actual needs. In addition, this study identified the characteristics of non-commuter flow differentiation in street towns and the nonlinear impact of the built environment.

ANALISIS UJI KESELAMATAN LISTRIK DAN KALIBRASI CENTRIFUGE

Health equipment is a supporting tool for medical service facilities. Room temperature is also very important in the placement of medical devices so that there are no errors in reading the equipment or damage to medical devices can occur. Calibration is an activity to determine the conventional truth of the value of the indication of measuring instruments and measuring materials by comparing them to traceable measuring standards to national and international standards for units of measure and/or international and certified reference materials. The method used in conducting electrical safety test analysis and calibration on the centrifuge is ECRI, IEC 60601-2. The results of environmental measurements at temperature and humidity meet the requirements with a measured room temperature of 23°C and room humidity of 57.1%, the results of the electrical safety test measurement are declared safe and measured. Protective earth resistance is 0.432mΩ, equipment leakage current is 0.1µA and insulation resistance is 11.1MΩ , the results of the rotational speed accuracy measurement meet the tolerance limits of each value, for setting 2000RPM, 2500RPM, 3000RPM, 3500RPM, 4000RPM there is a deviation of 14.8 with an uncertainty value of 7.0 RPM, the results of the time accuracy measurement meet the tolerance limit with a setting value of 5 minutes (300 seconds) there is a deviation of 1.6 seconds with an uncertainty value of 2.55 seconds, for a full automatic Centrifuge with type HC-16D with Serial No. 2H01018 declared fit for use because it meets the tolerance limit.

Spatial Heterogeneity Analysis for Influencing Factors of Outbound Ridership of Subway Stations Considering the Optimal Scale Range of “7D” Built Environments

The accuracy of the regression model of ridership of subway stations depends on the scale range of the built environment around the subway stations. Previous studies have not considered the Modifiable Area Unit Problem (MAUP) to establish the regression model of subway station ridership. Taking Beijing as an example, this paper expanded the built environment variables from “5D” category to “7D” category, added indicators such as parking fee standard and population density factor, and proposed a Multi-Scale Geographical Weighted Regression (MGWR) model of outbound ridership of subway stations with standardized variables. The goodness of fit of regression models under 10 spatial scales or built environment around subway stations are compared, and the spatial heterogeneity of built environment factors under the optimal spatial scale of outbound ridership of subway stations during the morning peak on weekdays is discussed. The results show that: (1) the scale range overlapped by 1000 m radius circular buffer zone and Thiessen polygon has the highest explanatory power for the regression model, and is regarded as the optimal scale range of built environment; (2) the density of office facilities, sports and leisure facilities, medical service facilities, building density and floor area ratio (FAR) has a significant impact on the outbound ridership of all subway stations; (3) office facilities, catering facilities, FAR, number of parking lots, and whether subway stations are transfer stations have a positive impact on outbound ridership. The number of medical service facilities, sports and leisure facilities, bus stops and building density have a negative impact on outbound ridership; (4) the two added factors in this study: parking charge standard and population density, as the influencing factors of the built environment, have a significant impact on the outbound ridership of some subway stations; and (5) the different local coefficients of the built environment factors at different stations are discussed, which indicate the spatial heterogeneity on the outbound ridership. The results can provide an important theoretical basis for the prediction and analysis of demand of ridership at subway stations and the integration of the built environment around the stations.

The Effect of Room Temperature on the Spread of the Covid-19 Virus by Creating a Special Isolation Room with a Hot Temperature for Those Indicated as Medical Service Facilities

During the Covid-19 pandemic, there were many alternatives to anticipate or anticipate through certain tools and media with less effectiveness and endanger the users, for example, a device that can be called a disinfecting chamber or "disinfection chamber". Quoted from CNN Indonesia, sourced from the WHO Indonesia Twitter account that not to spray alcohol or chlorine directly on the body, spraying such chemicals can be dangerous if exposed to clothing or mucous membranes (example: eyes, mouth) . Alcohol and chlorine can be used on the surface of the body with instructions or user guides. With an official statement from the world health organization directly that it can endanger health, there must be a breakthrough in new media that is safer for users . According to scientists from Aix-Marseille University in France, if the corona virus is exposed to high temperatures it can reduce the life span of the virus itself or can kill the virus itself at 92 degrees Celsius within 15 minutes (quoted from DetikHealt.com) . Giving heat to the room itself using heating by providing steam as in the sauna room and the interior elements are also applied special heat-resistant materials without compromising the safety and health of the users of the room . Then this room will be in health centers that move to handle patients who are examined and also useful for medical practitioners who treat patients . With a room that has a high temperature is expected to minimize the spread of the virus on an ongoing basis and neutralized our bodies outside of the virus in a safe way , because reported by various news , the specialists in internal medicine provide a statement that the virus that is outside the host or can be called a part of our body can last within 3 hours without handling such as washing hands using a handsanitizer or other treatments . The output of the research itself is a room with a hot temperature with wood material and the shape of the room adapts to the needs and existing literature, Then the benefits of this research can be realized a tool to inhibit the spread of the Covid-19 virus and can be used as much as possible for health workers and people who need it.
 Key Word : Covid-19, Disinfection Chamber , Isolation Room

Spatial accessibility of medical facilities based on green travel mode - Take the central urban area of Wuhan as an example

Based on the concept of “people-oriented”, this paper simulates the green travel mode of Wuhan residents in the main urban area by walking and public transportation (bus and rail) based on the public transportation network and walking network of Wuhan city, combined with the POI data of residential community points and medical public service facilities. ArcGIS network analysis technology was used to quantitatively analyze the spatial accessibility distribution characteristics and qualitatively analyze the problems of medical service facilities in the main city of Wuhan. The spatial accessibility distribution characteristics of the three types of medical service facilities (General hospital, Specialist hospital and community hospital) in Wuhan city were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. The conclusions are as follows: under the different green travel mode (walk, by bus or take the subway), the spatial accessibility of the three types of medical facilities in the central urban area of Wuhan is good. The areas with the spatial accessibility of the three types of medical facilities within 15min account for most of the central urban area of Wuhan. However, the spatial accessibility of the three types of medical facilities shows obvious imbalance in the spatial distribution characteristics. The spatial accessibility of three medical facilities in the west of Jianghan district, the north of Jiangan district, the east of Wuchang district and the middle of Hongshan district is poor. And the spatial accessibility in these areas is more than 15min. There are distinct differentiating characteristics in areas with good and bad spatial accessibility. Based on the above analysis results, suggestions and countermeasures are put forward to improve the spatial accessibility of medical public service facilities in the central city of Wuhan.

Demography-Oriented Urban Spatial Matching of Service Facilities: Case Study of Changchun, China

People-oriented urban planning requires that service facilities should efficiently meet individual and community activity needs across the demographic landscape that defines a city. To develop a conceptual basis for urban spatial infrastructure optimization, we empirically studied existing population activities and service facilities in Changchun, China, using kernel density estimation, bivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis, and other models. The spatial relationships we derived from multiple sources of big data such as mobile phone signaling and POI data indicated that the intensity of population activity has obvious temporal regularity, and its spatial distribution is “center-periphery.” Service facilities display a “One main and two subs” distribution with no obvious spatial dependence between the core’s density and diversity. Population activities and service facility diversity show a high-high spatial correlation and multiple matching patterns. At the same time, a certain degree of spatial mismatch between different age groups and service facilities was also observed. Our research suggests several urban renewal actions to rectify this mismatch, such as: decentralizing the core area medical service facilities; reducing the attractiveness of the core area and its traffic pressure; and renewing and renovating old facilities to reduce construction costs. At a government planning level, construction along the periphery of the urban can enrich the diversity of its service facilities to improve the efficiency of spatial allocation.

Analysis of the Elderly’s Preferences for Choosing Medical Service Facilities from the Perspective of Accessibility: A Case Study of Tertiary General Hospitals in Hefei, China

The accessibility of medical service facilities is a vital influence on elderly people choosing medical treatment. Encouraging residents to seek nearby medical treatment can facilitate the rational layout and diversion of urban medical facilities and reduce health resource waste. However, due to accessibility factors, elderly people may not choose the nearest hospital. In order to investigate such factors, we conducted a questionnaire survey among the elderly from 10 tertiary general hospitals in Hefei, China. On the basis of the origin-destination (OD) cost matrix analysis and statistical analysis of 830 valid questionnaires, this paper analyzed the elders’ selection rules when choosing medical facilities and the factors considered when making a choice. The study found that although 85% of elderly participants valued a short distance to tertiary hospitals, only 31% of them attended the closest hospitals in reality, which correlated with regularity according to their education level, travel activity status, and place of residence. The elderly highlighted road congestion, convenience of public transport stations, and number of transfers as critical in determining whether they sought nearby medical treatment. According to the results, effective ways to encourage the elderly to attend their nearest hospital, from the perspective of accessibility, include easing road congestion, improving the layout of public transport stations, and optimizing urban public transport routes. In particular, when planning future medical facilities, attention should be paid to the elderly with primary school education or below, who cannot travel independently, and those who live far from the city center.

Primary disease incidence with officers of the Russian aerospace forces and navy (2015–2020)

OBJECTIVE: Comparative analysis of medical statistical indicators of primary disease incidence with officers of the Russian Aerospace Forces (ASF) and Navy from 2015 to 2020.MATERIALS AND METHODS: There was a comparative statistical analysis of medical reports on health status of the personnel and medical service activity on the form 3/MED of military units, in which not less than 80% of the total number of Russian military officers did service. Disease incidence data was weighed against the classes of International statistical classification of disease and health issues, 10th revision (ICD-10) and calculated for 1000 officers or in ‰.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The annual average level of primary disease incidence with ASF officers in 2015–2020 was 500,7±28,1‰, Navy officers — 364,4±20,1‰ (p<0,01). Polynomial trend of primary disease incidence level among ASF officers resembles an invertible U-curve with maximum data in 2016–2018, Navy officers — shows data increase. There are indicators of primary disease incidence with officers according to disease classes and leading nosology. Disease incidence among ASF and Navy officers were compared.CONCLUSION: Accounting of primary disease incidence will help to carry out disease preventive measures and forecast a calculation of the forces and medical service facilities.

Evaluation of Medical Carrying Capacity for Megacities from a Traffic Analysis Zone View: A Case Study in Shenzhen, China

Sustainable Development Goals propose to build inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities and human settlements, which requires us to scientifically evaluate the carrying capacity of current urban public service facilities, but there is still a lack of in-depth exploration of urban public medical service facilities. Therefore, this paper, within the mobile phone signaling data, improved the potential model and carrying capacity evaluation model of public medical facilities, explored the spatial pattern distribution of public medical resources in Shenzhen, and analyzed the current situation of carrying capacity of public medical resources. The study showed that: (1) the overall spatial distribution of public medical resources in Shenzhen is uneven, showing a pattern of multicenter aggregation and multilevel development; (2) the service potential of public medical facilities has obvious spatial variations, with Futian District, Dapeng New District, and Nanshan District showing more obvious high-gravitational-value aggregation centers; (3) medical facilities in Shenzhen are never empty, but the problems of medical underloading and overloading are severe, and spatial allocation and utilization efficiency need to be further optimized. The research results can provide a scientific basis for the research on the allocation and sustainable construction of medical resources in megacities.

GIS-based MCDM framework combined with coupled multi-hazard assessment for site selection of post-earthquake emergency medical service facilities in Wenchuan, China

Emergency medical service plays a critical role in treating injuries after destructive earthquakes, and emergency medical evacuation is very time-sensitive. Emergency medical service facilities (EMSFs), which are located in affected areas, are effective in reducing the time for patient transfers and improving survival rates. In this paper, we present a comprehensive framework to guide site selection for post-earthquake EMSFs. The proposed method constructs a novel evaluation criteria system and applies interval AHP to determine criterion weights. Next, we use a coupled multi-hazard assessment method to estimate the coupled hazards of multiple earthquake-triggered disasters. Lastly, we adopt TOPSIS to evaluate the suitability of alternative locations for EMSF site selection and rank them in order of evaluation results. Using data from Wenchuan, China, we show that the selected EMSFs outperform those by existing approaches in facility capacity, coupled hazard, and medical evacuation performance, and the riskiest locations can be avoided through evaluation and sort. Our results suggest that improvements in survival rates and EMSF safety levels are possible over the status quo by the proposed framework.

A Multi-Objective Optimization Approach for Emergency Medical Service Facilities Location-Allocation in Rural Areas.

PurposeThe location of emergency medical service (EMS) facilities is a basic facility location problem. Many scholars have examined this kind of problem, but research on the location of EMS facilities in rural areas is still lacking. Different from urban areas, the location optimization of EMS facilities in rural areas must consider the accessibility of roads. The objective of this study conducted the optimal locations of new EMS stations and construction/upgrading of transfer links aiming to improve the medical emergency efficiency of mountain rural areas.MethodsThree multi-objective models were constructed to examine the effects of varying assumptions (suppose existing roads cannot be upgraded, existing roads can be upgraded, and existing roads can be upgraded and new roads can be constructed) about minimizing the population considered uncovered (response time from the residential to the EMS station less than or equal to 0.5 h), time spent traveling from the residential area to the EMS station, construction costs for building new emergency facilities, and costs for improving or building new roads. Furthermore, we developed an improved multi-objective simulated annealing algorithm to examine the problem of optimizing the design of rural EMS facilities.ResultsWe tested the models and algorithm on the Miao Autonomous County of Songtao, Guizhou Province, China. According to the actual situation of the case area, the models and algorithm were tested with the assumption that only three new EMS stations would be constructed. The number of people not covered by EMS stations decreased from 30.7% in Model 1 to 22% in Model 2, and then to 18.9% in Model 3.ConclusionOur study showed that the traffic network had a significant impact on the location optimization of EMS stations in mountainous rural areas. Improving the traffic network conditions could effectively improve the medical emergency efficiency of mountain rural areas.

Measuring the Differences of Public Health Service Facilities and Their Influencing Factors

The equitable distribution of public health facilities is a major concern of urban planners. Previous studies have explored the balance and fairness of various medical resource distributions using the accessibility of in-demand public medical service facilities while ignoring the differences in the supply of public medical service facilities. First aid data with location information and patient preference information can reflect the ability of each hospital and the health inequities in cities. Determining which factors affect the measured differences in public medical service facilities and how to alter these factors will help researchers formulate targeted policies to solve the current resource-balance situation of the Ministry of Public Health. In this study, we propose a method to measure the differences in influence among hospitals based on actual medical behavior and use geographically weighted regression (GWR) to analyze the spatial correlations among the location, medical equipment, medical ability, and influencing factors of each hospital. The results show that Wuhan presents obvious health inequality, with the high-grade hospitals having spatial agglomeration in the city-center area, while the number and quality of hospitals in the peripheral areas are lower than those in the central area; thus, the hospitals in these peripheral areas need to be further improved. The method used in this study can measure differences in the influence of public medical service facilities, and the results are consistent with the measured differences at hospital level. Hospital influence is not only related to the equipment and medical ability of each hospital but is also affected by location factors. This method illustrates the necessity of conducting more empirical research on the public medical service supply to provide a scientific basis for formulating targeted policies from a new perspective.

Has resistance to chlorhexidine increased among clinically-relevant bacteria? A systematic review of time course and subpopulation data.

Chlorhexidine (CHX) was introduced for use as an antimicrobial more than 70 years ago. CHX has been and continues to be used broadly for disinfecting surfaces in medical and food service facilities as well as directly on skin of humans and animals. Considering its widespread use over many decades, questions of resistance to CHX have been raised. Additionally, questions of possible coincident resistance to the biocide and resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics have also been raised. A number of important questions remain, including is there consistent evidence of resistance, what is the degree of resistance, especially among clinically isolated microbial strains, and what is the degree of resistance compared to the typical concentrations of the biocide used? Data for microbial species isolated over the last 70+ years were compiled to construct as complete a picture as practical regarding possible resistance, especially among species in which resistance to commonly used antibiotics has been noted to be increasing. This is a compilation and analysis of individual MIC values for CHX reported in the literature, not a compilation of the conclusions individual authors reached. The data were analyzed using straight-forward and robust statistical procedures to detect changes in susceptibility to CHX over time, i.e. linear regression. Linear regression was supplemented with the use of nonlinear least squares regression analysis to detect the presence of population parameters associated with subpopulations of microbial strains which exhibit increased resistance to CHX. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii were all found to have an increased resistance to CHX over time with the most profound change detected in A. baumannii. Additionally, subpopulations with log-normal distributions were found consistent with the presence of a baseline subpopulation of susceptible strains and a subpopulation with increased resistance to CHX. However, the CHX-resistant subpopulations did not correlate exactly with antibiotic resistance, so details of the relationship remain to be addressed. Increased resistance over time was not detected for Escherichia coli, Enterobacter faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, or Candida albicans, although a subpopulation with greater than baseline resistance to CHX was detected among strains of E. faecalis and C. albicans. A difference in susceptibility to CHX was also detected between methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) S. aureus strains. The levels of resistance to CHX detected were all markedly lower than concentrations routinely used in medical and food service applications. Reaching conclusions regarding the relationship between antibiotic and CHX resistance was complicated by the limited overlap between tests of CHX and antibiotic resistance for several species. The results compiled here may serve as a foundation for monitoring changes in resistance to CHX and possible relationships between the use of CHX and resistance to antibiotics commonly used in clinical medicine.

DISASTER RESPONSE MOSQUE: A MOSQUE AS A CENTER FOR THE RESCUE OF THE UMMAH

AbstractDisaster events are almost impossible to predict accurately when, where and how big so that the preparedness of all elements of society in various regions is a basic need so that the impact of disaster risk can be minimized. The number of mosques in various parts of Indonesia, both institutionally and physically, is a strategic means as a center for saving people from disasters, so that they become interesting objects for research. This study aims to describe the strategic role of planning and designing mosques to reduce disaster risk. The results of this study indicate that planning and designing mosques to reduce disaster risk can be carried out through three stages as follows: (1) Pre-disaster stage through planning: mitigation programs (non-physical), infrastructure planning (physical), site selection, building planning and environment. (2) In the emergency response stage, the design of the mosque must be adaptive to readiness as an information post, volunteers and logistics, medical service facilities, refugee shelter facilities, refugee sanitation facilities, public kitchen facilities, and trauma healing facilities. (3) Post-disaster stage through metal/trauma healing rehabilitation, community economic empowerment program, evaluation, and capacity building to deal with disasters. Keywords: Disaster, Mitigation, Disaster Management, Disaster Response Mosque.

Optimization for Locating Emergency Medical Service Facilities: A Case Study for Health Planning from China.

PurposeRational location of emergency medical service (EMS) facilities could improve access to EMS, and thus assist in saving patients’ lives and improving their health outcomes. A considerable amount of spatial optimization research has been devoted to the development of models to support location planning in the context of EMS, with extensive applications in policy making around the world. However, in China, studies on the location of EMS facilities have not been paid enough attention to, let alone their practical applications. This paper conducted location optimization for EMS facilities in Chengdu, one of the biggest cities in southwest China with more than 16.5 million population, aiming to optimize the EMS system by adding (upgrading) a minimum number of EMS facilities to achieve a given population coverage.MethodsLocation optimization was conducted according to regional health policy goal for the EMS system in Chengdu, China, 2017. The nearest-neighbor approach was used to calculate the shortest travel time based on geographical information system (GIS). The location set covering model was used to formulate the optimization problem under China’s context, and genetic algorithm (GA) was employed to determine the optimized locations.ResultsThe results showed that a minimum number of 55 new facilities were required to upgrade to EMS facilities to achieve the policy goal of 90% population coverage of EMS within 15 minutes. Access to EMS also improved substantially in terms of shortest travel time after facility upgrading. The weighted median shortest travel time to EMS facilities in Chengdu decreased by 14.57%, from 6.45 minutes to 5.51 minutes.ConclusionOur study showed that the solution could effectively achieve the policy goal of population coverage with a minimum number of new EMS facilities. Our findings would support evidence-based decision-making in future EMS planning in China.

Construction of a double-scale epidemic prevention system with consideration of city and community

In the process of fighting against COVID-19, China has taken a series of measures in time, including closing down commercial and entertainment places in the city, conducting closed management of residential communities, restricting citizens’ public social gatherings, etc. During the process that these measures have successfully controlled the spread of the epidemic, new issues are also exposed in the current urban planning and construction, such as dislocation between administrative control unit and planning control unit, and the uneven distribution of urban medical facilities system, which to a large extent affect the development of urban economy and society. Therefore, under the situation that no vaccine has been developed and isolation is still needed for epidemic prevention to deal with possible repeated epidemics, it is necessary to construct an urban layout structure from the perspective of urban planning, which takes into account the needs of epidemic prevention and urban development. Specifically, the overall planning should be carried out from the two scales of city and community, so as to maintain the normal operation of urban economy, society and people’s life as much as possible on the basis of ensuring epidemic prevention. During the non-epidemic period, cities are interconnected. There is no control between the communities, and various elements interact with each other in urban space. At this time, the city can be understood as a multi system interactive “network”. After the outbreak of the epidemic, if we can only control the communities where the epidemic has occurred, it can not only effectively limit the spread of the virus, but also protect the basic living needs of citizens through the improvement of community supporting facilities. At the same time, it can also minimize the impact of space control on the city. In this way, the network characteristics of the whole city can be preserved. We can embed isolated and managed communities into the urban system through important systems and corridors, forming a “network” + “beaded” pattern. In this urban pattern, the double-scale epidemic prevention system needs to improve the ability of different urban systems to resist the impact of epidemic situation at the overall level of the city, and provide basic guarantee for the prevention and control management of communities. According to the characteristics of COVID-19, the transportation system, medical system, garbage and sewage treatment system should be adjusted, so as to realize the isolation, effective supply and timely treatment of personnel, materials and wastes. On this basis, community, as the basic unit of urban administration, is also the focal place for the outbreak, transmission and prevention and control of the epidemic. Different from the open management in the daily period, closed management must be carried out in the communities where infected persons or close contacts are found. This requires the community to be equipped with basic medical service facilities and emergency sites, and focus on the implementation of inspection and control of personnel and materials in and out, and centralized disinfection of waste. The double-scale epidemic prevention system proposed in this paper is not only a means to deal with the new epidemic situation, but also an effective way to face the unknown virus in the future. Among the two epidemic prevention levels of city and community, the city level mainly plays the role of framework support, which is an important support for the organic combination of urban systematic epidemic prevention control and community self-organization epidemic prevention management. As the core management and control unit, the community needs to have perfect social service facilities, and connect with the basic administrative unit of the city, so as to realize the organic combination and effective connection of epidemic prevention and control and daily management.

Analysis on Space accessibility of Medical Service Facilities in Central Wuhan Based on Improvement of 2SFCA

Aiming at the current imperfect hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system and the unreasonable spatial distribution of medical facilities. This article introduces 2SFCA model improved by the Gaussian distance decay function and multiple stage radius to evaluate the accessibility of medical facilities in Wuhan. The results indicate that: firstly, compared with the traditional 2SFCA model, the improved 2SFCA model is more sensitive to the identification of spatial accessibility, and the transition effect of the identification results is more obvious, which can accurately reflect the spatial distribution characteristics of the accessibility of medical facilities in Wuhan. Secondly, the distribution of medical facilities in Wuhan is obvious and the main factors that affect the accessibility value in different urban areas are quite different. Thirdly, the high value areas of medical facilities in the main urban area of Wuhan are mainly concentrated within the second ring line, the transition effect between the second and third ring lines is obvious, and the low value areas are mainly concentrated outside the third ring line. In the end, the main reasons for the low accessibility of the area outside the Third Ring Road are the low service quantity and low service ability of the community health service institutions and the high traffic resistance. The research results can provide a reference for the layout and planning of medical institutions in the main urban area of Wuhan.

Indonesian educated middle-class fathers’ preferences in pregnancy services at a private hospital

ABSTRACT Using in-depth interviews with six educated fathers whose wives were pregnant at the time of the study, the present research aims to interrogate how their preferences in pregnancy services have been developed and avidly exercised using their sets of cultural capital. Following the presented research analysis, the theorizing of education as cultural capital by Pierre Bourdieu allows the author to further explore the complexity of the relationship between medical service preferences and facilities with the respondents’ social status as educated middle class actors. Moreover, access to and enjoyment in using the medical facilities and services of this private hospital is a social symbol desired by the respondents in order to reinforce and reinvigorate their social status. In addition, hospitals as providers of medical facilities and services play a role in accommodating the process of cultural capital activities of these highly educated expectant fathers. The inclusion of private hospitals in this study should also be considered as a symbol of social inequality in the provision of health services in Indonesia. The respondents place themselves within everyday social interactions, that relate naturally to the world, and represent the preoccupied active presence through which the world imposes its presence.