Medical Case Histories Research Articles

Dolet, Rabelais, and Paré: literature and medicine beyond dissection

This article attends to the act of speaking after death as it is explored by Étienne Dolet, François Rabelais, and surgeon Ambroise Paré. Dolet addresses a poem to Rabelais in 1538 – the year of Rabelais’s public dissection in Lyon – imagining a dissected corpse that is mute, in contrast to a garrulous, ineffective anatomist. This poetic consideration of voice and authority informs a new reading of Epistemon's resurrection in Pantagruel, where the exemplary value of Epistemon's testimony is reconsidered in relation to the overlooked medical feat of this episode, Panurge's suturing of Epistemon's neck. The article ends with a case history by Paré in which he sutured a patient’s slit throat well enough for him to speak. Speaking with the dead is reconfigured from rhetorical flourish to medical fact, from poetry to fictional narrative to medical case history, allowing for a reconsideration of interdisciplinary method for early modern studies and beyond.

Visualization of radiographic mineral opacities in guinea pigs in the location of the bulbourethral glands may be underdiagnosed

BackgroundPathology of male guinea pig accessory sex glands is minimally described. Mineral opacities caudal to the pelvis were identified during evaluation of two index cases presenting with urinary signs. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of this radiographic finding, suspected to be bulbourethral glands, and to describe associated clinical signs. MethodsA retrospective review of medical records from a single academic institution was performed identifying male guinea pigs with abdominal radiographs, abdominal computed tomography, and/or necropsy. Available imaging studies were evaluated for mineral opacities caudal to the pelvis and necropsy reports were reviewed. Medical case histories meeting the inclusion criteria were summarized. ResultsSix cases met the inclusion criteria, with a prevalence of 5.17% (6/116) amongst male guinea pigs with abdominal imaging that included the soft tissues caudal to the pelvis. Collimation of 25% (28/112) of radiographic studies and 50% (4/8) of computed tomographic studies excluded this region. One necropsy report (3.23%, 1/31) during the study period evaluated the accessory sex glands. The most common clinical signs in identified cases were hematuria (66.7%, 4/6) and stranguria (50%, 3/6). Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe clinical significance of radiographic mineralization in the vicinity of the bulbourethral glands is unknown. This radiographic finding may be underreported due to collimation practices which may exclude the soft tissues caudal to the pelvis. Purposeful evaluation of these organs should be performed during imaging and necropsy evaluation to screen and develop better understanding of the clinical significance of this radiographic finding.

Publishing and Medicine: A Potentially Integrated Field?

This article focuses on the intersection of English-language scholarship between the history of publishing and the history of medicine in Imperial China. As an important part of cultural and social history, both topics have attracted attention from a number of historians. This article contains three sections. The first section introduces the evolution of Chinese book and publishing history in recent years and examines what book historians have done in relation to traditional Chinese medicine. The second section explores how medical historians have considered the role of printing in the history of Chinese medicine and the ways in which medical publications were used as primary sources or subjects of research. The third section explores scholarship on medical epistemic genres, a subfield of medical history, in Chinese medicine, specifically focusing on medical case histories and recipes from the comparative and cross-cultural perspectives. Finally, the conclusion explores potential future directions from the integration of Chinese publishing history and medical history.

Малигнизация при хроническом остеомиелите бедра: клинический случай

of malignant transformation 34 years after the diagnosis of chronic osteomyelitis of the hip. Materials and methods The medical case history was studied and pathomorphological examination of the surgical material of patient D. with chronic osteomyelitis of the femur was conducted. Results Patient D., after a comminuted fracture of the left femur as a result of an accident, at the age of 25 years, developed chronic osteomyelitis, the surgical interventions did not lead to a long-term remission of the process. The course of the disease was complicated by malignancy and pathological fracture. The treatment ended with the amputation of the limb. The pathohistological examination revealed structural changes in bone tissue: necrosis, bone marrow fibrosis, bone microsequestration, inflammatory infiltrate with a high content of neutrophils that corresponded to the morphological signs of chronic osteomyelitis in the acute stage. Signs of pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia, mass appearance of "horny pearls", invasion of the squamous epithelium of the bone tissue, squamous epithelial cells seemed to be highly differentiated. Discussion The pathomorphological picture of the surgical material was characterized as pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia, the prolonged existence of which could cause the occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the femur. It is not clinically and histologically possible to establish when the reactive proliferation of the epidermis acquires fundamentally different biological properties of a malignant tumor. It is a serious problem in the timely diagnosis. Conclusion A thorough pathoanatomical assessment of the material from the affected areas (ulcers, fistulous tracts, bone marrow space) is necessary for the early detection of malignant neoplasms that may occur in osteomyelitis. The presence of long-term dynamics of pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia requires vigilance in relation to the process of malignancy.

Exploring Students’ Perceptions in Sustainable Disciplinary Language Learning in an English-Medium Instruction University: A Case Study of Hong Kong Veterinary Medical Students

University students are expected to develop the skills required for their disciplines, especially those who have learnt English as a foreign language and study at English-medium instruction (EMI) universities. This study investigates the disciplinary literacy needs of students of veterinary medicine. The data were collected using a large-scale survey (n = 122) of students and interviews with five practitioners of veterinary medicine. The findings show that the student vets were trained to carry out highly demanding duties during their clinical placements, such as reading medical case histories, making diagnoses, elaborating on treatment plans for their clients, and composing referrals and medical reports. However, they were exposed to a challenging EMI environment where the requirement to speak and write in English significantly hindered the effectiveness of their learning. A discrepancy in disciplinary tasks between school and the workplace was also revealed. Therefore, it is crucial that researchers and educators at veterinary schools address students’ learning challenges to ensure they have the effective English language skills (including reading, writing, and speaking) they need to meet the language demands of their future clinical work and an understanding of the academic genres of veterinary medicine. This study also showcases the types of multi-literacies (i.e., academic genres and communication skills) needed to fulfil certain clinical duties, and the pedagogical implications are discussed.

Ефективність корекції маси тіла як частини реабілітаційних заходів у хворих на цукровий діабет 2 типу, поєднаний з ожирінням та хронічним панкреатитом

The purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of a physical exercise program and therapeutic massage as a part of rehabilitation program in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with obesity and chronic pancreatitis on carbohydrate metabolism. Materials and methods. 579 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with overweight / obesity and concomitant chronic pancreatitis were included in the study. According to the analysis of the medical case histories, patients took metformin in the minimum dose that ensured the effectiveness and maximum tolerability of the drug, which was 1500-2000 mg/day. Combined therapy, which was taken by some patients, included: metformin and sulfonylurea derivatives in effective therapeutic doses. Against the background of the prescribed therapy, in the post-hospital period, rehabilitation programs were offered, which included a program of physical exercises and therapeutic massage, during 1 month. Results and discussion. It is likely that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, regardless of body mass index and the presence of chronic pancreatitis, received combined therapy. At the same time, the largest percentage of patients on combined therapy was recorded with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic pancreatitis. Both the use of metformin in the form of monotherapy and the use of combined therapy (metformin and gliclazide) in the condition of patients only with type 2 diabetes mellitus and with a comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic pancreatitis and increased body weight / obesity do not allow reaching the target levels of glucose and HbA1c. It was established that the number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without comorbidity who received mono- and combined therapy in combination with a complex of rehabilitation measures reached the target HbA1c indicators. It is also worth noting the increase in the number of insufficiency with type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with overweight / obesity and chronic pancreatitis, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed rehabilitation measures. Conclusion. The additional appointment in the post-hospital period of a complex of rehabilitation program, which includes physical exercises and therapeutic massage, contributed to the achievement of the target level of HbA1c in type 2 diabetes mellitus without comorbidity in 72.73% of patients with monotherapy and in 63.41% with combined therapy and with the associated course of diabetes mellitus, overweight / obesity and pancreatitis, respectively, in 37.62% and 38.28%

‘A medical case history … ’: Huntington’s disease and psychiatry

An important insight arising from the work of Michel Foucault is greater attention to the ways medical science produces subjects. In the case of Huntington's disease, the subjectivity produced has historically been constructed as dysfunctional and threatening, while the subjectivity of the researcher was unscrutinised. This paper describes a Foucauldian analysis of 20th century medical and social scientific literature on the social consequences of Huntington's disease. It identifies three features of Huntington's disease as central to its discursive construction: its genetic transmission pattern, its age of onset and its behavioural symptoms. These qualities, converted into medical and psychiatric knowledge, facilitated the absorption of Huntington's disease into eugenicist discourse, a connection reflected throughout the literature. Through various techniques of power, especially genetic pedigrees, and the normalised appropriation and exploitation of patients' identities and data within psychiatry, affected individuals were subjectified as contaminated and threatening, and implicated in the intergenerational transmission of social dysfunction.

“Something Is Happening”: Medical Realism and the Problem of Acting in Harold Pinter’s A Kind of Alaska

Harold Pinter’s A Kind of Alaska outlines and responds to a critical dilemma in the relationship between modern drama and medical practice. Focusing on a clinical encounter between a doctor and a patient, Pinter’s play was inspired by a real-life medical case history taken from neurologist Oliver Sacks’s Awakenings. Its engagement with medical reality, however, is disturbed by the aesthetic effects of Pinteresque dramaturgy, which subtly undermine the play’s presentation of bioethical dilemmas that are determined by authoritative acts of diagnosis and the control of doctor-patient communication. Reviewing the history of medical vision alongside theatrical realism reveals a paradoxical emphasis on pedagogy and unlearning within both traditions, wherein naïve acts of empiricism and a dutiful adherence to material presence are meant only to reinforce prescribed conclusions and extant structures of knowledge. A Kind of Alaska responds to this paradox by eliciting mutually exclusive attitudes toward narrative and acting, juxtaposing realist effects with those borrowed from the Brechtian Lehrstücke. As a result, the play challenges the kinds of closure implicit in both clinical vision and history, prioritizing instead the dialectical indeterminacies necessary to both the learning and the practice of medicine.

Audiologic Assessment.

Prior to the fitting of hearing aids, clinicians and patients must discuss the best treatment options for the physical and audiologic needs of the patients. To be able to confidently make these decisions, the clinician should complete a medical and audiological case history. Additionally, clinicians need accurate results from a comprehensive audiologic evaluation. The evaluation should include the following: pure-tone testing, word recognition testing, speech-in-noise testing, and loudness discomfort level measures. This article will outline the process and procedures for acquiring this information in line with the Audiology Practice Standards Organization (APSO) Guidelines for Adult Hearing Aid Fittings Standards 1 and 4. This article will also discuss how results can affect decision-making during the hearing aid selection and fitting process.

An Extraordinary Sequel: The ‘Russian’ Influenza and Enduring Sequelae in Victorian Culture

Abstract In 1895, the crime-writing duo of L. T. Meade and Clifford Halifax, MD, published ‘A Doctor’s Dilemma’ in The Strand Magazine. In it, the young physician Arthur Feveral describes a recent influenza outbreak which has left an ‘extraordinary sequel . . . My health is gone—my nerve has deserted me’. Influenza plays a central role in this fiction, but Feveral’s story is simply one of many – documentary and fictionalized – that populate the pages of late nineteenth-century British periodicals. The ‘Russian’ influenza pandemic of 1889–1894 was the last great European outbreak of the nineteenth century, leaving in its wake such widely discussed neurological effects (neurasthenia, psychosis, and melancholy) that they earned their own nosography: ‘influenza nervosa’. This paper examines the pandemic’s enduring cultural and biosocial impact through the framework of sequelae – chronic conditions arising in the aftermath of acute illness. Drawing on medical case histories, criminal reports, illness narratives, and works of fiction, it explores how the Victorians taxonomized and theorized such long-term effects of infectious disease. First, sequelae became a category separate from ‘complications’, vital to broader preoccupations with prolonged illness, uncertainty, and moral and bodily weakness and degeneracy, and the Victorians scaffolded around it notions of vigour and debility, difference, predisposition, and heredity. Second, they domesticated and repurposed colonial and tropical theories of hygiene as explanatory frameworks. Through close readings of ‘long influenza’ in the clinic and in fiction, this paper also frames the kinds of narratives which gained especial purchase, and the sufferers deemed both susceptible and sympathetic. Finally, it argues that the acute phase of infectious anxiety gave way to a longue durée of sequelae, and that Victorian responses provide critical insights and warnings for our own era.

Влияние ремдесивира на течение новой коронавирусной инфекции у беременных

Objective. To estimate efficiency and safety of remdesivir in treating new coronavirus infection in pregnant. Materials and methods. A retrospective cohort study including 61 medical patient’s records who underwent COVID-19 and being pregnant more than 20 weeks was conducted. Medical case histories were divided into 2 groups: the main one with the use of remdesivir treatment (n = 35) and control one (n = 26) without it. The groups were representative by age, anthropometric data and comorbidity (p > 0.05). Results. The use of remdesivir in pregnant patients with COVID-19 causes a reduction in fever by 15% and achievement of target saturation values in 94.3% of cases, reduces С-reaction protein (CRP) levels by 3.5 times, D-dimer by 2.6, Lactat Dehydrogenase (LDG) by 1.4 times on 5th day from the moment of hospitalization, reduces its duration by 30.8%, does not affect the course of pregnancy and the frequency of Cesarean section. Conclusion. The use of remdesivir in the treatment of COVID-19 in pregnant patients with a gestation period of more than 20 weeks is effective, as evidenced by the shortening of the fever period, the duration of hospitalization, improving oxygenation, reduction of laboratory markers "cytokine storm" in blood levels and safe due to the lack of impact on pregnancy and delivery strategy. Key words: СOVID-19, cytokine storm, laboratory criteria, pregnancy, remdesivir

RETROSPECTIVE CHART ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS DIGNOSED WITH ACANTHOLYTIC PEMPHIGUS FOR THE PERIOD 2008-2018

The aim: Determine the clinical and anamnestic criteria that cause the аcantholytic pemphigus (AP) morbidity in the course of the treatment. Materials and methods: Analysis of medical histories of patients who underwent the therapy on the basis of the clinic for 10 years. In the analysis of 174 medical case histories were determined the factors provoking the onset and exacerbation of the disease. The disease severity was assessed using the IKEDA index. Results: During the analysis, patients were divided into two groups. The I group - patients who required combination therapy - systemic glucocorticosteroids (SGCs) and immunosuppressant (azathioprine (AZA)). For patients of group II used SGCs - according to the indications. The presence of intoxication and signs of pyoderma were more common in patients of group I. The number of exacerbations per year for an unknown reason in group I was almost 3 times higher. The ineffectiveness of high starting doses of SGCs was 20.2% of cases compared with those in group II. Conclusions: According to clinical and anamnestic data, during the retrospective analysis of case histories, the criteria determining the severity of acantholytic pemphigus during treatment were determined: the age of patients, the diagnosis period, the prevalence of lesions and severity of dermatosis according to the IKEDA index, the selection of adequate treatment tactics, taking into the complications caused as a result of the systemic glucocorticosteroids therapy.

Low and high order aberrations in the eyes of patients with levothyroxine treated hypothyroidism — comparison and analysis

Background: There is an increasing number of patients in optometric practices who suffer from hypothyroidism. Thyroid diseases have an impact on the ocular condition, refraction, and tear film stability, particularly when thyroid is hyperreactive. This research is focused on the optical condition of the eyes in patients with hypothyroidism treated with levothyroxine to assess its importance during refraction exams. Material and methods: A group of 43 patients was examined, their medical case history was taken, and aberrometry was performed. A research and control groups were selected for statistical analysis of the obtained results. Refractive condition, keratometry, whole eye aberrometry, and separately cornea and internal aberrometry were performed with the use of iTrace aberrometer, based on ray-tracing aberrometry and Placido disk corneal topography. Results: Statistically significant differences with a threshold of p = 0.05 were total eye horizontal coma and corneal horizontal secondary coma. Three values were slightly above the threshold — whole eye oblique tetrafoil, corneal vertical pentafoil, and internal horizontal coma. All three parameters have a p-value equal to 0.06. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism treated with levothyroxine does not have a significant impact on the ocular surface or internal eye aberrations of low order. However, in case of total eye horizontal coma and secondary corneal horizontal coma, the differences are statistically significant.

Actuality and problems of tuberculosis prevention in patients receiving gene-engineering biological therapy

The aims of the study were to analyse the results of tuberculosis prevention in S.М. Kirov Military Medical Academy patients receiving gene-engineered biologi-cal therapy, to evaluate the topicality of this work and to define existing problems. Methods. The study included 185 patients who were consulted by a phthisiatrician because of the gene-engineered biological therapy in the period of 2018–2019. Patients’ medical case histories were studied. Screening and monitoring of tuberculosis infection was carried out in accordance with the metho-dical recommendations of the Association of Rheuma-tologists of Russia. Results. Among persons, referred to the phthisiatrician consultancy due to biological therapy, patients from department internal medicine clinic pre-vailed (76.2%) with key diagnosis: ankylosing spondylitis (Bekhterev’s disease) — 41.6%, and rheumatoid arthri-tis — 21.1%. Among gene-engineered biologicals, Goli-mumab (44.3%) and Adalimumab (18.5%) were most of-ten used. For the analyzed period, none of those receiving gene-engineered biologicals, got sick with tuberculosis. This indicates the effectiveness of preventive measures. A single clinical case of active pulmonary tuberculosis, that was timely detected in a patient at the preliminary screening stage before the start of biological therapy, is demonstrated. The guidelines on this aspect of the tuber-culosis prevention are analyzed. The current organiza-tion problems in examination and checks, dispensary dynamic observation and chemoprophylaxis are noted and illustrated by a clinical example of a patient with an-kylosing spondylitis (Bekhterev’s disease) and signs of la-tent tuberculosis infection. Ways to solve these problems are suggested. Conclusion. Prevention of tuberculosis in patients receiving gene-engineered biological therapy is atopical task, with a need to update and improve its regu-latory and procedural guidelines.

ADOPTION OF AN INTEGRATED NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION AND NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM TOWARD IMPROVEMENT OF TELEHEALTH SOLUTIONS

Telehealth is the usage of digital medical data and telecommunication technologies to aid long-distance clinical healthcare. Proper maintenance of a patient’s medical record has been a hindrance toward the growth of Telehealth services. The patient’s data, particularly emergency data, must be available to medical personnel within a short time frame and independent of potential interruption of network connections. In this paper, we propose a Near Field Communication (NFC) wristband that provides access to the medical details, history and contact details of a patient. By this, the doctor or the paramedical officer can provide the patient with the best treatment within a short period of time. This system comes in handy even if the patient is unconscious/unable to answer. The doctor or the paramedical officer can quickly draft a patient’s report and send it to the hospital. The proposed framework consists of the following four stages: (i) obtaining emergency medical data with the help of NFC chips, (ii) converting medical report into digital text using Optical Character Recognition (OCR), (iii) structuring the narrative medical text into organized data using NLP and (iv) comparative analysis of the selected content. An image database with 1200 medical case histories has been utilized for the algorithm development and validation. The OCR algorithms for converting images to text produced more than 98% on average and NLP algorithm produced around 94.1% accuracy. Overall, the performance of the system from NFC reader till analysis of the specific field is more than 95%. The developed OCR and NLP integrated software helps the doctor or the health officer to immediately convert it into text format and the unstructured text is quickly organized into the respective fields.

Diagnostics of diabetic polyneuropathy in children and adolescents using data mining methods

The article considers the application of data mining methods to develop a diagnostic model for one of the most common and dangerous diabetes mellitus complications – diabetic polyneuropathy characterized by damage to peripheral nerve fibers. The article explores the possibility of diagnosing diabetic polyneuropathy with the use of machine learning methods. The data base of the study includes 3204 anonymized medical records of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes residing in the territory of Altai krai. 1100 records hold data on diabetic polyneuropathy. Medical records contain different information: patient complaints, medical case history, test results. The attribute space is represented by 40 different indicators. In the course of the study, we considered the differences between the attribute values in two groups, built the attribute space ensuring the best classification quality. The article presents the results of applying various methods to transform the source data, evaluates the quality of the resulting model. The implementation of all the study phases was carried out with the use of the Python high-level programming language.

Treatment of relapses of gestational trophoblastic neoplasias

The purpose of the study: to present an experience of the N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center in the treatment of relapses of gestational trophoblastic neoplasias (GTN).
 Materials and methods. We performed a retrospective analysis of medical case histories at the N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center from 1996 until 2019. 545 patients with GTN were treated. Relapses occurred in 25 (4.6%) patients: 8 (2.1%) patients with low risk of resistance (6 (75%) early relapses and 2 (25%) late relapses) and 17 (10%) patients with high risk of resistance (11 (65%) early relapses and 6 (35%) late relapses). Treatment of relapses was done by standard chemotherapy regimens (Dactinomycin 500mcg in days 15, EMA-CO, EMA-EP). Different surgical interventions and radiosurgery were used in some cases additionally.
 Results. Out of 6 patients with early relapses of low-risk GTN, 5 were cured with chemotherapy and one patient by lung resection only. Two patients with late relapses of low-risk GTN were cured with chemotherapy (EMA-CO) and hysterectomy/resection of uterus to achieve complete remission. As a result, all patients with relapses of low-risk GTN were cured, mainly (88%) by chemotherapy. Among 11 patients with early relapses of high-risk GTN, complete remission was achieved in 6 (55%) cases: in 2 patients as a result of EMA-EP chemotherapy, other patients needed combined approaches (chemotherapy + surgery). Three patients with recurrent course continue treatment, two patients died of progression. Of the 6 patients with late relapses of high-risk GTN, 4 (66%) patients were managed mainly through combined treatment (surgery + chemotherapy) and were cured. One patient continues treatment for more than 4 years, and one patient died of progression. In total, out of 17 patients with high-risk relapses, complete remission was achieved in 10 (59%) as a result of combined treatment in the majority of cases (80%).
 Conclusion. The optimal method of treatment for patients with relapses of low-risk GTN is chemotherapy; and for high-risk GTN combined approaches (chemotherapy + surgery)

The case as a travelling genre

This contribution explores how Forrester’s work on cases has opened up an arena that might be called ‘the medical case as a travelling genre’. Although usually focused on the course of disease in an individual patient and authored mostly by one medical author, medical case histories have a social dimension: Once published, they often circulate in networks of scholars. Moreover, scholars of the history of literature have shown that numerous medical cases seem to travel easily beyond the context of medical science into the realm of popular literature and journalism. After tracing the idea of cases travelling in Forrester’s Thinking in Cases, I discuss several contributions by authors who, in the wake of interdisciplinary research on cases in the past two decades, have dealt in different ways with this idea. In the third section, I present my own research on a case of self-crucifixion that was widely discussed in 19th-century Europe. I suggest that understanding the case as a ‘traveling genre’ – an expression borrowed from literary genre theory – highlights the role of readers and publication formats as constitutive for cases, and enables us to see more clearly what cases do for scientists and writers who work with them.

A descriptive study of pain treatment and its follow-up in primary care of elderly patients after orthopaedic care

BackgroundPain treatment post orthopaedic care in the elderly is complicated and requires careful follow-up. Current guidelines state all patients prescribed opioids should have a plan for gradual reduction, with the treatment progressively reduced and ended if any pain remains after more than three months. How this works in primary care remains to be explored.The aim was to describe pain treatment and its follow-up in primary care of elderly patients after orthopaedic care.MethodsIn this descriptive study, medical case histories were collected for patients ≥ 75 years, which were enrolled at two rural primary care units in southern Sweden, and were discharged from orthopaedic care. Pain medication follow-up plans were noted, as well as current pain medication at discharge as well as two, six and twelve weeks later.ResultsWe included a total of 49 community-dwelling patients with medication aid from nurses in municipality care and nursing home residents, ≥ 75 years, discharged from orthopaedic care. The proportion of patients prescribed paracetamol increased from 28/49 (57%) prior to admission, to 38/44 (82%) after 12 weeks. The proportion of patients prescribed opioids increased from 5/49 (10%) to 18/44 (41%). Primary care pain medication follow-up plans were noted for 16/49 patients (33%).ConclusionsMany patients still used pain medication 12 weeks after discharge, and follow-up plans were quite uncommon, which may reflect upon lacking follow-up of these patients in primary care.

A Study of Management Information Systems and Its Effect on Health Management Organizations

The primary focus of a healthcare organization is the promotion of health and the avoidance of disease, sickness, injury, and other impairments of human physical and mental functioning. The health care industry is a service sector. In terms of both income and employment, healthcare has grown to become one of India's greatest industries. Medical case history, resource planning, and hospital server databases are all severely lacking. As a consequence, medical facilities are now more productive and efficient. A lack of proper planning in hospitals has led to subpar decision making in areas like manpower and personnel management, payroll and employee-related applications, hospital billing and recovery, inventory control procurement, planning, and control, expiration date management, resource utilization and analysis, financial accounting, capital budgeting and expense control, and maintenance of service facilities.