Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Research Articles

Antibacterial Effect of Three Kinds of Methylene Blue Photosensitizers Mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Streptococcus Mutans

In order to study the antibacterial effect of methylene blue (MB) photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) on Streptococcus mutans in aqueous solvent form, SDS solution form and their mixed form, the influence of MB-PDT on antibacterial effect of Streptococcus mutans in different dosage forms was analyzed. The number of colonies after and before photodynamic therapy mediated by MB-mediated photodynamic therapy was compared by in vitro viable bacterial colony counting method. Negative control group, light alone group, water dosage MB group, mixed dosage MB group, SDS dosage MB group, water dosage MB-PDT group, mixed dosage MB-PDT group and SDS dosage MB-PDT group were set up respectively the effect of different dosage forms of photosensitizers on the antibacterial effect of Streptococcus mutans was analyzed by counting and comparing in vitro for 24 hours. Through in vitro culture experiment, it was found that the number of colonies in water dosage form, mixed dosage form and SDS dosage form MB-PDT group was less than that in water dosage form, mixed dosage form and SDS dosage form MB. The proportion of viable bacteria in SDS MB group was significantly lower than that in water and mixed MB groups, and the antibacterial rate of SDS MB-PDT group was significantly higher than that in water and mixed MB-PDT group. These results indicated that MB-PDT could significantly inhibit the proliferation and growth of Streptococcus mutans. Among them, SDS MB-PDT group had more obvious antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutans than water MB-PDT group and mixed MB-PDT group, but there was no significant difference in antibacterial effect between water MB-mediated PDT group and mixed MB-mediated PDT group.

Toxicity evaluation of indocyanine green mediated photodynamic therapy

BackgroundThe aim of the study is to determine the cytotoxic, genotoxic and inflammatory effects of indocyanine green (ICG) mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) in direct contact with L-929 mouse fibroblast cells and over a dentin barrier. MethodsEight groups were evaluated; control (C), group with a dentin barrier (D), ICG applied directly on the cells (ICG), ICG applied over a dentin barrier (D-ICG), only laser applied (L), laser applied over a dentin barrier (D-L), ICG and laser applied directly on the cells (ICG-L), ICG and laser applied over a dentin barrier (D-ICG-L). Cell viability was evaluated via ATP Assay, DNA damage was evaluated via Comet Assay, and inflammatory markers IL-1β and TNF-α were assessed via ELISA test. ResultsCell viability decreased in group ICG (p<0.001). Cell viability decrease was higher in Group ICG-L (p<0.001). Cell viability decrease was lower in group D-ICG-L (p>0.05). Group L caused an increase in cell number (p<0.001). DNA damage was observed in ICG, D-ICG, and ICG-L groups (p<0.05). None of the groups displayed an increase of inflammatory markers IL-1β and TNF-α (p>0.05). ConclusionsThe presence of dentin between ICG and cells acted as a barrier and protected the cells. ICG-mediated PDT did not cause any cytotoxic, genotoxic or inflammatory effect. The use of ICG-mediated PDT for cavity disinfection is acceptable, but at this concentration its use in periodontal pocket disinfection is not recommended due to its cytotoxic and genotoxic properties.

The effect of photodynamic therapy on the salivary flow rate, IgA concentration and C-reactive protein levels in active smokers: a case-control study.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the salivary flow rate, secretory immunoglobulin A, and C-reactive protein levels in active smokers. The present study is a prospective case-control study. Twenty active smokers were allocated to two groups randomly of ten participants each: the experimental group was irradiated while the control was exposed to sham irradiation by turning off the equipment. In the experimental group, methylene blue mediated PDT was applied both intra- and extra-orally over the major and minor salivary glands using a diode laser. 780 nm wavelength and 4 J/cm2 of energy were used to irradiate the 10 points of major salivary glands (6 for parotid and 2 for submandibular glands and 2 for sublingual glands). On the other hand, 660 nm was used to apply 10 J/cm2 of energy over the minor salivary glands at numerous points. The samples of the stimulated and unstimulated saliva were collected from both groups to assess the SFR. ELISA method was used to assess the level of salivary IgA levels, statistical analysis was done using a one-way ANOVA, and a p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. The results showed a significant increment in salivary and secretory immunoglobulin A levels of subjects undergone photodynamic therapy. C-reactive protein levels were significantly decreased in subjects exposed to irradiation. The present study concludes that photodynamic therapy significantly improves the salivary flow rate, secretory Immunoglobulin A, and oral health quality of life in smokers. The inflammatory salivary marker C-reactive protein, which is usually raised in smokers, is also reduced.

Efficacy of indocyanine green and methylene blue mediated-photodynamic therapy on peri-implant outcomes among diabetics with peri-implant mucositis

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the efficacy of indocyanine green (ICG)-mediated versus methylene blue (MB)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjunct to conventional mechanical debridement (MD) on the peri‑implant clinical, radiographic, microbiological, and immunological outcomes among diabetics with peri‑implant mucositis (pi-M). MethodsFor this 3-month follow-up study, diabetics having pi-M were randomly divided into 3 groups: group-I (n = 20) subjects received only MD; group-II (n = 20) participants received ICG-mediated adjunct PDT; and group-III (n = 20) subjects received MB-mediated adjunct PDT. Peri-implant clinical (i.e., plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing depth [PD]), radiographic (crestal bone loss [CBL]), microbiological (Fusobacterium nucleatum [F. nucleatum], Tannerella forsythia [T. forsythia], Prevotella intermedia [P. intermedia], Porphyromonas gingivalis [P. gingivalis], Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans [A. actinomycetemcomitans]), and immunological (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]) outcomes were assessed at baseline and 3-month follow-up. ResultsMean changes between baseline and 3-month follow-up in peri‑implant clinico-radiographic parameters were significantly different between control (PI: 12.42±21.80%; BOP: 12.10±19.30%; PD: 0.45±0.41 mm; CBL: 1.10±1.02 mm) and test groups (ICG-mediated PDT [PI: 26.55±25.80%; BOP: 28.77±29.24%; PD: 0.84±0.62 mm; CBL: 1.98±1.85 mm] and MB-mediated PDT [PI: 27.24±26.15%; BOP: 27.71±28.16%; PD: 0.85±0.63 mm; CBL: 1.95±1.80 mm]), however comparable differences were observed in peri‑implant PI, BOP, PD, and CBL between group-II and group-III participants (p>0.05). The proportions of T. forsythia were significantly reduced in group-II (4.78 × 104 colony-forming unit per milliliter [CFU/mL]) and group-III (4.76 × 104 CFU/mL) as compared to group-I (-4.40 × 103 CFU/mL) at 3-month follow-up (p = 0.02). No statistically significant differences were observed between the study groups regarding the proportions of the other assessed target bacterial species. For IL-6 (group-I: 210±108; group-II: 298±165; group-III: 277±121 pg/mL; p = 0.03), IL-1β (group-I: 101±95; group-II: 84±98; group-III: 86±74 pg/mL; p = 0.02), and TNF-α (group-I: 336±121; group-II: 385±210; group-III: 366±198 pg/mL; p = 0.03) peri‑implant sulcular fluid [PISF] levels, all three study groups demonstrated statistically significant reduction at 3-month follow-up. ConclusionsICG-mediated and MB-mediated adjunctive PDT showed statistically significant improvements in peri‑implant clinical, radiographic, microbiological, and immunological parameters as compared to conventional MD alone at 3-month follow-up among diabetics with pi-M. However, comparable outcomes were demonstrated by ICG-mediated and MB-mediated adjunctive PDT regarding the assessed peri‑implant parameters.

5-ALA Mediated Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An in vitro and ex vivo Feasibility Study

5-ALA Mediated Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An in vitro and ex vivo Feasibility Study

Antimicrobial Effects of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Mediated Photodynamic Therapy against Pathogenic Bacteria

Antimicrobial Effects of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Mediated Photodynamic Therapy against Pathogenic Bacteria

Efficacy of malachite green mediated photodynamic therapy on treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: In vitro study

BackgroundLeishmaniasis is a common zoonotic disease that is transmitted by phlebotomus and causes several clinical conditions, from self healing lesion to deadly internal organ involvement. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment method that leads to the generation of cytotoxic species and consequently to cell death and tissue destruction by visible light in the presence of a photosensitizer and oxygen. The aim of this study was to investigate effect of malachite green (MG)-mediated PDT in Leishmania tropica (L. tropica) promastigotes. Material and methodsParasites were incubated with 0.19, 0.39, 1.56, 3.25 and 6.25 μM of MG for one hour and subjected to 46.4 J/cm2 light irradiation. Trypan blue assay was used to evaluate the viability of the cells and mitochondirial activity alteration was determined by MTT. Morphological changes were analyzed by Giemsa staining and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. Flow cytometry was used to quantify the fluorescence emitted by cell volume, JC-1, Cell Cycle and Annexin V/PI staining reagents. ResultsMalachite green mediated photodynamic therapy at 1.56 and 3.125 μM decreased the viability of the L. tropica promastigotes and induced changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential. L.tropica promastigotes was bloked in G0/G1 phase. The morphology of the parasite was affected at the 1.56 and 3.125 μM MG+PDT, resulting in rounded cells with loss of flagellum and irregular shape. ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that antileishmanial effects through mitochondrial dysfunction, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis-like cell death to parasites. This work showed PDT with MG effectedparasites. Therefore, MG-mediated PDT may provide a promising approach for L. tropica promastigotes.

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Turmeric (Curcumin) Photosensitizers Mediated Photodynamic Therapy, and Er, Cr: YSGG on Microleakage of Class V Cavities Restored by Resin-Modified Glass-Ionomer Cement

Purpose: The present study aimed to assess the effect of RF and CP intervened PDT and Er, Cr: YSGG laser on microleakage in class V RMGIC restorations in permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: In-vitro eighty standardized class V cavities (4×4×2) were prepared in extracted permanent molars based on ICDAS II (International Caries Detection and Assessment System II) caries severity code 0. All samples were arbitrarily alienated into four groups: Group 1, PDT mediated riboflavin photosensitizer (RF) [concentration of 150 μg/mL]; Group 2, PDT with curcumin photosensitizer (CP) [concentration of 100 μg/mL]; Group 3, Er, Cr: YSGG laser application; Group 4, control group: rinsed and dried dentin. Cavities were restored with conventional RMGIC. The specimens were immersed in 0.5% Fuchsine solution for 24 hrs. and sectioned. Microleakage scores were assessed under a microscope. Intergroup and intragroup comparisons were made at enamel and cementum margin respectively. Data were analyzed by non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon tests at the level of significance deemed p &lt; 0.05. Results: Riboflavin and curcuminmediated PDT would produce a superior reduction (95% viz 90%) of microleakage as compared to Er, Cr: YSGG laser (85%), and no control groups. Cu-PDT observed the highest amount of microleakage with the least amount of microleakage in the control group. Conclusion: Riboflavin and curcumin photosensitizers mediated PDT and Er, Cr: YSGG laser has the potential to be utilized in class V cavities before RMGIC restorations at enamel margins without adversely affecting the marginal integrity.

Dicoma anomala Enhances Phthalocyanine Mediated Photodynamic Therapy in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells.

Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women, and it is regarded as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The present study investigated phytochemical profiling, in vitro anticancer effects of Dicoma anomala methanol root extract and its enhancing effects in phthalocyanine mediated PDT on MCF-7 (ATCC® HTB-22™) breast cancer cells. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-qTOF-MS2) was used to identify the secondary metabolites in the crude extract. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the two experimental models was established from dose response studies 24 h post-treatment with D. anomala methanol root extract (25, 50, and 100 μg/ml) and ZnPcS4 (5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 μM) mediated PDT. The inverted microscope was used to analyze morphological changes, trypan blue exclusion assay for viability, and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-propidium iodide (PI) for cell death mechanisms. Immunofluorescence analysis was used to investigate the qualitative expression of the Bax, p53, and caspase 3 apoptotic proteins. Experiments were performed 4 times (n = 4) and SPSS version 27 software was used to analyze statistical significances. D. anomala methanol root extract induced cell death in MCF-7 cells by decreasing cell viability. The combination of D. anomala methanol root extract and ZnPcS4 mediated PDT led to a significant increase in apoptotic activities, expression of Bax, and p53 with significant decrease in cell viability. These findings pinpoint the possibility of D. anomala methanol root extract of being employed as a natural antiproliferative agent in the treatment of various cancers.

Clinical Outcomes of Rose Bengal Mediated Photodynamic Antimicrobial Therapy on Fungal Keratitis with Their Microbiological and Pathological Correlation

Purpose To report the clinical outcome of Photodynamic Antimicrobial Therapy (PDAT) with Rose Bengal (RB) used as an early adjuvant therapy in patients with fungal keratitis and their microbiological and pathological correlation. Methods Patients with microbiologically confirmed fungal keratitis underwent PDAT-RB along with topical natamycin 5% drops hourly and oral ketoconazole 200 mg twice a day. This was performed by applying rose bengal (0.1%) to the de-epithelialized cornea for 30 minutes, followed by irradiation with a 6 mW/cm2 custom-made green LED source for 15 minutes (5.4 J/cm2). The corresponding fungal isolates were tested in vitro using PDAT-RB and corneal buttons were evaluated for correlation. Results Following informed consent, seven patients (male-5, female-2, mean age 47.7 years) with fungal keratitis were recruited. There were 3 cases each of Fusarium and Aspergillus flavus and 1 case of Acremonium sp. The average vertical and horizontal diameters of the corneal infiltrate were 4.12 ± 0.55 and 3.99 ± 1.19 mm, respectively. The average depth of corneal involvement was 283 ± 75.27µ as measured by anterior segment OCT. The clinical resolution was achieved in the cases with Fusarium keratitis with an average time of 39 days. Three cases of A. flavus and a single patient with Acremonium keratitis worsened and needed therapeutic keratoplasty (TPK) for resolution. Post-TPK, the corneal tissues grew A. flavus in one out of three cases and Acremonium sp. in one case. In vitro PDAT-RB experiment was performed on the corresponding fungal isolates grown from the corneal scraping. PDAT-RB produced clear inhibition of Fusarium and Acremonium sp. with no effect on the growth of A. flavus. Histopathologically, 2 out of 4 (50%) corneal buttons showed fungal filaments. Conclusions While the in vitro and in vivo results of PDAT-RB matched for Fusarium sp. and Aspergillus flavus keratitis being favourable in the former and non-favourable in the latter, these results were discrepant in Acremonium sp.

Therapeutic Options for Recurrent Glioblastoma-Efficacy of Talaporfin Sodium Mediated Photodynamic Therapy.

Recurrent glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the most challenging clinical issues, with no standard treatment and effective treatment options. To evaluate the efficacy of talaporfin sodium (TS) mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a new treatment for this condition, we retrospectively analyzed 70 patients who underwent surgery with PDT (PDT group) for recurrent GBM and 38 patients who underwent surgery alone (control group). The median progression-free survival (PFS) in the PDT and control groups after second surgery was 5.7 and 2.2 months, respectively (p = 0.0043). The median overall survival (OS) after the second surgery was 16.0 and 12.8 months, respectively (p = 0.031). Both univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that surgery with PDT and a preoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale were significant independent prognostic factors for PFS and OS. In the PDT group, there was no significant difference regarding PFS and OS between patients whose previous pathology before recurrence was already GBM and those who had malignant transformation to GBM from lower grade glioma. There was also no significant difference in TS accumulation in the tumor between these two groups. According to these results, additional PDT treatment for recurrent GBM could have potential survival benefits and its efficacy is independent of the pre-recurrence pathology.

Efficacy of Photosence Mediated Photodynamic Therapy in HeLa Cell Lines

Efficacy of Photosence Mediated Photodynamic Therapy in HeLa Cell Lines

Effects of 5-ALA Mediated Photodynamic Therapy in Oral Cancer Stem Cells

Effects of 5-ALA Mediated Photodynamic Therapy in Oral Cancer Stem Cells

Efficacy of Malachite Green Mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; Study

Efficacy of Malachite Green Mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; Study

Antileukemic Potential Of Nile Blue Mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Hl60 Human Myeloid Leukemia Cells

Antileukemic Potential Of Nile Blue Mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Hl60 Human Myeloid Leukemia Cells

Study of synergistic effects of Ficus Carica leaves extract mediated chemo-photodynamic therapy on rhabdomyosarcoma cells

BackgroundChemotherapy for rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) is effective, but it has critical side effects and unavoidable challenges. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an approach to treating cancer with relatively moderate side effects. Plant products are a rich source of polyphenols, which have potent antioxidant and anticancer activities. Therefore, their research has become an emerging field in recent decades. PurposeThis work aimed to evaluate the potential of hydrophobic extract of Ficus Carica (FC) to determine whether FC in the presence of low dose chemo and Aluminium Phthalocyanine (Photosense®) mediated photodynamic therapy synergistically enhances the treatment efficacy of RD cells. MethodFC with and without combination with individual therapeutic modalities like photosense mediated photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, and their combinations were studied for cell viability and morphological changes in invitro RD cells. A semiconductor diode laser (630 nm) was used as a light source in PDT. The cytotoxic effect of FC on cell viability and cellular morphological changes were investigated by MTT reagent and a camera attached to an inverted visible light microscope. The effect of FC, followed by di-combination with low dose chemo (doxorubicin-HCl, and dacarbazine), Photosense® mediated PDT and chemo-Photosense® mediated PDT (tri-combination) at 630 nm diode laser and 10 J/cm2 fluency were also investigated by MTT reagent. The combination index method is used to identify the synergistic effect of combination therapy by using CompuSyn software based on the Chou-Talalay method. ResultsThe dose-dependent effect of FC on cell viability and cellular morphological changes were observed in the RD cell line. It was found that the pre incubation of FC potentiated the anticancer effect as a neoadjuvant agent for doxorubicin-HCl and decarbazine based chemotherapy, Photosense® mediated PDT and chemo-PDT (tri-combination) with synergistic effect (CI<1). ConclusionThese results suggest a possible thread that the low dose combination of the aforementioned therapeutic modalities in the presence of FC remarkably enhances the treatment efficacy of RD in comparison with a single-agent treatment modality. The proposed sequence of FC with chemo and PDT might present better therapeutic outcomes in RD therapies and may provide result for RD metastasis. FC may also be used in the application of phyto-PDT to cancer in the future.

Hypericin and Pheophorbide a Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Fighting MRSA Wound Infections: A Translational Study from In Vitro to In Vivo.

High prevalence rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and lack of effective antibacterial treatments urge discovery of alternative therapeutic modalities. The advent of antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising alternative, composing rapid, nonselective cell destruction without generating resistance. We used a panel of clinically relevant MRSA to evaluate hypericin (Hy) and pheophobide a (Pa)-mediated PDT with clinically approved methylene blue (MB). We translated the promising in vitro anti-MRSA activity of selected compounds to a full-thick MRSA wound infection model in mice (in vivo) and the interaction of aPDT innate immune system (cytotoxicity towards neutrophils). Hy-PDT consistently displayed lower minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values (0.625–10 µM) against ATCC RN4220/pUL5054 and a whole panel of community-associated (CA)-MRSA compared to Pa or MB. Interestingly, Pa-PDT and Hy-PDT topical application demonstrated encouraging in vivo anti-MRSA activity (>1 log10 CFU reduction). Furthermore, histological analysis showed wound healing via re-epithelization was best in the Hy-PDT group. Importantly, the dark toxicity of Hy was significantly lower (p < 0.05) on neutrophils compared to Pa or MB. Overall, Hy-mediated PDT is a promising alternative to treat MRSA wound infections, and further rigorous mechanistic studies are warranted.

Red Phosphorus Decorated TiO2 Nanorod Mediated Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a serious and tenacious disease. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) are effective means of cancer treatment. However, PDT combined with PTT has been rarely reported in ccRCC treatment. In the present study, by developing the core-shell structured TiO2 @red phosphorus nanorods (TiO2 @RP NRs) as a photosensitizer, the feasibility and effectiveness of synchronous PDT and PTT treatments for ccRCC are demonstrated. The core-shell structured TiO2 @RP NRs are synthesized to drive the PDT and PTT for ccRCC, in which the RP shell is the sensitizer even in the near-infrared (NIR) region. The optimized TiO2 @RP NRs can respond to NIR and produce local heat under irradiation. The NRs are estimated in ccRCC treatments via cell counting kit-8 assay, propidium iodide staining, qRT-PCR, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) probes in vitro, while terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling is conducted in vivo. After NIR irradiation, TiO2 @RP NRs can efficiently kill ccRCC cells by producing local heat and ROS and cause low injury to normal kidney cells. Furthermore, treatment with TiO2 @RP NRs and NIR can kill significant numbers of deep-tissue ccRCC cells in vivo. This work highlights a promising photo-driven therapy for kidney cancer.

Clinical, bacterial, and inflammatory outcomes of indocyanine green-mediated photodynamic therapy for treating periimplantitis among diabetic patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Background This 6-months randomized controlled clinical trial aimed to assess the efficacy of indocyanine green mediated photodynamic therapy (ICG-PDT) as an adjunct to peri‑implant manual debridement (PIMD) versus PIMD alone among Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients in the treatment of peri‑implantitis.Methods A total of 48 DM patients having 64 implants were treated with either ICG-PDT + PIMD (n = 35 implants) or PIMD alone (n = 29 implants). Clinical (probing depth [PD], bleeding on probing [BOP], and plaque index [PI]) and radiographic (peri‑implant crestal bone loss [PCBL]) peri‑implant variables were recorded. Bacterial species including Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola were evaluated from peri‑implant plaque biofilms. Levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were assessed after the collection of peri‑implant sulcular fluid. All the evaluations were carried out at baseline, 3- and 6-months. The significance level was set to p < 0.05.Results All clinical parameters significantly reduced within both treatment groups (P<0.05). Intra-group comparison indicates that there was statistically significant reduction in PD and suppuration for ICG-PDT group (P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the BOP between ICG-PDT and PIMD groups at both follow-up periods (P<0.001). However, there was a significant difference for PD (P = 0.001), suppuration (P = 0.01), and PCBL (P = 0.04) on 6 months follow-up between ICG-PDT and PIMD groups, respectively. Only ICG-PDT showed a significant reduction in P. gingivalis and T. denticola on both 3 months and 6 months follow-up compared to baseline. PIMD showed a statistically significant reduction only on 3 months follow-up compared to baseline. This reduction was maintained for both the species when dental implants were treated with ICG-PDT. However, PIMD failed to maintain this reduction until 6 months. Only at 3 months assessment that both treatment groups showed statistically significant reduction in IL-1β and IL-6 with no significant difference between the groups. Both biomarkers failed to maintain the reduction in both groups and significantly increased levels for IL-1β was noted at 6 months follow upConclusion Multiple application of indocyanine-green mediated photodynamic therapy resulted in improved clinical and microbial parameters among type 2 DM subjects in the treatment of peri‑implantitis.This clinical trial was registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration and Results System with registration record number: NCT04833569

Indocyanine green\u2013mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to periodontal therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectivesThe aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of indocyanine green–mediated photodynamic therapy (ICG-PDT) as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT), in the management of chronic periodontitis.Materials and methodsFour electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase via OVID, Web of Science) were searched for randomised controlled trials comparing NSPT with ICG-PDT to NSPT without laser therapy. Primary outcome measures were changes in probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Clinical outcomes were extracted and pooled from 7 eligible trials and meta-analyses conducted using mean difference with standard deviations.ResultsFor PPD, adjunctive ICG-PDT resulted in a mean additional reduction of 1.17 mm (95% CI: 0.67–1.66 mm) at 3 months and a mean additional reduction of 1.06 mm (95% CI: 0.54–1.57 mm) at 6 months. For CAL, adjunctive ICG-PDT resulted in a mean additional gain of 0.70 mm (95% CI: 0.17–1.23 mm) at 3 months and a mean additional gain of 1.03 mm (95% CI: 0.83–1.24 mm) at 6 months. No adverse events were reported in any studies.ConclusionsThe adjunctive use of ICG-PDT in NSPT results in improved treatment outcomes at 3 and 6 months post-therapy. Further investigation is needed to evaluate variables such as different photosensitiser concentrations and adjusting parameters associated with the light source.Clinical relevanceIndocyanine green–based photosensitisers may be a novel, clinically efficacious agent for use in the management of periodontitis.