Median Rhomboid Glossitis Research Articles

Oral Manifestations in Asthmatic Patients Using Metered Dose Inhaler and Dry Powder Inhaler

Background: The prevalence of asthma indicates the importance of studying oral manifestations of inhalers as one of the indications of asthma. This study compares two methods of using inhalers, Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) and Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) in asthmatic patients. Methods: 100 asthmatic patients (50 MDI-treated, 50 DPI-treated) and 50 healthy individuals were selected by convincing sampling. The three sampled groups were gender- and age-matched. We performed a clinical examination, recorded the information, and analyzed the data by SPSS21 software using a t-test and one-way ANOVA for quantitative and Pearson’s chi-square test for qualitative indicators. Results: DMFT index (p-value 0.001), fissured tongue (p-value 0.005), xerostomia (p-value 0.001), and dental erosion (p-value: 0.011) in MDI-treated patients were significantly higher than the other two groups, while the geographic tongue (p-value 0.008) was significantly higher in DPI-treated patients than in the other two groups. It showed that periodontal disease and median rhomboid glossitis had no significant difference between the three groups. Conclusion: Due to the higher incidence of manifestations in MDI, it is expected that physicians give more attention to prescribing inhalers and give them the necessary training to maintain oral and dental hygiene.

A cross-sectional study of tongue disorders among dental outpatients

PurposeThe tongue is a complex organ that can provide insight into oral and systemic conditions. A variety of disorders, such as geographic tongue, hairy tongue, fissured tongue, macroglossia, microglossia, and others, can be observed. The objective of this cross-sectional study, conducted on a cohort of dental patients, was to examine the prevalence of tongue disorders and their relationship with factors such as demographic data, oral hygiene practices, history of systemic diseases, and bad habits. MethodThe tongues of 772 dental outpatients, comprising 355 males and 417 females, were examined in detail, and the factors associated with tongue disorders were noted. ResultsThe prevalence of tongue disorders was 32.6%. The remaining tongue disorders were as follows: fissured tongue (12.1%), macroglossia (7.1%), geographic tongue (3.4%), hairy tongue (3.6%), coated tongue (3.4%), median rhomboid glossitis (0.5%), ankyloglossia (0.4%), glossitis (0.4%), and microglossia (0.1%). The most prevalent tongue disorder observed in the study cohort was fissured tongue, while both bifid tongue and idiopathic burning tongue syndrome were absent. The prevalence of macroglossia, fissured tongue, and hairy tongue was significantly higher in males than in females (p<0.05, p< 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.005, respectively). A statistically significant difference was observed in the frequency of macroglossia, furred tongue, hairy tongue, and glossitis between age groups. ConclusionThe findings of this study identified the most common tongue disorders and their relationship with factors such as systemic history, demographic factors, oral hygiene care, bad habits, and systemic diseases. The significance of tongue appearance in providing insight into the systemic and oral condition of the patient has once again been demonstrated.

Artificial intelligence in tongue diagnosis: classification of tongue lesions and normal tongue images using deep convolutional neural network

ObjectiveThis study aims to classify tongue lesion types using tongue images utilizing Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs).MethodsA dataset consisting of five classes, four tongue lesion classes (coated, geographical, fissured tongue, and median rhomboid glossitis), and one healthy/normal tongue class, was constructed using tongue images of 623 patients who were admitted to our clinic. Classification performance was evaluated on VGG19, ResNet50, ResNet101, and GoogLeNet networks using fusion based majority voting (FBMV) approach for the first time in the literature.ResultsIn the binary classification problem (normal vs. tongue lesion), the highest classification accuracy performance of 93,53% was achieved utilizing ResNet101, and this rate was increased to 95,15% with the application of the FBMV approach. In the five-class classification problem of tongue lesion types, the VGG19 network yielded the best accuracy rate of 83.93%, and the fusion approach improved this rate to 88.76%.ConclusionThe obtained test results showed that tongue lesions could be identified with a high accuracy by applying DCNNs. Further improvement of these results has the potential for the use of the proposed method in clinic applications.

Inflammatory Tongue Conditions and Risk of Oral Tongue Cancer Among the US Elderly Individuals.

The incidence of oral tongue cancers has increased since the 1980s among US men and women for unknown reasons. We investigated associations of inflammatory tongue conditions with risk of cancers of the oral tongue, other oral cavity, and oropharynx among the US elderly individuals (age 65 years or older). We conducted a case-control study (2,534 oral tongue cancers, 6,832 other oral cavity cancers, 9,373 oropharyngeal cancers, and 200,000 controls) within the SEER-Medicare data set (1992-2013). Medicare records were used to identify patients with clinically diagnosed inflammatory tongue conditions (glossitis, benign migratory glossitis, median rhomboid glossitis, atrophic glossitis, glossodynia, other specified conditions [eg, atrophy and hypertrophy], and other unspecified conditions) and oral precancer (leukoplakia/erythroplakia). Only conditions preceding cancer/control selection by >12 months were included. The prevalence of inflammatory tongue conditions was significantly higher in patients with tongue cancer than controls (6.0% v 0.6%; odds ratios [ORs], adjusted for age, sex, race, Medicare utilization, and precancer, 5.8 [95% CI, 4.7 to 7.2]). This overall association primarily arose from glossitis, 5.6 (95% CI, 4.4 to 7.2); other specified conditions, 9.1 (95% CI, 5.5 to 15.2); and other unspecified conditions, 13.7 (95% CI, 8.0 to 23.7). These associations remained strongly elevated >5 years preceding tongue cancer (arguing against reverse causation), for conditions diagnosed by a specialist (arguing against misclassification), and among patients who received an oral biopsy (arguing against missed cancer). During 2013, an estimated 1 in 11 patients with oral tongue cancer had a preceding diagnosis of inflammatory tongue conditions. Associations of inflammatory tongue conditions were relatively weak for other oral cavity cancers (ORs, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.5 to 2.3]) and oropharyngeal cancer (OR, 1.3 [95% CI, 1.0 to 1.6]) and were observed only closest to cancer diagnosis. Inflammatory tongue conditions were associated with strongly increased risks of oral tongue cancers and preceded cancer diagnosis by several years, underscoring the need for increased clinical surveillance among patients with such apparently benign diagnoses.

Median rhomboid glossitis associated with fungi

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Median rhomboid glossitis as a sign of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus - a case report

Background: Median Rhomboid Glossitis (MRG) is included in the group of nodular-plaque-like candidiasis, a subtype of chronic hyperplastic candidiasis. A lot of literature suggests that MRG is a manifestation of Diabetes Mellitus (DM), but the association between DM and MRG is unclear until now. This article reports an MRG found in an undiagnosed diabetes mellitus patient. &#x0D; Case: In October 2019, A 71-year-old man came to RSGM Universitas Jember to fix his loose denture. In the oral examination, we found a well-bordering, atrophic oval area surrounded by thick- soft white plaque. In his leg, we found itchy papule, ulcer, and crust multiple lesions. The microscopic examination of the white plaque swab showed that the spore and hyphae were found to fill all fields of view. The direct sugar blood level test showed that the sugar blood level was 390 mg/dL. We diagnosed the patient as having an MRG associated with suspected DM. &#x0D; Case Management: The patient was given miconazole oral gel and recommended to use it after cleaning the tongue three times a day. For diabetes management, the patient was referred to the Unit Medical Center University of Jember. The patient was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and given oral-antidiabetics. After two weeks, the atrophic area had improved, and the white plaque had disappeared.&#x0D; Conclusion: General practitioners must be aware if they find the MRG in their patients caused a probability of underlying undiagnosed systemic disease, particularly diabetes mellitus on them.

Lingual Actinomycosis Clinically Simulating Nodular Median Rhomboid Glossitis: Literature Review and Report of Additional Case

Lingual Actinomycosis Clinically Simulating Nodular Median Rhomboid Glossitis: Literature Review and Report of Additional Case

Denture stomatitis-An interdisciplinary clinical review.

An interdisciplinary clinical review on denture stomatitis formulated by experts from prosthodontics, oral medicine, and oral microbiology is presented. The review outlines the etiopathogenesis, clinical features, and management strategies of denture stomatitis from an interdisciplinary perspective. English-language articles relating to the definition, incidence, gender distribution, geographical distribution, etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, signs, treatment, and prognosis of denture stomatitis were retrieved via electronic literature search. Relevant articles were summarized for this manuscript with a view toward providing pragmatic information. Denture stomatitis represents a very common, multifactorial infectious, inflammatory, and hyperplastic condition which is primarily caused by poor oral hygiene, poor denture hygiene, and full-time; mainly night-time denture wear, bringing about the emergence of advanced Candida-containing polymicrobial biofilms in close proximity to the host's mucosal tissues. Denture stomatitis shares clinically relevant associations with dental caries, periodontitis, median rhomboid glossitis, angular cheilitis, aspirational pneumonia, and associated mortality. Effective, long-term treatment of denture stomatitis relies upon sustained patient-driven behavioral change which should focus on daily prosthesis-level cleaning and disinfection, removal of dentures at night, every night, engagement with professional denture maintenance, and when required, denture replacement. Antifungal medications offer limited benefits outside of short-term use due to the emergence of antifungal resistance. For frail, older, medically compromised, and nursing home populations, treatment of denture stomatitis lowers the risk of aspirational pneumonia and associated mortality.

Clinical atrophy patterns of filiform papillae of the tongue and their relationship with the serum levels of iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid in patients with systemic diseases.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the clinical patterns of atrophy of the filiform papillae (FP) of the tongue and their relationship with the serum levels of iron and vitamin B12 among patients with systemic diseases, in a tertiary care center. A cross-sectional, analytical, research study was designed. A systematic tongue examination was performed to evaluate the presence and clinical patterns of FP atrophy. We collected epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data. Statistical analysis included χ2 test, Fisher's exact test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and a logistic regression analysis. A total of 87 patients (83.9% females) were included [median age = 55 (range 20-89) years]. Endocrinopathy (60.9%) was the most frequent comorbidity. We found atrophy of the FP in 90.8% of the patients; the atrophy was mild in 83.5% of the cases, and severe in 16.5%. The most common atrophic patterns were as follows: focalized in 64 (73.6%) cases, "U"-shaped pattern in 60 (69%), and generalized in 30 (34.5%). Geographic tongue and median rhomboid glossitis were observed in 12 (13.8%) and 11 (12.6%) subjects, respectively. Lower titers of serum iron were detected in cases with focal (median = 71 vs. 110 mcg/dl) and generalized (median = 55 vs. 78 mcg/dl) FP atrophy (P = 0.03 and P = 0.009, respectively), than their counterparts. The presence of symptomatology was related to the focal pattern of atrophy (P = 0.038). A high frequency of filiform papillary atrophy of the tongue was observed in patients with comorbidities. Some atrophic patterns of the tongue were significantly associated with certain medical conditions.

Median rhomboid glossitis caused by tongue-brushing.

Median rhomboid glossitis caused by tongue-brushing.

Prevalensi gambaran klinis kandidiasis oral pada penderita sindrom sjogren (Laporan Penelitian)

Background: Sjogren syndrome is a disorder of immunity system which affect exocrine gland, such as salivary gland. It causes sjogren syndrome patients generally have xerostomia as a major complaint, this condition often causes various problems in oral cavity one of them is oral candidiasis. Objective: To assess prevalence of oral candidiasis manifestation in sjogren syndrome patients Method: The research was conducted using the scoping review method in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Search is done by using boolean search strategy on three electronic database which are PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar. Result: There are 16 journals reporting manifestation of oral candidiasis in sjogren syndrome patients. Types of oral candidiasis that can be found in sjogren syndrome patients are angular cheilitis, denture stomatitis, erythematous candidiasis, pseudomembranous candidiasis, and median rhomboid glossitis. Conclusion: Oral candidiasis is found more often in sjogren syndrome patients than in healthy subjects due to hyposalivation and xerostomia. Especially angular cheilitis, denture stomatitis, and erythematous candidiasis.

Oral Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with PD-1 Inhibitor Treatment: A Case Series

Introduction: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI) drugs have led to a revolution in the treatment of different forms of cancer, shifting the target of action from cancer cells to the patient’s immune system, enhancing their responses against the tumor itself. On the other hand, this mechanism can lead to responses against oneself, with the appearance of immune-related adverse events. The aim of the present study was to examine the immune-related adverse events (irAEs) affecting the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and the possible correlation between these and skin toxicities, which are reported in the literature as the most common adverse events. Materials and methods: Thirteen patients treated with anti-Programmed Death (PD-1) drugs (pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and cemiplimab) were selected. The data collected include the general history of the patient and the type of anticancer treatment. The sample was then analyzed by recording the alterations found on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and on the skin. Finally, the average time that elapsed between the start of immunotherapy and the onset of lesions was analyzed. Results: Patients often had multiple lesions at the same time. Hyperkeratosis was found in three patients, candidiasis (pseudomembranous and median rhomboid glossitis) in two patients, epithelial atrophy in four patients, and ulcerative areas in two patients. One patient reported xerostomia with dysphagia. The anatomical areas most involved were the dorsal tongue and palate. Skin irAEs included skin rash erythema (n = 7) with diffuse redness, the presence of small bubbles with a crusty outcome, and dryness of the skin in the affected areas. Discussion: In the literature, there are few studies that analyze how irAEs affect the mucous membranes of the oral cavity in patients treated with ICI drugs. The most frequently described lesions are lichenoid reactions and xerostomia. Moreover, the development of mucositis, generally of low grade, has been reported. The present study has confirmed the data from the literature and, in addition, reports two cases of candidiasis, an adverse event that has never been shown in the literature. Conclusions: irAEs have the potential to affect any organ. The only way to avoid the occurrence of serious events that is currently available is early interception, which is only possible through the knowledge of these manifestations. It is therefore considered necessary to deepen our knowledge of oral irAEs and their correlation with dermatological toxicities, allowing for a multidisciplinary classification of the patient and a timely diagnosis of any adverse event and avoiding progression to more advanced stages, which could lead to the temporary or permanent suspension of anticancer drugs.

A Comparative Study of Oral Thrush and Other Oral Complications among COVID 19 Positive Patients

Background: Oral disease is a worldwide problem that causes agony, tooth loss, deformity, and death. Even though acute pseudomembranous candidiasis, or thrush, is the most common oral candidiasis, other types exist and candida infection may present as white and erythematous sores. White lesions include acute pseudomembranous and chronic hyperplastic candidiasis; red lesions include acute and chronic erythematous candidiasis, angular cheilitis, median rhomboid glossitis, and linear gingival erythema. Candida albicans is a major health hazard. This species causes a variety of ailments, from vaginal infections that affect 75% of women at least once to severe hospital infections that cause morbidity and mortality. As a consequence of the COVID-19 epidemic, several patients have suffered ARDS, which threatens superinfections. According to WHO estimates, the total number of confirmed cases will approach 240 million by October 19, 2021, and the cumulative number of fatalities would exceed 4.8 million. SARS-CoV-2 causes lung illness and systemic consequences. Respiratory and heart issues killed several. Candida strains produce invasive fungal infections. In COVID-19, invasive yeast infections (IYIs) are common. Despite COVID-19's immune system failure, no abnormalities in the cellular and humoral immune cells essential to fight Candida have been found. Oral lesion, taste loss, and tooth loss have all been linked to COVID-19. Methods: This study was comparative study. This study comprised 25–90-year-olds diagnosed with moderate to severe COVID-19 and hospitalized in covid ICU at Comilla Medical College Hospital in Bangladesh. The assessment followed inclusion/exclusion criteria. Sample size was obtained using a calculator with a 0.05 standard error and 95% confidence. Chest imaging and RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19. Comparing 100 patients with oral thrush and associated oral issues. Data entry will utilize SPSS and Excel. SPSS 23 will be used for data analysis. Excel and JASP will be available for any complications. Result: Oral thrush is the most prevalent, 61 (64.2%). Second most prevalent is inflamed gum, 26 (27.4%). Teeth mobility is the 3rd most common complication among the COVID-19 patients, 11 (11.6%). Other complication such as dental pain, foul smell, burning sensation, aphthous ulcer, teeth sensibility; 8 (8.4%), 3 (3.2%), 2 (2.1%), 4 (4.2%) and 2 (2.1%), were also present, respectively. Conclusion: In severely sick COVID-19 patients, oral thrush, loose teeth, and inflamed gums were the most often reported problems. The extended prone posture and mechanical breathing equipment utilized in the ICU environment may have contributed to these oral problems. Therefore, it is highly recommended that a multidisciplinary approach be used for the monitoring and treatment of COVID-19, which implies that nurses and oral healthcare professionals should be included in the ICU teams

Oral diseases in patients infected with HIV

Introduction: In recent years, more and more people have become infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Of great importance in the course of HIV infection are symptoms and diseases, which often occurs in the oral cavity with a corresponding decrease in lymphocytes.Aim: The aim of the study was the study was to present the most common oral diseases in patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus like hairy leukoplakia, Candidas, angular cheilitis, Linear Gingival Erythema, Herpesviridae virus infections, ulcerative lesions or xerostomia.Description: Clinicians should pay attention to oral manifestation of HIV infections because it may speed up the diagnostics process and may allow better control of the course of the infection. Hairy leukoplakia related to EBV is a marker of HIV on the side border of the tongue and appears as a hyperkeratotic stripes. Candidiasis may occur in many forms as acute pseudomembranous candidiasis, acute erythematous candidiasis, hyperplastic candidiasis or Median Rhomboid Glossitis. The most common fungus is Candida albicans but there may also be Candida krusei, Candida glabrata or Candida tropicalis. Another disease is Angular Cheilitis which is an inflammatory process localized in the commissure of the labia and can be caused by vitamin B deficiency, Candida, Staphylococcus or Streptococcus infection. Linear Gingival Erythema is a red linear lesion on the gingival margin infiltrated by polynuclear leukocytes and plasma cells. Patients with HIV also present Herpesviridae infections symptoms, ulcerations. Summary: This review shows that HIV/AIDS patients should be monitored for oral manifestation of the HIV infection and weakened immune system. Diseases described in this study are reliable markers of the HIV infection and clinicians should pay attention to them to monitor the course of primary infection.

Multiple Clinical Findings on The Tongue: Variants of Normal or Pathologic Condition? (A Case Report)

Various normal and pathologic findings might occasionally be found on the tongue and might confuse some patients and clinician due to its atypical presentation. This case report aimed to present a case report of multiple oral findings related to variants of normal and pathological findings on the tongue: geographic tongue, fissured tongue, and central papillary atrophy. A 53-year-old male patient came to Universitas Indonesia Dental Hospital for a dental check-up. Objective examination in the tongue showed depapilated areas surrounded by keratinized lining in the ventral and lateral left and right area of the tongue, multiple fissures in all over the dorsum of the tongue, and an ovoid redness area in the middle of 2/3 posterior dorsum part of the tongue. All those findings were asymptomatic. Those clinical findings were diagnosed as geographic tongue, fissured tongue, and central papillary atrophy. This case presents unique multiple variants of normal and pathological findings in the tongue. It is important to an oral health professional to have knowledge and ability to determine normal anatomy, variants of normal and pathological lesions. Patients should be informed and educated about oral mucosa normal variations and related clinical findings so they would not develop unnecessary anxiety.&#x0D; Keywords: central papillary atrophy, fissured tongue, geographic tongue, normal variations

Risk factors associated with tongue lesions: a propensity score-matched case-control study

Background to analyse the potential risk factors of tongue lesions, comparing the results with a control group.Material and Methods An observational, case-control study was designed. The study included a case group comprising 336 patients with tongue lesions and 336 sex and age-matched controls. We recorded tobacco/alcohol habits, presence of dentures, allergies, medical conditions, and medications. Statistical analysis was performed via logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratio (OR) adjusted for gender, age, tobacco, and alcohol using propensity score-matching analysis (PSM).Results According to the final PSM model, patients with tongue lesions were more likely to suffer from allergies (OR 2.13; 1.27-3.66) or medical conditions (OR 2.14; 1.19-3.85), and more likely to take medication (OR 1.99; 1.11-3.57). Elderly individuals were more prone to hairy tongue (OR 3.82; 1.53-10.47). Smoking was associated with coated tongue (OR 2.05; 1.12-3.63), hairy tongue (OR 3.77; 1.52-9.22) and median rhomboid glossitis (OR 40.49; 5.84-860.43). Allergic individuals were more likely to exhibit sublingual varices (OR 1.73; 1.02-2.88). Medical conditions increased the chances of having coated tongue (OR 2.44; 1.36-4.64) or crenated tongue (OR 2.70; 1.42-5.30). Arterial hypertension was associated with median rhomboid glossitis (OR 5.85; 1.08-34.18). Individuals on medication showed a higher risk of fissured tongue (OR 1.87; 1.20-2.94) and varices (OR 2.42; 1.58-3.80). Agents acting on the alimentary tract and metabolism increased the probability of fissured tongue (OR 2.31; 1.42-3.79).Conclusions As far as we are aware, this is the first study on lingual pathology to include a PSM analysis. The results suggest that a history of allergies, the presence of medical conditions, and the use of medication are associated with increased probability of tongue lesions. The analysis of diseases and medications by subgroups requires studies matched by habits with larger sample sizes, in order to corroborate our observations. Key words:Tongue lesions, fissured tongue, allergies, medications, risk factors, systemic diseases.

The prevalence correlation of median rhomboid glossitis in diabetic and non-diabetic patients: A cross-sectional study on a sample of Libyan population

Background: tongue lesions are reflecting many systemic diseases of the body. Despite the relative frequency of Median Rhomboid Glossitis (MRG), its exact etiopathogenesis is controversial. A direct association between tongue lesions including MRG and oral candidiasis, tobacco smoking, denture wearing, and systemic conditions such as diabetes mellitus (DM) has been reported.Objective: The objective of this present study was performed to determine the prevalence of MRG among Libyan diabetic and non-diabetic patients (NDPs), and hence detect and estimate the possible associations.Method: The sample was made of 928 patients, divided into 2 groups. Group1 consist of 464 diabetic patients (DPs), while group 2 consists of 464 NDPs as a control group. Results: the prevalence of MRG in all diabetic cases was (12%) whilst in NDPs was 3.4%. MRG was present in 56 DPs 39 (70%) were males and 17(30%) were females. There was a significant association between MRG and burning sensation P

Oral Candidosis: Pathophysiology and Best Practice for Diagnosis, Classification, and Successful Management.

Oral candidosis is the most common fungal infection that frequently occurs in patients debilitated by other diseases or conditions. No candidosis happens without a cause; hence oral candidosis has been branded as a disease of the diseased. Prior research has identified oral candidosis as a mark of systemic diseases, such as hematinic deficiency, diabetes mellitus, leukopenia, HIV/AIDS, malignancies, and carbohydrate-rich diet, drugs, or immunosuppressive conditions. An array of interaction between Candida and the host is dynamic and complex. Candida exhibits multifaceted strategies for growth, proliferation, evasion of host defenses, and survival within the host to induce fungal infection. Oral candidosis presents a variety of clinical forms, including pseudomembranous candidosis, erythematous candidosis, angular cheilitis, median rhomboid glossitis, cheilocandidosis, juxtavermillion candidosis, mucocutaneous candidosis, hyperplastic candidosis, oropharyngeal candidosis, and rare suppurative candidosis. The prognosis is usually favorable, but treatment failure or recurrence is common due to either incorrect diagnosis, missing other pathology, inability to address underlying risk factors, or inaccurate prescription of antifungal agents. In immunocompromised patients, oropharyngeal candidosis can spread to the bloodstream or upper gastrointestinal tract, leading to potentially lethal systemic candidosis. This review therefore describes oral candidosis with regard to its pathophysiology and best practice for diagnosis, practical classification, and successful management.

The Correlation between Median Rhomboid Glossitis and Fungal Infection: A Review Article

Median rhomboid glossitis (MRG) is clinical appearance with atrophy of central papillary tongue. This conditions happens within...

Orális candidiasis, klinikai jellegzetességei, diagnosztikája és kezelése

Candidiasis oris a leggyakoribb opportunista infekció, amelyet egy gomba, a Candia albicans okoz. Mivel a Candida albicans tagja a normális orális flórának, és gyakorisága különböző népcsoportokban 40% körül mozog, a patogenezise még mindig nem teljesen tisztázott.Jelen közlemény célja, hogy összefoglalja e gyakori opportunista infekció potenciális lokális és szisztémás rizikófaktorait, valamint áttekintse a különböző orális klinikai manifesztációit. Számos lokális és szisztémás hajlamosító tényező ismert. Az orális candidiasis előfordulhat akár mint primer, akár secunder infekció. A gomba képes megtapadni a hámon és penetrálni a nyálkahártyát. A lokális prediszponáló faktorok elősegítik a gomba megtapadását és növekedését, míg a szisztémás tényezők negatívan hatnak a természetes vagy szerzett immunitásra, amely felelős a gomba terjedésének kontrolljában. Több klinikai manifesztációja ismert. Előfordulhat akut és krónikus formában. A legsúlyosabb formája a pseudomembranous candidiasis. Ez valódi primer infekció, amely többnyire csak súlyos immunhiányos egyénekben alakulhat ki. A krónikus forma is leggyakrabban AIDS-es betegekben fordul elő. Ilyenkor gyakran találkozhatunk terápia-rezisztens, nagyon hosszú ideje fennálló állhártyás Candida fertőzéssel. A betegség egyéb klinikai formái közé tartozik az erythemas candidiasis, a krónikus nodularis vagy plakkos candidiasis. A leggyakoribb klinikai forma a stomatitis protetika (denture stomatitis). További Candida asszociált szájnyálkahártya betegség a cheilitis angularis és a glossitis mediana rhombica. A klinikai diagnózis a jellegzetes objektív és szubjektív klinikai tünetek alapján legtöbbször egyszerű. A Candida-infekció laboratóriumi identifikálása azonban nem egyszerű, elsősorban azért, mert a Candida tagja a normál szájflórának és így sok egészséges egyénben is kimutatható. A leggyakoribb laboratóriumi diagnosztika technikák közé tartozik a kaparékból nyert citológiai vizsgálat és a gomba tenyésztése. A betegség kezelése komplex és sokszor komoly kihívást jelent az orvos számára. Fontos, hogy feltárjuk és amennyiben lehetséges, elimináljuk a hajlamosító tényezőket. A leggyakrabban használt gombaellenes szerek a polyen és azol csoportba tartoznak. Mivel a legtöbb orális Candida-infekció csak a felszínes nyálkahártya rétegeket érinti, elsőnek lehetőleg helyi gombaellenes kezelést alkalmazzunk. Ez annál is inkább indokolt, mert nagyon sok gombaellenes készítménynek komoly mellékhatásai lehetnek.