Median Total Body Surface Area Research Articles

Patient-reported scar quality in paediatric and adult burn patients: A long-term multicentre follow-up study

BackgroundBurn scar maturation can take several years but is generally studied shortly after injury. Therefore, we investigated patient-reported scar quality up to 5–7 years post-burn. MethodsPatients with ≤ 20 % total body surface area burned completed the Patient Scale of the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS 2.0) on the same scar at three, > 18 months (median 28 months) and 5–7 years (median 63 months) post-burn. ResultsFifty-eight patients (21 children; 37 adults) with a median total body surface area burned of 6.3 % participated. Average patient-reported scar quality (POSAS score) was generally worst at three months (median score: 4.2), best at 28 months (median score: 2.2) and in between at 63 months post-burn (median score: 3.4) (p < 0.001). Many patients (66 %) reported a median 1.8 point higher (worse) POSAS score at 63 months compared to 28 months post-burn, whereas 14 % reported an identical, and 21 % a lower (better) score. At any assessment, largest differences with normal skin were reported for scar colour. Univariate predictive factors of long-term patient-reported scar quality were scar quality at three months (p = 0.002) and 28 months post-burn (p < 0.001), percentage total body surface area full-thickness (p = 0.033), length of hospital stay (p = 0.003), and number of surgeries (p < 0.001). ConclusionTwo-third of patients with burns up to 20 % total body surface area burned scored the quality of their scars worse at 63 months compared to 28 months post-burn. Whether this corresponds to increased dissatisfaction with scars in the long-term should be further investigated. These new insights add to the body of knowledge on scar maturation and underscores the importance of discussing patients’ expectations.

Epidemiology and timing of infectious complications from battlefield-related burn injuries

BackgroundInfections are the most frequent complication and cause of mortality in burn patients. We describe the epidemiology and outcomes of infections among deployed U.S. military personnel with burns. MethodsMilitary personnel who sustained a burn injury in Iraq or Afghanistan (2009–2014) and were admitted to the Burn Center at U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research at Brooke Army Medical Center were included in the analysis. ResultsThe study population included 144 patients who were primarily young (median 24 years) males (99 %) with combat-related burns (62 %) sustained via a blast (57 %), resulting in a median total body surface area (TBSA) of 6 % (IQR 3–14 %). Twenty-six (18 %) patients developed infections with pneumonia being the predominant initial infection (N = 16), followed by skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTI, N = 6), bloodstream infections (BSI, N = 3), and intra-abdominal infections (IAI, N = 1). Initial infections were diagnosed a median of 4 days (IQR 3–5) for pneumonia, 7 days (IQR 4–12) for SSTIs, 7 days (IQR 6–7) for BSI, and 17 days for IAI. Patients with infections were more severely injured with greater TBSA (median 31 % vs 5 %), more inhalation injury (38 % vs 12 %), and longer time to definitive surgical management (median of 34 days vs 9) compared to those who did not develop infections (p < 0.001). Among patients with inhalation injury, a higher proportion developed pneumonia (42 %) compared to those without inhalation injury (5 %; p < 0.001). Five patients developed an invasive fungal infection. Gram-negative bacilli were most frequently recovered with 32 % of Gram-negative isolates being multidrug-resistant. Four patients died, of whom all had ≥ 4 infections. ConclusionsMilitary personnel with burn injuries who developed infections were more severely injured with greater TBSA and inhalation injury. Improved understanding of risk factors for burn-related infections in combat casualties is critical for effective management.

Too hot to handle − Microwaved drinkware: An emerging cause of contact burn injuries?

Purpose of the studyTo investigate the local and national incidence of contact burns secondary to microwave-heated drinkware and specifically those with a metallic coating. MethodsThis retrospective analysis from November 2018 to December 2022 includes UK-wide data on burn mechanism, demographics, TBSA (total body surface area), depth and additionally, local data on injury details, management, complications, healing duration, return-to-work time, and follow-up duration within our service. ResultsNational: In the UK, 87 patients sustained burns related to microwave heating of drinkware. Median (IQR) burn size was 0.21% (+/−0.15) TBSA. Most burn injuries were superficial dermal (SD) (88.7%). All cases were treated conservatively.Regional: Contact burns from microwave-heated metallic coated drinkware were identified in 28 patients. The median (IQR) TBSA was 0.12% (+/−0). Most injuries were assessed as SD (90%, 45/50), however, 4/5 (80%) of the deeper burns were caused by metallic-coated drinkware. The median (IQR) follow-up was 6.04 days (+/−4.5). Median (IQR) healing time was 14.17 (+/−0) days and mean time to return to work was 7.57 (+/−3.5) days. ConclusionsMicrowave-heated drinkware burns, while constituting a small portion of referrals to UK burns services, may have a larger true population incidence. Due to their size, these injuries are probably treated locally without referral to a burns service. Regional data analysis highlighted that metallic coated drinkware related injuries were associated with longer healing times.

Insight on Pediatric Burn Morbidity and Mortality at a Tertiary Indian Burn Care Center: A Case For Burn Prevention.

Pediatric burns pose a significant health burden in LMICs. Despite efforts to address burn prevention and management, morbidity and mortality rates remain high, particularly among children. Understanding pediatric burn epidemiology and predictors of clinical outcomes is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies and improving patient-care. This retrospective cohort study analyzed pediatric burn patients admitted to a tertiary burn-center in India, between March-2022 and December-2023. Demographic date, burn characteristics, treatments, complications and outcomes were collected. Statistical analysis, including logistic and linear regression, was conducted to identify predictors of mortality, sepsis, and hospital stay length. Among 332 pediatric burn patients, median age was 3 years, with a male predominance. Scald burns were the most common, followed by electrical and flame burns. Median total body surface area burned was 20%, with upper and lower extremities most affected. The incidence of electrical burns increased with age and was associated with a longer length of stay. Mortality rate was 14.2%, with age >10 years, male gender, and TBSA >30% predicting mortality. Complications like sepsis significantly increased mortality risk, while deep burns were associated with longer hospital stays. This study underscores importance of targeted prevention efforts and specialized care. Scald burns among young children highlight the need for safer cooking practices, while the high incidence of electrical burns in older children suggests age-specific education interventions are necessary. Predictors of mortality identified can guide risk assessment and resource allocation, emphasizing the importance of infection control and wound management strategies in improving outcomes.

Exploring misclassification of injury intent: A burn register study

IntroductionBurn registers are an important source of surveillance data on injury intent. These data are considered essential to inform prevention activities. In South Asia, intentional burn injuries are thought to disproportionately affect women. Assessment of injury intent is difficult because it is influenced by personal, family, social, and legal sensitivities. This can introduce misclassification into data, and bias analyses. We conducted a descriptive, hypothesis generating study to explore misclassification of injury intent using data from a newly digitised single centre burn register in south India. MethodsData from 1st February 2016 to 28th February 2022 were analysed. All patients in the data set were included in the study (n = 1930). Demographic and clinical characteristics for patients are described for each classification of injury intent. All data cleaning and analyses were completed using RStudio. ResultsInjury intent data were missing for 12.6% of cases. It was the most commonly missing variable in the data set. “Accidental” injuries had a similar distribution over time, age, and total body surface area (TBSA) for males and females. “Homicidal” injuries were more common in females. Injuries reported as “Suicidal” affected men and women equally. A decrease in reporting of “Suicidal” injuries in females corresponded to an increase in high TBSA injuries classified as ‘Other’ or with missing data. Overwriting of injury intent was present in 1.5% of cases. The overwritten group had a greater proportion of females (62.1% vs. 48.5%) and higher median TBSA (77.5% vs. 27.5%) compared to the group where intent was not overwritten. ConclusionOur findings indicate that some subgroups, such as females with high TBSA burns, appear to be more likely to be misclassified and should be the focus of future research. They also highlight that quality of surveillance data could be improved by recording of clinical impression, change in patient reported intent, and use of a common data element for intent to standardise data collection. We also recommend that injury intent is recorded as a unique variable and should not be mixed with other elements of injury causation (e.g. mechanism). Although this is a single centre study, the methods will be of interest to those who utilise routinely collected data and wish to reduce misclassification of this important variable.

A 10-year Retrospective Review of Patient-to-Patient Transmitted Pathogens in Culture-Positive Burn Wounds at a Tertiary Burn Center

Introduction: Burn wound infection can progress to sepsis and is a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms are high in burn patients; these organisms can be transmitted between patients leading to poor outcomes. Objectives: To characterize patient-to-patient transmission of pathogens causing burn wound colonization at a single tertiary hospital burn center in Hamilton, Canada from 2011 to 2020. Methods: Retrospective chart review of patients admitted to the burn trauma unit at Hamilton General Hospital between 2011 and 2020. Antibiotic susceptibility panels of pathogens cultured from burn patients’ wound swab/tissue cultures were compared against pathogens cultured from other burn/nonburn patients with overlapping admission dates. Pathogens were categorized into likely, possible, or unlikely transmission, or normal skin flora on a case-by-case basis. Results: There were 173 burn patients with positive wound culture and 613 nonburn patients included in the study. Included burn patients had median age 52 years, mostly male (73%) with flame injury (65%), and median total body surface area 18%. There were 18 patients (10%) with likely transmission and 54 patients (31%) with possible transmission. Most frequently implicated pathogens for likely patient-to-patient transmission were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (7 patients) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci (4 patients). Both burn and nonburn patients were implicated. Conclusion: The burden of patient-to-patient transmission in culture-positive burn wounds was estimated to be between 10% and 41%. Greater care should be taken to avoid patient-to-patient transmission of pathogens to minimize burn infection morbidity and mortality. Prospective studies should be conducted with genomic sequencing and correlation with clinical outcomes.

789 Six Year Experience with Autologous Skin Cell Suspension for Burn Wounds

Abstract Introduction Autologous skin cell suspensions (ASCS) minimize the donor site required for addressing partial and full thickness burns. ASCS is currently FDA approved for use in combination with meshed split thickness skin grafts (STSGs) for full-thickness thermal burns in pediatric and adult patients. Besides the initial clinical trials of ASCS and STSG use for burn wounds, there are minimal studies reporting outcomes of their use. Here, we present our experience using ASCS in the past six years. We hypothesized that ASCS and STSG would result in a low reoperation and infection rate. Methods Retrospective review of patients seen at an American Burn Association verified burn center between 2017 and 2023 identified 15 patients treated with ASCS overlying STSG. Data collected included patient demographics, burn characteristics, surface area of ASCS usage, and patient outcomes. The primary outcome of interest was the requirement for reoperation following ASCS use. Secondary outcomes included hospital length of stay (LOS), ICU LOS, infection, and the necessity for scar revision via surgery or laser treatment. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics with categorical variables presented as frequencies and percentages and continuous variables reported as medians and ranges. Results The median age of patients treated with ASCS was 36 years (13-67 years). The median BMI was 27.4 (17.7-35.4) and median total body surface area (TBSA) affected by burn was 18% (5.75-69.5%). Six patients (40%) had full thickness in addition to partial thickness burns. Most burns, 11 (73%) were the result of flames, although there were three grease burns and one friction burn. The median time to ASCS application was 10 days (1-39 days) and the median number of ASCS application sites was 2 (1-6). Most ASCS sites were on the upper or lower extremities or the torso; however, two patients had ASCS applied to their feet while another patient had it applied to their genitalia. Median ASCS surface area was 2,464 cm2 (289-20,000 cm2). Median LOS was 23 days (8-125 days) and median ICU LOS was 3 days (0-94 days). Four patients (26.7%) required reoperation on sites of ASCS application with the median time to reoperation being 40.5 days (28-66 days). Three patients (20%) required scar contracture surgery and three (20%) received laser treatments. There were no cutaneous infections in our cohort. Conclusions ASCS was effectively used to treat both partial thickness and full thickness burns and burns due to flame, grease, and friction. There did not seem to be any relationship between the necessity for reoperation after ASCS and the burn depth, etiology, surface area, or location. Applicability of Research to Practice Clinicians can look to our study for potential outcomes when using ASCS with STSG in a variety of situations.

Implementation outcomes of a digital, trauma-informed care, educational intervention targeting health professionals in a paediatric burns setting: A mixed methods process evaluation

Trauma-informed care practices are associated with a culture of safety following traumatic experiences, including medical trauma. An interactive, web-based training package (‘Responsive CARE’) was developed for voluntary uptake by paediatric burns health professionals to increase staff knowledge about trauma-informed practice. This paper reports on a mixed methods process evaluation conducted alongside a preliminary effectiveness study of ‘Responsive CARE’. The process evaluation was conducted using The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and a logic model, to examine feasibility of both the intervention and implementation strategy. Health practitioners (including senior managers) delivering care to children and caregivers attending an outpatient burns service were eligible to enrol in ‘Responsive CARE’. Qualitative interview data and quantitative metadata were used to evaluate the implementation outcomes (adoption, acceptability, fidelity, feasibility and preliminary effectiveness). Children and caregivers attending an outpatient service for change of burn wound dressing or burn scar management during the 3-month control or 3-month intervention period were eligible to enrol in the effectiveness study. The impact on child pain and distress, as well as cost, was investigated using a pretest-posttest design. Thirteen (from anticipated 50 enrolled) health professionals (all female) with mean 10 years (SD=11) of experience with paediatric burns hospital-based outpatient care completed an average of 65% (range 36% to 88%) of available content. Twenty-five semi-structured interviews were completed with health practitioners (21 female) and with 14 caregivers (11 female). Four themes were identified as influencing feasibility and acceptability of the intervention: 1) Keeping a trauma-informed lens; 2) Ways of incorporating trauma-informed care; 3) Working within system constraints; and 4) Being trauma-informed. Preliminary effectiveness data included 177 participants (median age 2 years, and median total body surface area burn 1%). Causal assumptions within the logic model were unable to be fully tested, secondary to lower-than-expected adoption and fidelity. We found no significant difference for pain, distress and per-patient hospital care costs between groups (pre- and post-intervention). Future implementation strategies should include organizational support to keep a trauma-informed lens and to incorporate trauma-informed principles within a medical model of care. Despite efforts to co-design a staff education intervention and implementation approach focused on stakeholder engagement, adaptations are indicated to both the intervention and implementation strategies to promote uptake highlighting the complexity of changing clinician behaviours.

Characteristics and trends of pediatric firepit burns: insights for prevention and safety

IntroductionAs fire pits grow in popularity, so do the associated burn injuries. Our study examines pediatric fire pit burns characteristics to raise awareness and promote safety precautions.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective...

Enzymatic debridement with bromelain and development of bacteremia in burn injuries: A retrospective cohort study

BackgroundDebridement is crucial for effective wound management in patients with severe burn injuries, and bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme from pineapple stems, has emerged as a promising alternative for surgery. However, potential links of bromelain use to fever and sepsis have raised some concerns. Given the uncertainty as to whether this was caused by infection or other inflammatory sources, we aimed to investigate if the use of topical bromelain was associated with bacteremia. MethodsThis single-centre retrospective cohort study included critically ill adult patients with severe burn injuries hospitalised at the Burn Center of the University Hospital Zurich between January 2017 and December 2021. Data were collected from two in-hospital electronic medical records databases. Our primary outcome, the association between topical bromelain treatment and the development of bacteremia, was investigated using a competing risk regression model, taking into account the competing risk of death. As a secondary outcome, the relationship between bromelain treatment and overall ICU mortality was examined using a Cox proportional hazards model. ResultsThe study included 269 patients with a median age of 50 years and median burnt total body surface area of 19%. A first bacteremia occurred in 61 patients (23%) after a median time of 6 days. Bromelain treatment was given to 83 (31%) of patients, with 22 (27%) of these developing bacteremia. In the fully adjusted competing risk regression model, no evidence for an association between bromelain treatment and bacteremia was found (SHR 0.79, 95%CI 0.42–1.48, p = 0.47). During hospital stay, 40 (15%) of patients died. There was no significant difference in mortality between patients treated with bromelain and those who were not (HR 0.55, 95%CI 0.26–1.20, p = 0.14). Among the five multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens identified, three were found in patients with bromelain treatment. ConclusionOur study did not confirm an association between topical bromelain and bacteremia in patients with severe burn injuries. This finding can inform evidence-based practices by addressing concerns about potential risks of bromelain use, contributing to the development of more effective and safe burn wound management strategies.

Epidemiology and clinical significance of persistent bacteremia in severely burned patients

BackgroundThe utility of follow-up blood cultures (FUBC) for gram-negative bloodstream infections (BSIs) are controversial due to low rates of positivity. However, recent studies suggest higher rates of positivity in critically ill patients. The utility of FUBC in gram-negative BSI in patients with severe burn injuries is unknown. MethodsPatients ≥ 18 years old admitted to the US Army Institute of Surgical Research Burn Center for combat-related thermal burns from 1/2003–6/2014 with a monomicrobial BSI were included. FUBC were defined as repeat cultures 1–5 days from index BSI. Persistent BSI (pBSI) was defined as isolation of the same organism from initial and FUBC. The primary endpoint was all-cause in-hospital mortality in patients with gram-negative pBSI. ResultsOf 126 patients meeting inclusion criteria with BSI, 53 (42%) had pBSI. Compared to patients without persistence, patients with pBSI had more severe burns with median total body surface area (TBSA) burns of 47% ([IQR 34–63] vs. 35.3% [IQR 23.3–56.6], p = 0.02), increased mortality (38 vs. 11%, p = 0.001) compared to those with non-persistent BSI. On multivariate analysis, pBSI was associated with an odds ratio for mortality of 5.3 [95% CI 1.8–15.8, p = 0.003). Amongst gram-negative pathogens, persistence rates were high and associated with increased mortality (41% vs. 11%, p = 0.001) compared to patients without pBSI. ConclusionIn this cohort of military patients with combat-related severe burns, pBSI was more common than in other hospitalized populations and associated with increased mortality. Given this high frequency of persistence in patients with burn injuries and associated mortality, FUBC are an important diagnostic and prognostic study in this population.

Augmented Renal Function in Burn Patients: Occurrence and Discordance With Commonly Used Methods to Assess Renal Function.

Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is defined by supraphysiologic renal function and is associated with drug failure due to subtherapeutic drug exposure. Burn patients are cited as being at high risk for ARC, yet rates of ARC have not been well described. This retrospective study described the prevalence and incidence of ARC, and compared 12-hour urine collection values (CrCl-12) vs. common estimates of renal function in assessed patients at an American Burn Association-verified burn center. All thermally injured burn patients with a CrCl-12 result were included. ARC was defined as a CrCl-12 >130 ml/min. Cockcroft-Gault, modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD), and CKD-EPI-2021 estimates were calculated. Over 13 months, 163 CrCl-12 results were collected in 68 patients at a median of 9 days from admission with an average value of 160 ml/min. The median total body surface area (total body surface area [TBSA]%) was 17.25%. ARC prevalence was 70.6% with an incidence of 66.3% in all CrCl-12 assessments. Those with ARC were less likely to have heart failure, P = .007. Age, TBSA%, and trauma were not different between those with or without ARC. ARC incidences in those with TBSAs of ≥20%, <20%, or <10%, were 70.5%, 58.6%, and 76.7%, respectively. Agreement of Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD, and CKD-EPI-2021 to CrCl-12 was moderate to weak and frequently failed to identify ARC. ARC is common in burn patients, regardless of TBSA%. Widely accepted estimations of renal function may be incorrect resulting in under-dosing of medications. Additional research is required to identify burn patients at greatest risk for ARC and subsequent dosing strategies to maintain pharmacologic efficacy without unduetoxicity.

A Regional Analysis of Potentialy Preventable Injuries Sustained from Burning Garbage and Yard Waste.

Due to high prevalence in the south, understanding the injury pattern, healthcare burden, and cost of burn injuries associated with burning yard and trash debris are important for effective prevention. This five-year retrospective, single-center study included patients sustaining an open flame burn injury due to burning brush or trash. Based on primary residence of the 136-patients, 56% had access to free municipal waste disposal, 25% could have had access with additional payment, and 18% did not have access. The median (Q1, Q3) age and total body surface area (TBSA) burned was 50 (32, 66.5) years and 5% (2.5, 12), respectively, with 36% having some portion of full-thickness injury. One-third had some form of substance use. There were 151 total operations with a median of 1 (0, 1.5) per patient. There were 1,620 hospital days utilized (~6.6% of available bed-days per study period). Twenty-five percent were discharged with a paired functional status worse than pre-injury. Patients with some degree of pre-injury function limitations had a three-fold higher length of stay (10 vs 3 days; p = 0.023). Patients with lower pre-injury functionality had almost 4 times higher mortality (23.7% vs 6.3%; p = 0.085). There were 9 (6.7%) deaths with an average (± SD) 74.3 ± 13.1 years of age, median 33% (31, 43) TBSA, and median full-thickness TBSA of 32% (21, 44). Total hospital charges exceeded $32.6 million with a median $32,952.26 ($8,790.48, $103,113.95) per patient. Focusing future outreach efforts on education and resource availability may prevent future waste burning injuries.

Examining Obesity and Its Association With Burn Injury: A Secondary Analysis of the Transfusion Requirement in Burn Care Evaluation Study

IntroductionLiterature examining the connection between obesity and burn injuries is limited. This study is a secondary analysis of a multicenter trial data set to investigate the association between burn outcomes and obesity following severe burn injury. Materials and methodsBody mass index (BMI) was used to stratify patients as normal weight (NW; BMI 18.5-25), all obese (AO; any BMI>30), obese I (OI; BMI 30-34.9), obese II (OII; BMI 35-39.9), or obese III (OIII; BMI>40). The primary outcome examined was mortality. Secondary outcomes included hospital length of stay (LOS), number of transfusions, injury scores, infection occurrences, number of operations, ventilator days, intensive care unit LOS, and days to wound healing. ResultsOf 335 patients included for study, 130 were obese. Median total body surface area (TBSA) was 31%, 77 patients (23%) had inhalation injury and 41 patients died. Inhalation injury was higher in OIII than NW (42.1% versus 20%, P = 0.03). Blood stream infections (BSI) were higher in OI versus NW (0.72 versus 0.33, P = 0.03). Total operations, ventilator days, days to wound healing, multiorgan dysfunction score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluationscore, hospital LOS, and intensive care unit LOS were not significantly affected by BMI classification. Mortality was not significantly different between obesity groups. Kaplan–Meier survival curves did not significantly differ between the groups (χ2 = 0.025, P = 0.87). Multiple logistic regression identified age, TBSA, and full thickness burn as significant independent predictors (P < 0.05) of mortality; however, BMI classification itself was not predictive of mortality. ConclusionsNo significant association between obesity and mortality was seen after burn injury. Age, TBSA, and percent full- thickness burn were independent predictors of mortality after burn injury, while BMI classification was not.

526 Results of Implementation of a Nurse Driven Fluid Resuscitation Protocol in a Regional Burn Center

Abstract Introduction Our prior research has demonstrated the effect of nurse driven fluid resuscitation on provider and nurse team dynamics. Our primary purpose with this new research on our nurse driven fluid resuscitation protocol is to determine the effect of the nurse-driven fluid resuscitation protocol on resuscitation associated complications (i.e., acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute kidney injury (AKI), and abdominal compartment syndrome). The study hypothesis is that the rate of resuscitation associated complications will remain stable or not increase post-protocol implementation. Methods Retrospective review for all patients within a one-year period pre-protocol implementation and post-protocol implementation was completed. 44 patients were included in the total sample, 22 in the pre-implementation group and 22 in post-implementation group. Exclusion criteria for patients included in nurse driven fluid resuscitation included delayed presentation, morbid obesity, electrical injury, cardiac history, DKA, polytrauma, and renal failure. Results Pre and post nurse driven fluid resuscitation implementation samples of 22 patients with total body surface area (TBSA) greater than 20% were analyzed. The incidence of serious complications including ARDS, compartment syndrome, and wound conversion was not statistically significantly different between samples. Rates of acute kidney injuries were similar across groups. In addition, the mean and median TBSA were not statistically significantly different pre and post implementation. The length of stay for the pre-implementation sample was on average longer than for the post-implementation sample. Our results are limited by the significant comorbidities of the pre-implementation group. Please note tables and graphs were not yet available by time of submission. Attached tables are from prior analysis at approximate half-way of study. Updated graphs and tables will be complete by conference time. Conclusions As hypothesized, there were no differences in outcomes between patients receiving nurse driven fluid resuscitation. Our results indicate that nurse driven fluid resuscitation is a safe and clinically effective practice in the burn center. Coupled with our previous results that indicate a significant increase in nurse satisfaction with interdisciplinary communication associated with nurse driven, these results signal the importance of implementing nurse led resuscitations. Applicability of Research to Practice Nurse driven fluid resuscitation is a safe and effective. Further research into barriers to implementation is warranted.

508 Retrospective Review of Early Pulmonary Mechanics After Inhalation Injury

Abstract Introduction Management of inhalation injury is largely supportive and consists primarily of mechanical ventilation, bronchodilators, muscarinic receptor antagonists, and inhaled mucolytics and anticoagulants. The purpose of this study is to examine the early changes in pulmonary mechanics after inhalation injury and see if the use of NT affects lung function. Methods Retrospective study was done on Inhalation injury patients over a 12 years period from 01/2009 to 01/2021. Patients’ data collected from their medical records, included patient demographics and outcomes, percentage Total Body Surface Area (TBSA), Carboxyhemoglobin level upon admission, Respiratory Treatments (bronchodilator, Mucolytic and Heparin), Tobramycin treatment, Oxygen requirement, Lung compliance (peak airway pressure &amp; Mean airway Pressure), Mode of Ventilation, total Ventilator Day, and number of Hospital Days. Patients with inhalation injury from 2009-2019 were retrospectively reviewed for treatment of inhalation injury. Univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression were performed using Excel and Stata. Results Of 90 patients with inhalation injury, median age was 53.5 (IQR:31-65) with 30% (n=28) women and median TBSA of 15%(IQR:2-38%). The median length of stay was 21 days (IQR:6-47). Median ventilator days was (8.5, IQR:3-21) and median ICU days was 12 (IQR:3-28). After adjusting for grade of inhalation injury, patients who did not receive NT were 2.7 times as likely to get pneumonia compared to patients who received NT (p=0.037). Initial median carboxyhemoglobin was 3.9 (IQR: 2-9.1). Overall mortality was 21%, but the incidence of death increased with grade of injury The Median Mean Airway Pressures were Day 1: 9.5mmHg, Day 2: 11mmHg, Day 3: 13mmHg, Day 4: 12mmHg The median peak pressures were Day 1; 20mmHg, Day 2: 21mmHg; Day 3: 22.5mmHg; Day 4: 21mmHg Conclusions Patients with inhalation injury are susceptible to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, indicated by a decrease in lung compliance and increase in the patient’s oxygenation support. The lung compliance of these patients being to change resulting in an increase in their Peak Airway Pressure and Mean Airway Pressure within the first 72 hours. Moderate hypoxemia is present in these patients with the progress of the smoke inhalation injury. The usage of NT did not have a direct benefit to the pulmonary mechanics for inhalation injury when used as a prophylactic strategy. Additional research and clinical trials are needed to better understand the effect of inhalation injury on pulmonary mechanics. Applicability of Research to Practice Analysis of pulmonary mechanics in patients with inhalation injury can allow clinicians to better tailor ventilator settings to improve clinical outcomes.

Cross-Border Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Burn Patients.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing problem worldwide, with differences in regional resistance patterns partially driven by local variance in antibiotic stewardship. Trauma patients transferring from Mexico have more AMR than those injured in the United States; we hypothesized a similar pattern would be present for burn patients. Patients and Methods: The registry of an American Burn Association (ABA)-verified burn center was queried for all admissions for burn injury January 2015 through December 2019 with hospital length-of-stay (LOS) longer than seven days. Patients were divided into two groups based upon burn location: United States (USA) or Mexico (MEX). All bacterial infections were analyzed. Results: A total of 73 MEX and 826 USA patients were included. Patients had a similar mean age (40.4 years MEX vs. 42.2 USA) and gender distribution (69.6% male vs. 64.4%). The MEX patients had larger median percent total body surface area burned (%TBSA; 11.1% vs. 4.3%; p ≤ 0.001) and longer hospital LOS (18.0 vs. 13.0 days; p = 0.028). The MEX patients more often had respiratory infections (16.4% vs. 7.4%; p = 0.046), whereas rates of other infections were similar. The MEX patients had higher rates of any resistant organism (47.2% of organisms MEX vs. 28.1% USA; p = 0.013), and were more likely to have resistant infections on univariable analysis; however, on multivariable analysis country of burn was no longer significant. Conclusions: Antimicrobial resistance is more common in burn patients initially burned in Mexico than those burned in the United States, but location was not a predictor of resistance compared to other traditional burn-related factors. Continuing to monitor for AMR regardless of country of burn remains critical.

Patients over 75 years admitted to the National Burn Centre, Haukeland University Hospital, 2000-19.

The number of burn patients over the age of 75 receiving advanced treatment, including extensive surgery and intensive care, is increasing. We aimed to describe the treatment and outcomes for burn patients over the age of 75 admitted to the National Burn Centre at Haukeland University Hospital. We also wanted to investigate whether frailty scores can be a predictor of the treatment outcome. All patients ≥75 years admitted to the National Burn Centre at Haukeland University Hospital in the period 2000-19 were included in the study. Frailty scores were calculated retrospectively based on patients' medical records. Our study included 101 patients (50 women and 51 men). The number of admissions of older burn patients increased from an average of 3.3 per year in 2000-14 to 10.2 in the period 2015-19. The median total body surface area with burns was 11% (range 0.9-80%). Seventeen patients received palliative care, and 12 patients receiving active treatment died in hospital. In 68 of 84 (81%) actively treated patients, tangential excision and split-thickness skin grafting were performed. The remainder received conservative treatment (non-surgical) with wound care and application of a silver dressing. Patients who died in hospital had a significantly higher total body surface area with burns (p < 0.0001) and higher frailty scores (p = 0.003) than patients who survived. The yearly number of patients over the age of 75 treated at the National Burn Centre tripled during the period. More than two-thirds of the patients were discharged alive. Extent of burn injury and frailty score are associated with mortality and may be useful for adjusting therapy.

Poverty and Frailty Are Not Related to Each Other With Regard to Outcomes in Middle-Aged and Older Patients with Burn Injuries.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between frailty and poverty in burn patients ≥50 years old, and their association with patient outcomes. This was a single-center retrospective chart review from 2009 to 2018 of patients ≥50 years old admitted with acute burn injuries. Frailty was assigned using the Canadian Study of Health and Aging Clinical Frailty Scale. Poverty was defined as a patient from a zip code that had >20% of people living in poverty. The relationship between frailty and poverty, as well as each variable independently on mortality, length of stay (LOS), and disposition location, was examined. Of 953 patients, the median age was 61 years, 70.8% were male, and the median total body surface area burn was 6.6%. Upon admission, 26.4% and 35.2% of patients were frail and from impoverished neighborhoods, respectively. The mortality rate was 8.8%. Univariate analysis demonstrated that nonsurvivors had significantly higher chances of living in poverty (P = .02) and were more likely to be frail compared to survivors. There was no significant correlation between poverty and frailty (P = .08). Multivariate logistic regression confirmed the relationship between lack of poverty and mortality (OR .47, 95% CI 0.25-0.89) and frailty and mortality (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.24-2.12). Neither poverty (P = .26) nor frailty (P = .52) was associated with LOS. Both poverty and frailty were associated with a patient's discharge location (P = .03; P < .0001). Poverty and frailty each independently predict mortality and discharge destination in burn patients ≥50, but they are not associated with LOS nor each other.

The Use of a Polylactic Membrane in Pediatric Burns Proves to be Successful Even After Late Application.

The Polylactide membrane (PLM) is a biosynthetic dressing that mimics properties of the human epithelium. Herein we describe our experience on the use of PLM in pediatric burns. All pediatric burn patients admitted to the Pediatric Surgery Department between November 2019 and November 2021 and submitted to PLM application were selected. Clinical and demographic data were collected retrospectively. Seventy-seven patients with a median age of 1.8 years were included. The median total body surface area was 6% (2-20%), and burns were mainly mixed-partial thickness. PLM was applied at a median of 5 days post-burn (IQR 3-6), usually under sedation (43/77). After PLM application, the median healing time (HT) was 10 days (IQR 8-14). HT was significantly higher in deep-partial thickness burns vs. mixed superficial-deep (P = .015) and superficial burn areas (P = .006). No correlation was found between HT and the timing of PLM application. The grafting rate due to clinical misevaluation was 2.7%, one infection was found. The PLM is a promising way for treating partial-thickness burns, even when applied later during treatment. Shorter HT, the decreased need for dressing changes, and the potential of sparing of donor sites and pain reduction are its main advantages.