Median Urinary Iodine Level Research Articles

The Evaluation of Iodine Levels in Urine and Nutrition in Pregnant Women According to Trimesters

Objective: Iodine deficiency is a major health problem globally that seriously affects pregnant women and children. The aim of this study was to evaluate urinary iodine levels in pregnant women living in the province of Konya according to trimester.
 Methods: A total of 395 pregnant women aged between 15-49, with gestational periods of 1 to 40 weeks were included in the study. A questionnaire prepared by the researchers, with a total of 54 questions, was used to determine the socio-demographic, obstetric, and iodized salt nutritional characteristics of the participants.
 Results: The overall median urinary iodine levels were 91.90 µg/L. The mean urinary iodine levels of the pregnant women in the first, second, and third trimesters were 104.00 µg/L in the first trimester, 93.00 µg/L in the second trimester, and 71.00 µg/L in the third trimester. The urinary iodine level was lower in the third trimester and this difference was significant (p

Age-specific association between thyroid autoimmunity and hypothyroidism in Chinese adults aged over 65 years: a cross-sectional study.

The correlation between thyroid autoimmune (TAI) disease and hypothyroidism in the elderly of different ages remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hypothyroidism, including subclinical hypothyroidism (Shypo) and overt hypothyroidism (Ohypo) in those aged ≥65 years from iodine-adequate areas and reveal the correlation between TAI and hypothyroidism in the elderly of different ages. It was a cross-sectional study involving 2,443 subjects aged ≥65 years from two iodine-adequate areas in China by cluster sampling. They were assigned to the 65-69-, 70-79-, and ≥80-year-old age group. All subjects were surveyed by questionnaires and received physical examinations, laboratory testing, and thyroid ultrasound. Epidemiological characteristics of thyroid diseases in the elderly were compared among the three groups. Risk factors for hypothyroidism were predicted by binary logistic regression analysis. The median urinary iodine level was 238.70 (197.00, 273.70) μg/L. Thyroid peroxidase antibody or thyroglobulin antibody positivity (11.87%) and Shypo (9.13%) were common in the elderly. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in the elderly increases with age. TAI was a risk factor for Shypo (OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.35, 2.80; p < 0.01) and Ohypo (OR, 7.64; 95% CI, 3.40, 17.19; p < 0.01) in elderly Chinese. There was an age-specific correlation between TAI and hypothyroidism in the elderly. However, a significant correlation was not identified between TAI and hypothyroidism in ≥80-year-old age group (p > 0.05). Hypothyroidism, particularly Shypo, is common in the elderly from iodine-adequate areas in China. TAI serves as a risk factor for hypothyroidism in the elderly, with an age-specific correlation with hypothyroidism.

Metabolites in Urine that Interfere with the Sandell-Kolthoff Assay for Urinary Iodine.

The Sandell-Kolthoff (SK) assay is the main analytical method used to monitor population iodine nutrition in low- and middle-income countries. This assay can distinguish between populations that are iodine-deficient (median urinary iodine levels below 100 ppb), iodine-sufficient (median urinary iodine levels between 100 and 300 ppb), and iodine- excessive(median urinary iodine levels above 300 ppb). However, the analysis of urine samples with the SK reaction is technically challenging, partly because urine samples must be rigorously pretreated to remove interferents. In the literature, the only urinary metabolite that has been identified as an interferent is ascorbic acid. In this study, we used the microplate SK method to screen thirty-three of the major organic metabolites present in urine. We identified four previously unknown interferents: citric acid, cysteine, glycolic acid and urobilin. For each interferent, we investigated the following factors: (1) nature of interference-positive or negative, (2) threshold concentration for interference, and (3) possible mechanisms of interference. While this paper does not attempt to provide an exhaustive list of all interferents, knowledge of the main interferents allows for targeted removal.

Epidemiological survey of the status of iodine nutrition and thyroid diseases in Guangxi, China

ObjectiveTo survey the status of iodine nutrition and the prevalence of thyroid diseases in Guangxi, China, and to explore the risk factors for positive thyroid antibody. MethodsWe used the multistage stratified cluster random sampling method to select a total of 2488 subjects from an urban and a rural location. All the subjects completed a questionnaire survey, blood and urine samples were also collected, and B-mode thyroid ultrasound was used to determine thyroid function and detect thyroid antibodies. Results1) The median level of urinary iodine was 148.53 μg/L in school-age children in Guangxi, China. 2) The prevalence rates for thyroid diseases were as follows: hyperthyroidism, 0.89 %; subclinical hyperthyroidism, 1.05 %; hypothyroidism, 0.69 %; and subclinical hypothyroidism, 8.87 %. The rates of thyroid antibody positivity were as follows: thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), 13.60 %; thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb), 13.60 %; thyroid antibodies, 18.2 %; and thyroid nodules, 16.94 %. 3) The rate of TPOAb positivity was significantly higher in women aged 18−29, 30−39, 40−49, or 60−69 years than in men in the same age groups (P < 0.05), and the TGAb positivity rate was significantly higher in women than in men of the same age group (P < 0.05). 4) The rate of thyroid antibody positivity was significantly higher in individuals with iodine deficiency than in individuals with adequate iodine (21.6 % vs 18.4 %) or excess iodine (21.6 % vs 15.5 %) (both P < 0.05). 5) The female sex and a family history of thyroid diseases were the major risk factors for thyroid antibody positivity (odds ratio [OR] 3.010, P <0.05; OR 2.486, P <0.05). ConclusionThe overall level of iodine is adequate in Guangxi, China; this level should be maintained to prevent the thyroid diseases related with iodine deficiency or excess of iodine. Female sex and a family history of thyroid diseases are independent risk factors for thyroid antibody positivity.

Assessment of Iodine Deficiency among School-Going Children of Age Group 6 to 12 Years in Kachchh District, Gujarat State: Cross-Sectional Hospital-Based Study

Aim Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is the cause of preventable brain damage, mental retardation, and stunted growth and development in children. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of IDD in Kachchh district, Gujarat, by testing urinary iodine excretion levels and iodine intake of salts in school-going children. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted and the level of iodine deficiency was assessed in 223 school children of both sexes, aged 6 to 12 years from four taluka s, that is, subdivisions, of the Kachchh district by estimating urinary iodine using Sandell–Kolthoff reaction along with iodine content in edible salt samples by MBI kit (STK-Spot testing kit, MBI Kits International, Chennai, TN, India). Results The median urinary iodine level was found to be 194 μg/L, indicating no biochemical iodine deficiency in the region. In the study areas, 1% of the population showed a level of urinary iodine excretion < 50 μg/L. About 83% salt samples had iodine level more than 15 ppm and the iodine content in salt samples less than 15 ppm was only about 17%, indicating the salt samples at households contain iodine in adequate level. Conclusion There is a need of periodic surveys to assess the change in magnitude of IDD with respect to impact of iodized salt intervention. Furthermore, to strengthen National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Program, factors should be identified. There is also a need to prevent and reimpose the ban on the sale of noniodized salts in Gujarat.

A cross-sectional survey of iodine deficiency disorders among school children (aged: 6–12 years) in Kashmir valley, Northern India

Objectives of the Study: The objectives of the present study which was conducted in four districts of Kashmir valley (Anantnag, Baramulla, Budgam, and Srinagar) were to (1) estimate the “total goitre rate” (TGR) among schoolchildren in the age group of 6–12 years, (2) estimate the proportion of households with adequately iodized salt, and (3) to assess the dietary iodine intake by measuring urinary iodine levels. Study Design: Prospective, cross-sectional study. Methodology: The present study was conducted in the four districts of Kashmir Valley, namely Anantnag, Baramulla, Budgam, and Srinagar in March 2017. This was a school-based study among children in the age group of 6–12 years. For each district, 30 schools were randomly selected using Probability Proportionate to Size sampling. A total of 90 students (45 boys and 45 girls) were randomly selected from each school. Selected children were examined by trained doctors for the presence of goitre. Every 5th child in the school was selected for the collection of the salt sample from the child's house. Every 10th child in the school was selected for the collection of the urine sample for iodine estimation. Results: A total of 10,800 children in the age group of 6–12 years were examined in the four districts. The overall TGR for the four districts combined was 14.8%. The TGR was the highest in district Budgam (16.4%) and lowest in district Anantnag (13.8%). Across all districts, ≤1% of the examined children had a goitre of Grade II. In districts Baramulla, Budgam, and Srinagar, an increasing trend in TGR was observed with age. The median urinary iodine ranged from a minimum of 46.14 μg/L in district Baramulla to a maximum of 56.06 μg/L in district Anantnag. Conclusion: The TGR was high in all the four districts, way beyond the 10% iodine deficiency disorder control goal that was to be achieved by the year 2012. Moreover, the population level median urinary iodine was less than the recommended ≥100 μg/L in all the four districts. Except for district Anantnag, all three districts had median urinary iodine levels of <50 μg/L indicating moderate iodine deficiency.

Study on constructing the U-shaped response relationship of urinary iodine level and thyroid nodule prevalence based on piecewise function quantile regression method

Objective: To establish an asymmetric U-shaped response relationship between urinary iodine level and thyroid nodule prevalence. Methods: Taking "Iodine" "Urine Iodine" "Thyroid" and "Thyroid Nodule" as Chinese keywords, and "Urine Iodine" "Goiter" and "Thyroid Nodule" as English keywords, literatures about urine iodine level and thyroid nodule prevalence were searched in China Biology Medicine disc, China National Knowledge Internet, Wanfang Data, PubMed and Springer databases from January 2000 to December 2019 respectively. The language of literatures was restricted in Chinese and English. There were 46 articles (24 domestic and 22 foreign) included in the study. The quantile regression method and Sigmoid function model were used to fit the dose-response relationship between different levels of urinary iodine and thyroid nodule prevalence to estimate the prevalence of thyroid nodule in Chinese residents. Results: The fitted dose-response curves between different levels of urine iodine, ranging from low level to appropriate level and then to high level, and thyroid nodule prevalence had a good performance on the simulation of the asymmetric U-shaped relationship between urine iodine level and thyroid nodule prevalence. The median level of urinary iodine at the cut-off point of the piecewise function was 198 μg/L. Based on the weighted calculation of the total sample size included in the literature, the prevalence of thyroid nodules (95%CI) in Chinese residents was 23.0% (17.3%-30.7%). Conclusion: The asymmetric U-shaped response relationship between urinary iodine level and thyroid nodule prevalence based on piecewise function has good feasibility and fitting effect.

Qualitative Determination of Urinary Iodine Concentration and Related Intelligence Quotient among High School Young Teenagers

Nutritional Essential Balance is a common trend in life. Iodine is not produced in the body and it is vital in maintaining good health, therefore it is needed to be consumed regularly. Essential iodine supplies are found in the ocean's bounty such as, sea salt, and fish. On land, iodine levels in the soil are great and are sufficiently maintained by plants such as cereals, vegetables. Several of the body functions rely upon iodine, including energy production, mental development, thyroid hormones production, reproductive glands support, and maintenance of the strong lymphatic system as well as cell growth regulation. Small amounts of iodine are found in the blood, nerves, and other organs of the body, but most of the body's iodine is present in the thyroid, breasts, ovaries, uterus, and prostate glands. The study was aimed to determine and evaluate the level of iodine concentration in the urine of school-age children, and its correlation to their intelligence quotient (IQ). The Titrimetric method was used in iodine urine concentration analysis. Urine (5 ml) was measured from a universal bottle and transferred to a beaker and 20 ml of water was added. After preparing the test mixture, it was titrated with 0.001M sodium thiosulphate using a burette, and at the endpoint colorless solution was obtained, this done for all the samples. From the results, the median urinary iodine levels were 117.7µg/L which is within the adequate iodine intake range (100-199 µg/L). This suggests that iodine was not deficient in any form amongst the school children. There may also be no risk of mental impairment and goiter development among these children if iodine concentration in urine is a risk factor. Therefore, checking the iodine nutrition of a population is vital and a good marker in the assessment of iodine deficiency-related disorders.

Status of iodine in rural pregnant women of different trimesters in Lucknow -A cross-sectional study

Background and objectivesIodine plays a critical role in fetal brain development and hence has immense importance during pregnancy. Even mild to moderate iodine deficiency in pregnancy has adverse effects on obstetric and neonatal outcome. So, the aim of this study was to assess the trimester-wise urinary iodine status of pregnant women in rural areas and determine their iodine intake. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Sarojini nagar, which is a rural block of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh from August 2016 to July 2017. All married pregnant women (15–45 years) of different trimesters attending the primary health centre (PHC) for antenatal check-up were enrolled in the study after written consent. Total 300 pregnant women were interviewed for Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) survey. Urine and salt sample was taken from 200 of them for biochemical analysis of iodine. Estimation of iodine in urine was done by wet digestion method and in salt by iodometric titration. ResultsThe median urinary iodine concentration of the rural pregnant women was 246.5 μg/L with IQR of 194.9–383.4 μg/L. On comparing the urine iodine levels in the three trimesters, maximum deficiency was observed in first trimester (39.5%) followed by third trimester (31.6%) and a dip was seen in the second trimester (28.9%). The median urinary iodine levels did not show a significant difference across the three trimesters. ConclusionIodine insufficiency was observed among pregnant women. Maximum deficiency was observed in first trimester which is the most vulnerable period of gestation responsible for organogenesis and fetal brain development.

Nivo joda u urinu kod dece osnovnih škola u Ilorinu, Nigeriji

Background: Iodine deficiency is one of the commonest micronutrient deficiencies. Globally, it is the commonest cause of preventable mental retardation and also associated with impaired physical growth. The current iodine nutrition of school children in Ilorin, North-Central Nigeria is not known. Objective: The study aimed to determine the urinary iodine levels(UIL) of school children in Ilorin and explored the relationship with socio-demographic variables. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among primary schools children in Ilorin, Nigeria. We recruited school children aged 6-12 years through a multi-staged sampling method. Relevant data including socio-demographic variables were obtained with a pretested study proforma. The recruited school children had urinary iodine determined using the Sandell-Kolthoff method. Data analysis was with Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. Results: The median with interquartile range (IQR) of urinary iodine level was 117.2 (99.6-148.6) g/L. Of the 480 recruited children, 336 (70.0%) had normal urinary iodine levels while 144 (25%) had mild iodine deficiency and two (0.4%) had excess urinary iodine levels. Pupils with iodine deficiency was higher among public schools than those in private schools (33.3% vs 23.6%, 2 = 150.149, p &lt; 0.022). The median UIL of the age-group 6-9 years was higher than the 10-12year age group (p = 0.026). However, the median UIL values were comparable across gender, socioeconomic strata and mother's educational level. Conclusions: This study showed that a quarter of the children still had mild iodine deficiency despite salt iodisation policy adopted by the country. Also, the iodine levels were not influenced by socio-demographics.

Goiter Prevalence and Interrelated Components from Coastal Karnataka.

To assess prevalence of goiter and associated factors among school going children in Udupi district. A school based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 6-12 year old children. A sample of 30 villages was selected from the entire district by probability proportionate to size. One school was then randomly selected from each of the 30 villages. Goiter was assessed clinically and was graded as per the recommended criteria of World Health Organization (WHO)/ United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)/ International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD). Salt and urine samples were collected from a subsample for iodine estimation. A total of 2703 children were examined. The mean (±SD) age of the participants was 9.6 y (±1.9). The overall prevalence of goiter in Udupi district was found to be 9.3% with 7.0% and 2.3% having grade 1 and grade 2 goiter respectively. Prevalence of goiter was significantly higher among females [153(11.1%)] as compared to males [98(7.4%)] (p = 0.001). Of the 543 salt samples analyzed, 379 (69.8%) salt samples had adequate salt iodine content (> 15ppm); while among the children with goiter 32 (8.4%) had inadequate salt iodine. Median iodine value was 202.12 mcg/l among the 270 urine samples tested for iodine levels. Goiter prevalence at 9.3% in the coastal district contributes to the endemicity of the public health problem. The district had adequate iodine nutrition based on median urinary iodine levels. Hence, other contributing factors for the persistence of endemic goiter need to be explored.

IODINE STATUS OF PREGNANT WOMEN RESIDING IN URBAN SLUMS IN DELHI

Objectives: The present study was carried out to determine the iodine nutrition status among pregnant women in slums of West Delhi.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among the third-trimester pregnant women residing in urban slums of West Delhi. Urinary iodine concentration was estimated using ammonium persulfate method, and salt iodine was estimated using iodometric titration.Results: Of the total 180 pregnant women, 70.6% were consuming adequately iodized salt (iodine levels ≥15 ppm). Median urinary iodine level for the pregnant women was 147.5 μg/L indicating iodine deficiency among this group. A total of 51.1% of women had urinary iodine levels &lt;150 μg/L.Conclusion: Pregnant women belonging to slum community from Delhi have a suboptimal iodine status. Further, the proportion of women consuming iodized salt is less than the national average indicating the need to educate these women about the importance of iodine during pregnancy.

Iodine nutritional status and awareness of iodine deficiency among adults, including pregnant women, in Tuguegarao, Philippines

Objectives Iodine deficiency causes multiple health problems. Previously we reported that 96% of high school students in Tuguegarao, Philippines had adequate iodine levels. However, iodine deficiency-associated problems remain among adults in the Philippines. Therefore, we evaluated iodine nutritional status and goiter prevalence among adults, including pregnant women, in Tuguegarao, Philippines. Methods A total of 245 adults, including 31 pregnant women, provided samples for urinary iodine analysis, and all pregnant women completed a questionnaire about iodine deficiency. Results The median urinary iodine level was 164.0 ± 138.4 g/L; 38.4% of the participants were iodine deficient, according to the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) criteria. No severe iodine deficiency was observed. Among the 31 pregnant women, 24 (77.5%) fell into the iodine deficient category defined by a stricter World Health Organization (WHO) guideline, in which iodine deficiency is considered when urinary iodine levels are below 150 g/L. Almost half (42%) of the pregnant women were unaware of the harmful effects of iodine deficiency on the human body and their fetus. Conclusions Although iodine nutritional status in the Philippines has improved, iodine deficiency still exists among adults, especially among pregnant women. Therefore, our study strongly suggests that a better strategy should be established to monitor iodine nutritional status among adults continually, and to focus on populations susceptible to iodine deficiency, including pregnant women and women of reproductive age, to achieve the total elimination of iodine deficiency.

Associations of urinary iodine and blood selenium levels with subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid antibodies during the first half pregnancy in Tianjin women

Objective To investigate the associations of urinary iodine concentration(UIC)and blood selenium levels with subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid antibodies during the first half pregnancy in women. Methods A total of 239 pregnant women(7-20 weeks)were selected. The baseline data were collected, and serum TSH, FT4, thyroid peroxidase antibody(TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody(TgAb), blood selenium, and urinary iodine concentration(UIC)levels were measured. Results The median level of urinary iodine among 239 women was 156.96 μg/L. The distributions of pregnant women with iodine deficiency, iodine adequate, more-than-adequate or excessive iodine intake were 43.9%, 38.9%, 17.2%, respectively. The percentage of more-than-adequate and excessive iodine in women with subclinical hypothyroidism was higher than that in women with euthyroidism. The serum TSH level in women with UIC≥250 μg/L was higher than those with 150≤UIC<250 μg/L and UIC<150 μg/L(P<0.05). The serum TSH level in women with blood selenium<95 μg/L was higher than those with selenium≥95 μg/L(P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of subclinical hypothyroidism in women with UIC≥250 μg/L was increased by 3.498 fold(95%CI 1.588-7.704)as compared with those with 150≤UIC<250 μg/L. The risk of subclinical hypothyroidism in women with blood selenium <80 μg/L was increased by 2.667 fold(95%CI 1.123-6.331)compared with those with 90≤selenium <100 μg/L. After adjusting for age, gestational weeks, residential district, TPOAb, TgAb, taking compound nutritional supplements, more-than-adequate and excessive iodine still increased the risk of subclinical hypothyroidism(OR=3.014, 95%CI 1.310-6.938). Women with UIC≥250 μg/L and blood selenium <95 μg/L revealed the increased risk of subclinical hypothyroidism as compared to those with 150≤UIC<250 μg/L and selenium≥95 μg/L(OR=5.429, 95%CI 1.929-15.281). After adjusting for age, gestational weeks, residential district, TPOAb, TgAb, taking compound nutritional supplements, the fingdings still existed. Conclusion The nutrient condition of iodine and selenium of the pregnant women in Tianjin during the first half pregnancy should be noticed. The individualized supplement of iodine and selenium, if needed, should be performed to decrease the risk of subclinical hypothyroidism. (Chin J Endocrinol Metab, 2018, 34: 38-43) Key words: The first half of pregnancy; Subclinical hypothyroidism; Thyroid antibodies; Urinary iodine; Blood selenium

Intervalos de referencia de hormonas tiroideas en mujeres gestantes mediante 2 inmunoanálisis diferentes: la importancia del método por encima de valores únicos universales, en consonancia con las recomendaciones internacionales 2017

Background and objectivesThyroid dysfunction during pregnancy affects maternal and foetal health, which may influence the child's neurocognitive development. The thyroid physiology changes during pregnancy, requiring reference values (RV) to be established for each population and method. The objectives were to determine these thyroid hormone (TH) RV using 2 immunoassays and to estimate the nutritional status of iodine and the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in our population. Patients and methodsA total of 378 pregnant women from the health sectors of Zaragoza and Huesca, whose urinary iodine, antithyroid antibody and TH levels were assessed by 2different immunoassays (Beckman and Siemens), were enrolled. ResultsThe mean urinary iodine concentration was 187μg/l, with a median concentration of 146μg/l. From them, 78% took potassium iodide supplements and their consumption was related to higher levels of urinary iodine; 10.8% were positive for antithyroid peroxidase antibodies, 4.4% for anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, 2.4% for both and 4.1% for anti-TSHr. There was no association between urinary iodine and TSH or T4L. The reference values of TSH in the first trimester were Beckman: 0.2-4 and Siemens 0.2-3.4 mIU/l. ConclusionThe thyroid hormone reference values were markedly different from those proposed by the ATA-2011 guidelines but practically identical to those described in the Spanish population using the same immunoassays, as proposed by the ATA-2017 guidelines. Thyroid autoimmunity was similar to that published nationally and internationally. The mean and median urinary iodine levels are among the highest published in Spain to date and depend mainly on supplementation with potassium iodide to reach the WHO objectives, supporting the recommendations for supplementation with at least 150μg of iodine.

Case-Control Study of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma on Urinary and Dietary Iodine Status in South Korea.

The association between iodine levels and the risk of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has been suggested, but not definitively established. This study is to compare the iodine status of a group of patients with PTC (with and without BRAF V600E) with that of a healthy population cohort. A cohort of patients scheduled for thyroidectomy was enrolled, along with a community-based health-screening cohort with no known history of thyroid disease. Median urinary iodine (UI) levels, creatinine-adjusted median UI levels, and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) scores (mean±SD) were compared. In a subgroup analysis, these values were compared between BRAF V600E-positive and BRAF V600E-negative patients in the PTC group. The PTC group consisted of 210 patients, and the control group consisted of 90 healthy individuals. Among the 191 PTC patients whose BRAF V600E mutational status was reported, 169 (88.5%) were revealed positive for the mutation. The median UI levels were significantly higher in the PTC group (786.0μg/l) than the control group (112.0μg/l; p<0.001), as was the case with creatinine-adjusted median UI levels (884.6μg/g creatinine versus 182.0 μg/g creatinine; p<0.001) and FFQ scores (66.2±17.5, range 13-114 versus 54.6±21.5, range 16-134; p<0.001). No significant differences were seen in the subgroup analysis between BRAF V600E-positive and BRAF V600E-negative patients. Our results indicate that iodine status differs significantly between patients with PTC and healthy controls, suggesting that iodine may be involved in the occurrence of PTC, although the association between iodine levels and BRAF mutational status did not reach statistical significance.

Urinary iodine levels and dairy consumption in pre-school children in Southwest Asturias (Spain)

Abstract Introduction For decades dairy products have been a major source of iodine. The purpose of this study was to determine the iodine nutritional status and its relationship with dairy consumption in pre-schooler children between 2 and 5 years old in a rural area with 27847 inhabitants. Patients and methods It was planned to study 200 participants, selected by random sampling, proportional to the size of the municipality, age, and sex. Parents provided urine samples to analyse urinary iodine, as well as the nutritional information through an interview. A glass of milk or a slice of cheese was considered as a ration, and a portion of other milk derivatives were considered as half rations. The nutritional status of iodine was interpreted with the median (P[percentile]50) of the urinary iodine levels, and iodine intake was estimated using the mean of ration/day of milk and dairy products, fish, and eggs. Results Of the total of 198 subjects that took part, 193 provided urine specimens for the determination of iodine levels. The mean dairy ration/day was 3.8 (SD:1.4). More than two-thirds (69.9%) drank ≥2 glasses of milk/day, and 88.1% consumed a dairy ration of another dairy product. The median urinary iodine level was 184 μg/L, but was dependent on glasses of milk/day (282.5 μg/L ≥ 4 glasses) and/or the type of milk (233.0 μg/L in semi-skimmed). An intake of 117.4 μg/day to 178.6 μg/day of iodine was estimated, and that milk was the food which provided more iodine (89.9 μg/day). Conclusions Iodine intake was adequate, although higher than necessary when four or more glasses of milk were consumed, and/or when the milk was skimmed. The consumption of dairy products should be monitored to prevent both excessive and deficient intake of iodine.

Iodine Deficiency Disorder and Its Association with Academic Performance Among Children in Jimma Town, Southwestern Ethiopia

Nutritional status is the major factor that can affect academic performance of school children. The main aim of this study was to determine the association between iodine deficiency disorder and academic performance among school age children. Both community & school based cross sectional survey was conducted from October 1-30, 2010. A total of 1254 students, aged 6-12 years, were selected from five primary schools using systematic random sampling method. Goiter examinations and urine iodine test was done to diagnose goiter. Spot urine samples were collected to determine median urinary iodine level and anthropometric measurements were done. In this study, 1,254 children were included; 674 (53.7%) were males. Average academic score of students for both sexes was 71.13%. Majority of students 349 (71.2%) who had goiter scored below average (p=0.01). High median urinary iodine level [AOR=0.38; 95% CI (0.190,0.489)]; high height-for-age z-score [AOR=5.023; 95% CI (3.317,7.607)]; and high weight-for-age z-score [AOR=3.214; 95% CI (2.091,4.941]) were significantly associated with good school performance. Iodine deficiency disorder is a significant health problem among schoolchildren in the study area. Strengthening salt iodization program is a preventive measure.

Trimester Specific Nutritional Status of Iodine among Euthyroid Pregnant Women

Objective: To evaluate the present nutritional status of iodine among euthyroid pregnant women by measurement of urinary iodine levels. Material and Methods: 381 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in the obstetrics and gynaecology department were included in study. Out of 381, 285 euthyroid women were selected as study population. Median urinary iodine levels (MUI) were compared among euthyroid pregnancy women according to trimester of gestation and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO Ab) level. Results: MUI level of euthyroid pregnant women was 119.2 μg/L (IQR=35.8-310.95) with 2.5th and percentile 97.5th being 5.55 μg/L and 1058.68 μg/L respectively. Out of 285 euthyroid women, 153(53.68%) were having MUI level below 150 μg/L. Trimester specific MUI levels decreased from 193.2 μg/L to 111.8 μg/L to 97.65 μg/L as gestational age increased from 1st to 2nd to 3rd trimesters respectively but this decrease with gestational age was not statistically significant. MUI levels of Anti-TPO antibody positive and negative euthyroid women were 153.8 μg/L and 118.4 μg/L respectively without being statistically significant (p=0.98). 138(54.12%) of Anti-TPO antibody negative and 15(50%) of Anti-TPO antibody positive were having MUI level below 150 μg/L. Conclusions: In the present study, we found that 53.68% of pregnant women were having MUI levels in iodine deficient range as per WHO guidelines.

Iodine deficiency and associated factors among school children: a cross-sectional study in Ethiopia.

BackgroundIodine deficiency remains a public health problem in the world. It is the leading cause of preventable mental retardation and brain damage worldwide. Though 12 million school age children are at risk of developing iodine deficiency, there is a scarcity of literature showing the magnitude of iodine deficiency in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of iodine deficiency among school children in Robe District, southeast Ethiopia.MethodsA school based cross–sectional study was conducted from February to June, 2015. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. A systematic random sampling technique was employed to select 422 children. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify factors associated with iodine deficiency. In the multivariate analysis, variables with a P-value of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsA total of 393 school children participated in the study. The median urinary iodine level was 78 μg/l. About 57 and 43.5 % of the children were found with low urinary iodine level and goiter, respectively. Only 29 % of the households utilized adequately iodized salt. The result of the multivariate analysis revealed that the odds of iodine deficiency were higher among female [AOR = 2.23; 95 % CI: 1.54, 3.55] and older (10–12 years) [AOR = 2.21; 95 % CI: 1.44, 3.42] children.ConclusionIn this community, the prevalence of goiter and low urine iodine level is high. Thus, iodine deficiency exists as severe public health problem. In addition, there is a low utilization of iodized salt in the setting. Therefore, it is crucial to intensify efforts in the implementation of iodized salt. Moreover, attention should be given to school children to address ID.