Mediastinal Examination Research Articles

Indications for mediastinoscopy and comparison of lymph node dissections in candidates for lung cancer surgery

A prospective phase II study of indications for surgery, using video-assisted mediastinoscopy (VAM) to detect mediastinal lymph node metastasis was conducted in patients with resectable primary lung cancer of clinical stages I-IIIA. According to the indication criteria for VAM, Group A patients had primary tumor resection and lymph node sampling without VAM. Patients without detected metastasis by VAM underwent thoracotomy and systematic lymph node dissection (Group B). Cases with mediastinal lymph node involvement confirmed by VAM were treated with chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (Group D) or by thoracotomy (Group C) with extended dissection of mediastinal lymph nodes via median sternotomy. Of the 359 eligible patients, 209 underwent VAM (Group V) and 150 had thoracotomy without VAM (Group A). Of the VAM patients, 158 were negative for mediastinal involvement and underwent thoracotomy (Group B). Fifty-one patients had metastases and were given chemotherapy or chemo-radiotherapy. After two courses of chemotherapy, 22 patients with partial response (PR) or stable disease (SD) but reduced tumor markers received surgery with mediastinal lymph node dissection (Group C). The 2- and 5-year survival rates were 93.0 and 88.5% for Group A, and 89.5 and 61.5% for Group B, while the 2-year rate in Group C was 60.3%. In stage IA patients, Group A 2- and 5-year survival rates were 98.6 and 95.1%, the respective Group B rates being 96.3 and 89.9%. The more favorable Group A outcomes indicated both successful selection by these criteria of patients not requiring mediastinal examination, and the superfluity of complete lymph node dissection in early stage cancer.

Changes in normal thymus size during infancy: sonographic evaluation

One hundred and sixty-one normal infants underwent mediastinal examination to determine the variations in size of the thymus with age and sex. The longest craniocaudal extent was measured in longitudinal scans. The maximum transverse dimension and anteroposterior dimension of the right and left lobes were measured during expiration in the scan in which the largest maximum transverse dimension was obtained. Infants were grouped according to their ages in months and mean values of thymic measurements in each group were calculated. Our measurements showed that the thymus grows during the first months of life. The craniocaudal extent and maximum tranverse dimension reached their maximum values at about the fourth month; for the anteroposterior dimensions the greatest sizes of the right and left lobes were reached at the fourth and third months, respectively. Between 4 and 9 months only small variations in size and then a gradual decrease in all thymic dimensions were observed. At the eleventh month, while the craniocaudal extent and maximum transverse dimension returned to their size in newborns, the anteroposterior dimensions were less than the newborn size. No significant difference was found between the mean values for each sex, irrespective of age.