Medical Interns Research Articles

Harassment of interns, medical interns and residents: consequences and complaints

Abstract Introduction Workplace harassment manifests in various forms for healthcare students, potentially leading to modifications in their lives and academic activities. Objectives To describe the type of harassment experienced by interns, medical interns, and residents, and its consequences. Methods A cross-sectional and prospective study was conducted, including medical interns, social service interns, and residents from Veracruz who reported experiencing harassment in their assigned areas during their last academic year. Direct and virtual invitations were sent through various electronic means. Results 58 students were included, with 39 (67.2%) being women. 50% reported experiencing psychological abuse, and 65.5% reported experiencing sexual harassment. The most severe sexual harassment incidents included sexual assault with physical force (1.7%) and three instances of non-consensual sexual relations (5.2%), while the most common were sexual jokes/comments (72.4%). Following harassment experiences, 25% of participants reported feeling anxious, 22% stressed, and 17% angry. Students who perceived psychological abuse reported anger (69%), stress (58.6%), and anxiety (58.6%) as the most frequent consequences, while those reporting sexual abuse indicated anger (73.7%), shame (68.4%), and anxiety as primary consequences. The most frequently identified harassers were attending physicians (56.9%), senior students (34.5%), and non-medical personnel (34.5%). Students filed complaints with hospital authorities (6.9%), university authorities (6.9%), and external agencies (5.2%). The individual who experienced sexual assault with physical force did not file any complaint, while only one person reported non-consensual sexual relations to hospital authorities. Conclusions It is crucial to establish safe spaces for students within the hospital environment to promote their overall well-being and academic success, as well as to encourage a culture of reporting. Key messages • Highlighting the need for intervention within the work teams where our students are placed, promoting a violence-free environment. • Annexing a therapist as part of the work team could favor the well-being of students, since mental health is one of the main points affected within a violent environment.

Factors associated with perception of harassment in interns, trainees and residents of Veracruz

Abstract Background Harassment among resident physicians remains prevalent, with reports of abuse at 20% in Mexico, potentially creating a hostile learning environment that does not foster comprehensive learning for students. Objectives To determine the factors associated with harassment among interns, medical interns, and residents in Veracruz. Methods This is a prospective cross-sectional study, including interns, social service interns, and residents in the state of Veracruz, excluding those diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder or mythomania. Workplace harassment was assessed using the Cisneros scale (Cronbach’s alpha 0.98), in addition to perceptions of workplace, psychological, and sexual harassment. Within the statistical analysis, the association was determined using chi-square test, odds ratio, and 95% confidence interval (OR/CI95%). Results A total of 81 participants were included, with a perception of workplace harassment in 42% and sexual harassment in 51.9%; the Cisneros scale shows 2.5% of subjects free from any harassment behavior. Female gender showed association with workplace harassment (0.7/0.01-0.2); meanwhile, attending a public university (OR: 0.22 / CI: 0.07-0.6) and being a pregraduate intern (OR:2.6/CI:1.03-6.6) were associated with perception of psychological harassment. Furthermore, being female (OR:9.28/CI:3.3-25.4), bisexual (OR:11.8/CI:1.4-97.8), a pregraduate intern (OR:3.44/CI:1.32-8.97), an R1 resident (OR:0.09/CI:0.01-0.79), and being affiliated with Veracruz (OR:2.6/CI:1.05-6.58) or Xalapa (OR:0.1-CI:0.05-0.7) were identified with association for experiencing sexual harassment (p < 0.05). Conclusions Gender and level of education are the main factors associated with harassment, while the type of university of origin plays an important role in psychological harassment, warranting further study of these interactions while considering the limitations of this research. Key messages • The results of this research show that the roles of violence within hospital medical education are still maintained despite the social evolution with respect to gender roles and equality. • It is necessary to promote the culture of denunciation and offer courses to eliminate abuse and promote equality and respect among hospital staff.

Culture on organ and tissue donation in the community of Medical School, Veracruz Region

Abstract Introduction Organ donation is a life-saving activity, yet there is a disparity between the high number of recipients and the minimal number of donors. Objetives To determine the level of organ and tissue donation culture for transplant purposes among faculty members and undergraduate medical interns at a Medical School Methods A cross-sectional and prospective study was conducted from January 2023 to 2024, including faculty members and undergraduate medical interns from the Medical School at the University of Veracruz - Veracruz Region. The main study variable was the culture of organ and tissue donation for transplant purposes, quantified through three dimensions: knowledge, attitude, and training, assessed using a validated instrument (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.6). The entire described population was included, and they were approached in different areas to invite them to participate in this research. Results 225 subjects (55 faculty members) agreed to participate. 97% of participants expressed support for organ donation. Among those not in favor of donation, 33% feared receiving poor medical care as donors, and 17% viewed donation as a business. Organ donation culture was deemed sufficient in 10.98% and outstanding in 71.76% of participants. The most common level of knowledge was outstanding (52%), 70% of the studied population showed a ‘very positive’ attitude towards organ and tissue donation. Training history was evaluated as an associated factor with knowledge about organ donation (OR/CI95%), identifying an association between lack of training and levels of sufficient knowledge (2.5/1.2-4.9) and outstanding knowledge (0.3/0.1-0.7), as well as with sufficient culture (9.6/1.2-73.0) and outstanding culture (0.1/0.04-0.4) (p < 0.05) Conclusions It is imperative to strengthen training programs for faculty and undergraduate personnel, as quality training enhances knowledge and culture within this essential area of healthcare personnel formation. Key messages • University professors should have accurate information on organ donation and sensitize future physicians on the subject, as this could be a crucial step for future interactions in favor of donation. • It is necessary to eradicate misinformation about organ donation in teachers and students of medical schools, since they are the basis for education and awareness on this issue in the population.

How do medical students perceive the role of artificial intelligence in management of gastroesophageal reflux disease?

Background Artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of various medical and surgical conditions, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD). AI has the potential to enhance diagnostic and treatment capabilities, contributing to overall advancements in healthcare. The current study aimed to investigate the medical students’ views regarding the use of AI in GORD management. Methods An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was distributed among undergraduate medical students of various grades within different national medical institutions. The questionnaire comprised three sections, addressing sociodemographic data, knowledge, and attitudes. Knowledge and attitudes were assessed through 5- and 7-item questionnaires, respectively. The knowledge scores constituted a scale of 0–5. This reflected varying levels of understanding. Categories include poor knowledge (two or less), moderate knowledge (three), and good knowledge (4 and 5). Attitudes were classified as negative, neutral, or positive based on 50% and 75% cutoff points, with scores below 50% indicating negative attitudes, 50–75% considered neutral, and scores above 75% reflecting positive attitudes. Results A total of 506 medical students participated, including 273 females and 233 males, with a ratio of 1.2–1. The majority fell within the age range of 20–26 years. Additionally, 388 participants (76.7%) reported grade point averages (GPAs) higher than 4. Regarding knowledge, 9% demonstrated a poor score of knowledge, while 33% had a moderate knowledge score. However, 65% of the participating students held a neutral attitude toward the role of AI in GORD management, with 6.9% expressing a negative stance on the matter. Conclusion Although AI is highly involved in GORD management, the study revealed that medical students and interns possess a limited perception of this emerging technology. This may highlight the necessity for active involvement in AI education within the medical curricula.

Outcomes of Accelerated 3-Year MD Graduates at NYU Grossman School of Medicine During Medical School and Early Residency.

For accelerated 3-year MD (3YMD) pathways to be fully adopted in medical education, a comprehensive analysis of outcome data is needed. This study includes 7 accelerated 3YMD graduating classes at NYU Grossman School of Medicine (NYUGSOM) and reports on outcomes from both medical school and internship compared to their 4-year MD (4YMD) counterparts. Outcomes across the undergraduate-graduate medical education continuum for the first 7 classes of NYUGSOM graduates (matriculated from 2013-2019) from the accelerated 3YMD (n = 136) and 4YMD pathways (n = 681) were compared. For the internship outcomes, 3YMD interns were compared with 4YMD interns who graduated from NYUGSOM and all 4YMD interns (4YMD graduates from NYUGSOM and any other medical school) at NYUGSOM residencies. Accelerated 3YMD students were approximately 5 months older at admission and had higher multiple mini-interview scores than 4YMD students. Overall, accelerated 3YMD students performed similarly to 4YMD students during medical school and internship. Significant differences included higher performance by 3YMD students on preclerkship exams and lower performance on Steps 1 and 2 (average: 5.6 and 8.3 fewer points, respectively) and the physical examination portion of the NYUGSOM Comprehensive Clinical Skills Exam. Internship data indicated comparable team assessments across all residencies, statistically significant higher performance on Step 3 when compared to all 4YMD interns, and, in internal medicine, comparable clinical reasoning between 3YMD and all 4YMD interns. When comparing 3YMD interns to all 4YMD interns in the internal medicine residency program, 3YMD interns had a statistically significantly higher performance on milestones. The outcomes from 7 years of graduating accelerated 3YMD students at NYUGSOM show similar performance in medical school and early residency to 4YMD graduates. Long-term study of accelerated 3YMD students from NYUGSOM and other medical schools is needed to further validate the success of this innovative medical education pathway.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES ON BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AMONG MEDICAL INTERNS OF A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN NORTH KARNATAKA

Objective: Every health-care personnel is expected to have adequate knowledge, good attitude, safe practice, and capacity to guide others for appropriate biomedical waste (BMW) collection and management. The study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding BMW management among the budding yet responsible doctors- the medical interns in ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Gulbarga. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among all the 81 interns currently posted in ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Gulbarga. Data were collected using pre-designed and semi-structured questionnaire to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices on BMW management. Results: The study found that a majority (69.1%) of interns demonstrated fair knowledge regarding BMW management. Majority (93.8–98.8%) of the interns showed a positive attitude towards BMW segregation, self-responsibility, observation of charts at workplace, and training on BMW management. Furthermore, only 12.3% interns viewed BMW management as an extra burden on work. However, only 44.4% of interns were pre-treating liquid waste, and 50.6% were using a needle hub cutter. Alarmingly, 23.3% indicated that they would not report injuries. Conclusion: BMW management practices can be further improved with strict supervision and incorporation of BMW management in the assessment of internship completion in addition to periodic training

Burn Out Among Medical Interns: A Cross Sectional Study

Burn Out Among Medical Interns: A Cross Sectional Study

Sleep, Well-Being, and Cognition in Medical Interns on a Float or Overnight Call Schedule

Extended work hours and night shifts are essential in health care, but negatively affect physician sleep, well-being, and patient care. Alternative schedules with shorter work hours and/or reduced irregularity might mitigate these issues. To compare sleep, well-being, and cognition between interns working irregular, extended shifts (call schedule), and those working a more regular schedule with restricted hours (float schedule). In this observational longitudinal cohort study, interns in a Singapore-based teaching hospital were studied for 8 weeks from January 2022 to July 2023. Data were analyzed from July 2023 to July 2024. Participants worked either regular approximately 10-hour workdays, interspersed with 24 hour or more overnight calls 4 to 5 times a month, or a float schedule, which included regular approximately 10-hour workdays, and 5 to 7 consecutive approximately 12-hour night shifts every 2 months. Exposure was based on departmental training and operational needs. Sleep was measured with wearable sleep trackers and an electronic diary. Day-to-day well-being and cognitive assessments were collected through a smartphone application. Assessments included the Sleep Regularity Index (SRI; determines the probability of an individual being in the same state [sleep or wake] at any 2 time points 24 hours apart, with 0 indicating highly random sleep patterns and 100 denoting perfect regularity) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI; scores ranges from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating poorer sleep; a score greater than 5 suggests significant sleep difficulties). Participants (mean [SD] age, 24.7 [1.1] years; 57 female participants [59.4%]; 41 on call schedule [42.7%]; 55 on float schedule [57.3%]) provided 4808 nights of sleep (84.2%) and 3390 days (59.3%) of well-being and cognition assessments. Participants on a float schedule had higher SRI scores (mean [SD] score, 69.4 [6.16]) and had better quality sleep (PSQI mean [SD] score, 5.4 [2.3]), than participants on call schedules (SRI mean [SD] score, 56.1 [11.3]; t91 = 6.81; mean difference, 13.3; 95% CI, 9.40 to 17.22; P < .001; PSQI mean [SD] score, 6.5 [2.3]; t79 = 2.16; 95% CI, 0.09 to 2.15; P = .03). Overnight call shifts, but not night float shifts, were associated with poorer mood (-13%; β = -6.79; 95% CI, -9.32 to -4.27; P < .001), motivation (-21%; β = -10.09; 95% CI, -12.55 to -7.63; P < .001), and sleepiness ratings (29%; β = 15.96; 95% CI, 13.01 to 18.90; P < .001) and impaired vigilance (21 ms slower; β = 20.68; 95% CI, 15.89 to 25.47; P < .001) compared with regular day shifts. Night shifts with naps were associated with better vigilance (16 ms faster; β = -15.72; 95% CI, -28.27 to -3.17; P = .01) than nights without naps. In this cohort study, 24-hour call schedules were associated with poorer sleep, well-being, and cognition outcomes than float schedules. Naps during night shifts benefited vigilance in both schedules.

Evaluating the importance of rural internships to subsequent medical workforce distribution outcomes: an Australian cohort study

ObjectiveTo evaluate the importance of rural internships to observed medical workforce distribution outcomes up to 8 years post-medical school.Design and settingCohort study of medical graduates of The University of Queensland...

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Filipino Medical Interns on the Management of Superficial Cutaneous Mycoses: A Cross-sectional Study.

Superficial mycoses are one of the most common skin conditions encountered in the outpatient clinics, causing significant morbidity amongst patients. Since these are highly prevalent diseases of the skin, the general practitioner should be able to manage uncomplicated cases, with no need for evaluation by a specialist. The study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Filipino medical interns on the management of superficial cutaneous mycoses using a self-administered questionnaire. This may help identify possible gaps in knowledge, as well as obstacles these future clinicians may encounter when managing superficial mycoses. This in turn may assist in the development or improvement of dermatology training among medical students and continuing medical education programs amongst non-dermatologist physicians. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study among medical interns of the Philippine General Hospital to investigate their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the management of superficial mycoses. Eligible participants were asked to complete an online self-administered survey questionnaire which assessed their capacity to recognize and manage uncomplicated superficial mycoses, and determined their attitudes regarding dermatology training in medical school. The study included 170 medical interns, with majority having only 1-4 weeks of cumulative duration of dermatology training in medical school. Many of the participants (67.1%) had inadequate overall knowledge scores, but this was not significantly associated with their cumulative duration of dermatology training, as well as with their frequency of encounters with superficial mycosis patients. Most deem dermatology training (92.4%) and learning about the management of superficial mycoses (91.2%) during medical school very important. Majority are interested in attending more courses or training in the subject. Recommendations to improve medical school training on superficial mycoses include more practical approach in dermatology modules, integration of dermatology electives in medical school, and longer duration of dermatology modules/rotations during medical school. While knowledge scores of medical interns were not significantly associated with the duration of their dermatology training during medical school as well as their encounters with patients with superficial mycoses, it is shown that they have low confidence scores regarding management of superficial mycoses. They deem that learning more about this disease and dermatology in general is vital to their medical education and are desirous of more training in this subject. Recommendations to improve medical school training on superficial mycoses include dermatology modules, rotations or electives in medical school. Additionally, better training during medical school, and formulation of clinical practice guidelines specific to cutaneous mycoses were recommended to improve healthcare delivery for patients with such diseases.

Patterns of physical activity amidst COVID-19 among medical interns

Patterns of physical activity amidst COVID-19 among medical interns

The Relationship Between Clinical Education Status and Academic Motivation of Clinical-Stage Medical Students at Gonabad University of Medical Sciences

Introduction: Motivation in education and learning are significant challenges in clinical education. This study aimed to determine the relationship between clinical education status and academic motivation among clinical-stage medical students Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 198 medical interns and residents at Gonabad University of Medical Sciences during the academic year 2021-2022 using a census method. Data collection tools included the Clinical Education Status Questionnaire and the Harter Academic Motivation Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used to describe the participants' status, and data were analyzed using independent t-tests, Pearson, and Spearman correlation tests. Results: The mean score for clinical education status among interns was 51.93 ± 16.56, while for residents, it was 12.93 ± 08.12. The mean score for academic motivation among interns was 102.07 ± 11.30, and for residents, it was 100.07 ± 11.54. Overall, the clinical education status averaged 93.31, indicating a relatively moderate level and Academic motivation averaged 101.05 ± 11.44, indicating a high level, with a significant correlation observed between clinical education status and academic motivation (r = 0.454). Conclusion: Given the weakness in the clinical education status, as well as the direct relationship between clinical education status and academic motivation, it is recommended that university officials, particularly in the educational and clinical departments, focus on special attention and planning to improve the clinical education status at the university.

Prevalence And Factors Influencing Pursuit Of Higher Education Abroad Among Medical Interns In India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Prevalence And Factors Influencing Pursuit Of Higher Education Abroad Among Medical Interns In India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Barriers to Research Publication for Undergraduate Medical Students in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Scientific research is an approach to acquiring information to enhance thequality of the world. The aim of thisstudywasto identify the obstacles among undergraduate medical students to publish their study papers. Materials and methods Thiswasa web-based descriptive cross-sectional study that usedan online survey to collect data frommedical students ofUmm Al-QuraUniversity in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The minimum sample size required for the study calculated bytheRaosoft websitewas323. Statistical analysis was conducted with IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25 (Released 2017; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). Results A total of 337 medical students were included in the study. The frequencies of male and female students were relatively comparable, with a marginally greater proportion of male students (177, 52.5%).The majority of students (294, 87.2%) had participated in at least one research project. Notably, 159 (47.2%) students had engaged in more than three research projects, whereas 42 (12.4%) had experience with only one previous research project.A notable peak in publication rate was observed for the year 2023, indicating the highest rate within the study period.The most frequently encountered obstacle in research publication was poor academic teaching, as reported by 133 (39.5%) students, followed by lack of active research groups (130, 38.6%), lack of time (122, 36.2%), and lack of supervisors in their preferred specialty (91, 27%).Associations were found between students' participation in research projects and various demographic characteristics. Among medical students who had previously participated in a research group, 174 (51.7%) were female, and 163 (48.3%) were male (p=0.001). In terms of academic year, most students who participated in a research project were in their sixthyear (143, 42.5%), followed by medical interns (81, 24.1%) and fourth-year medical students (54, 16%), with these differences being statistically significant (p=0.001). Finally, the medical students' grade point average showed no statistically significant association with participation in a research project. Conclusion To boost publication rates and research experience of graduating medical students, it is important to articulate the barriers that prevent them from publishing their research. Educators and supervisors of medical research should strongly consider developing a framework that addresses current and future obstacles.

Comparative analysis of learning motivation, strategies, and effectiveness between medical interns and PGY during the pandemic.

In the post-pandemic era, medical education faces significant shifts in learning modes. This study, employing cross-sectional research from 2021 to 2022, surveyed 214 participants, including 104 medical interns and 110 Post-Graduate Year trainees in Taiwan. Findings revealed notable differences between the groups in age and current internship hospital. Medical interns spent significantly more time in daily self-directed learning, with a higher proportion exceeding 3 hours post-work. Although weekly self-directed learning hours did not show statistical significance, more medical students studied over 7 hours weekly. In terms of learning attitudes and motivations, medical interns outscored Post-Graduate Year trainees, indicating a substantial contrast. The study suggests strategic integration of online and traditional education, tailored to course characteristics. Future research should further explore the effectiveness of online learning, aiming to optimize digital learning while preserving traditional education values.

Sleep Quality Assessment among Medical Intern\'s: An Observational Study

Sleep Quality Assessment among Medical Intern\'s: An Observational Study

Evaluating the Usability and Quality of a Clinical Mobile App for Assisting Physicians in Head Computed Tomography Scan Ordering: Mixed Methods Study.

Among the numerous factors contributing to health care providers' engagement with mobile apps, including user characteristics (eg, dexterity, anatomy, and attitude) and mobile features (eg, screen and button size), usability and quality of apps have been introduced as the most influential factors. This study aims to investigate the usability and quality of the Head Computed Tomography Scan Appropriateness Criteria (HAC) mobile app for physicians' computed tomography scan ordering. Our study design was primarily based on methodological triangulation by using mixed methods research involving quantitative and qualitative think-aloud usability testing, quantitative analysis of the Mobile Apps Rating Scale (MARS) for quality assessment, and debriefing across 3 phases. In total, 16 medical interns participated in quality assessment and testing usability characteristics, including efficiency, effectiveness, learnability, errors, and satisfaction with the HAC app. The efficiency and effectiveness of the HAC app were deemed satisfactory, with ratings of 97.8% and 96.9%, respectively. MARS assessment scale indicated the overall favorable quality score of the HAC app (82 out of 100). Scoring 4 MARS subscales, Information (73.37 out of 100) and Engagement (73.48 out of 100) had the lowest scores, while Aesthetics had the highest score (87.86 out of 100). Analysis of the items in each MARS subscale revealed that in the Engagement subscale, the lowest score of the HAC app was "customization" (63.6 out of 100). In the Functionality subscale, the HAC app's lowest value was "performance" (67.4 out of 100). Qualitative think-aloud usability testing of the HAC app found notable usability issues grouped into 8 main categories: lack of finger-friendly touch targets, poor search capabilities, input problems, inefficient data presentation and information control, unclear control and confirmation, lack of predictive capabilities, poor assistance and support, and unclear navigation logic. Evaluating the quality and usability of mobile apps using a mixed methods approach provides valuable information about their functionality and disadvantages. It is highly recommended to embrace a more holistic and mixed methods strategy when evaluating mobile apps, because results from a single method imperfectly reflect trustworthy and reliable information regarding the usability and quality of apps.

Assessment of medical interns in India using Directly Observed Procedural Skills in the workplace

Internship is an appropriate time for enhancement and assessment of clinical skills. This study was undertaken with an objective to assess the interns at their workplace by DOPS for the procedural skill of blood collection. Mean scores of DOPS rating increased from 1st DOPS (5.45±0.43) to 2nd DOPS (7.56±0.51) and were sustained during the 3rd DOPS (7.84±0.34). Confidence levels and satisfaction of interns increased from 72% to 88% to 95% by third DOPS. DOPS tests the ability to perform a particular procedure in a real-life clinical setting. This study shows that DOPS is one of the useful tools in WPBA.

Psychiatry OSCE for Medical Interns: Are We Using Enough?

Psychiatry OSCE for Medical Interns: Are We Using Enough?

Comparing the effects of intrathecal and intra-articular magnesium sulfate and fentanyl on pain after knee arthroscopy; double-blind clinical trial

Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of intrathecal and intra-articular magnesium sulfate (IA-Mg) and fentanyl on pain after knee arthroscopy (KA). Materials and Methods: This double-blind clinical trial was conducted in 2022–2023. One hundred and forty candidates for KA were randomly allocated to four groups, namely intrathecal magnesium sulfate, IA-Mg, intrathecal fentanyl (IT-F), and intra-articular fentanyl. A medical intern used a 0–10 visual analog scale to assess participants’ post-KA pain at recovery and 1, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after KA. Participants with a pain score of more than 4 were provided with intravenous pethidine 25 mg. Data were analyzed at a significance level of &lt; 0.05 and using the SPSS software (version 22.0). Results: No significant difference was found among the groups respecting participants’ arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, blood pressure, and KA duration (P &gt; 0.05). The mean score of pain significantly increased in all study groups (P &lt; 0.05) and the mean score of pain in the IA-Mg group was significantly less than the other groups (P = 0.001). Respecting postoperative complications, only six cases from the IT-F group experienced pruritus (P = 0.001). Conclusion: IA-Mg can significantly reduce post-KA pain and the need for postoperative analgesics. Therefore, it may be a safe and effective adjacent therapy for post-KA pain management.