Median Particle Size Research Articles

Evaluation of the applicability of three sediment transport capacity equations on steep colluvial slopes and their modifications

AbstractAccurate estimations of the sediment transport capacity (Tc) are essential for soil erosion modelling. However, the applicability of existing Tc equations to colluvial soils with high steep slopes and high gravel content is limited. In this study, the variation of Tc with shear stress (τ), unit stream power (P) and stream power (ω) is investigated for different slopes and flow discharge. We also evaluate the applicability of the Yalin, Govers and GUEST equations (based on τ, P and ω, respectively) for estimating Tc on steep–slope colluvial deposits. Experiments were conducted using colluvial soil in a non‐erodible rill flume. The results reveal that Tc follows a power function with τ and ω and a linear function with P. The regression results of the three hydrodynamic parameters and Tc agree with the Tc equation forms of the corresponding equations. The Yalin equation, developed based on gently sloping erodible bed conditions, simulates overall low Tc values for steep sloping non‐erodible bed conditions (P.O.0.5–2 = 42.8%). The accuracy is significantly improved by correcting the sediment transport coefficient Kt (P.O.0.5–2 = 100%). The accuracy of the Govers‐simulated Tc values under steep slope conditions, based on gentle slope conditions, decreases with increasing slope gradient (P.O.0.5–2 = 37.14%), which is attributed to the large amount of coarse‐grained sediment present in this study. Thus, we retained the original form of the equation and further improved its accuracy by adjusting the coefficients (P.O.0.5–2 = 94.29%). As Tc increases, the GUEST equation can accurately simulate Tc. The accuracy is improved by calibrating the F‐value (P.O.0.5–2 = 100%). Using dimensional analysis, the equations built based on hydraulic conditions (excess current power, shear stress, flow velocity, etc.) and median particle size can accurately simulate Tc values (P.O.0.5–2 = 100%). These findings provide a basis for the development of erosion models for avalanche deposits on steep slopes.

Masticatory function between chewing with and without wearing clear thermoplastic appliances

BackgroundClear thermoplastic materials are used in a variety of oral appliances. In some situations, patients may wear clear thermoplastic appliances while eating. However, the effect of wearing clear thermoplastic appliances on chewing efficiency is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the differences in masticatory function between chewing with and without wearing clear thermoplastic retainers over a 6-month period, and its associated factors.MethodsThirty patients who received upper and lower clear retainers after debonding fixed appliances were examined for objective and subjective masticatory function at retainer delivery (T0), 3-month (T1), and 6-month follow-ups (T2) in two conditions: with and without wearing their retainers while chewing. The objective method used multiple sieves reported as the median particle size (MPS). The food intake ability (FIA) test served as the subjective method. Paired t-test was used to compare the outcomes between chewing with and without retainers at each evaluation time point. Repeated measures ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to compare the outcomes between the three evaluating time points. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to assess whether age, sex, and extraction/non-extraction was associated with these effects.ResultsThe MPS was significantly greater when chewing with retainers compared with chewing without them at T0 (P < 0.05), however, it was not significantly greater at T1 and T2 (P > 0.05). The MPS with and without the retainers tend to decrease between T0, T1 and T2. In particular, the MPS while chewing with retainers significantly decreased between T0 and T1. The total FIA score and FIA subscores for hard and soft food were significantly lower when eating with retainers at T0 (P < 0.05), however, all FIA scores when eating without retainers did not significantly change between T0, T1, and T2. No significantly associated factors were identified.ConclusionsWearing clear retainers while chewing decreases objective and subjective masticatory function immediately after completing orthodontic treatment. However, this significantly improved to levels comparable to chewing without retainers after a 3-month follow-up. Age, sex, and extraction/non-extraction treatment were not associated with the difference in masticatory function while chewing with and without wearing the retainers.

Development and performance evaluation of a mechanically triggered release microcapsule based on in-situ polymerization for lost circulation control

Lost circulation is a critical technical challenge in the drilling and production process of underground oil and gas energy. In this study, a mechanically triggered release microcapsule for lost circulation control was designed and prepared with an in-situ polymerization using melamine, urea, formaldehyde, and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (healing agent) as raw materials. The structure and properties of the microcapsule were characterized by different techniques. The results show that the healing agent was successfully encapsulated by the resin shell, the median particle size (D50) of the microcapsules is 120.3 μm, and the thermal stability is excellent. The compatibility experiments show that the surface wettability and shear stability of the microcapsules are good in water-based drilling fluid. The compressive strength test reveals that the healing agent in the microcapsule is released and filled in the gap of the plugging zone under the contact pressure. The concentration of microcapsules and the size distribution of rigid particles are critical for the in-situ reinforcement effect. In addition, the fracture plugging performance of the microcapsule was studied. The results show that the pressure-bearing capacity of the plugging zone increases as the irregularity of the fracture surface increases. These findings indicate the microencapsulated healing agent is an effective lost circulation material (LCM), and provide a new technical idea for lost circulation control.

Laboratory Study of Interface Friction between Sand and Steel Surfaces

Abstract In this study, results have been reported from a series of laboratory tests to determine the interface friction angle of steel surfaces with sand through modified direct shear testing. For completion, steel surfaces with different surface geometry to replicate the roughness have been slid against various sands compacted at different relative densities under both dry and wet conditions. The standard square shape direct shear box has been modified into circular and rectangular boxes to sufficiently enhance the contact area and to subsequently quantify its effect on interface friction angle. A mild steel interface of smooth and rough texture with a groove depth of 0.2 mm and tipping at an angle of 90° has been used in this study. The analysis of results revealed that the interface friction angles obtained from the standard direct shear box agree closely with those obtained from both modified rectangular and circular shear boxes. However, the ratio of the interface friction angle from the modified apparatus and soil’s angle of internal friction significantly depends upon the roughness of the surface in contact with the sand, its median particle size, and is independent of the effects of box size, soil’s relative density, and dry or wet condition. A comparison between existing well-accepted guidelines and current observations has been presented for use by the practicing engineers dealing with soil-structure interaction.

Effect of powder properties, process parameters, and recoating speed on powder layer properties measured by in-situ laser profilometry and part properties in laser powder bed fusion

In laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M), the powder layer is the link between the powder properties and the resulting part quality. Powder layer quality is a key metric related to powder spreadability and ultimately part quality, yet it is still unclear how it can be quantified. This is due to the difficulty of studying powder layer properties during the process. This study investigates the influence of powder properties, process parameters, and recoating speed on the surface roughness of the powder layer and the part, as well as on the effective thickness of the powder layer and solidified layer, and the resulting relative part density. Utilizing in-situ laser profilometry, high-resolution topographical data of the powder layer and the part surface were acquired, with minimal interference to the PBF-LB/M process. Six AlSi10Mg powders with varying particle size distribution, morphology, and flowability were processed using a wide range of recoating speeds and scan speeds to create powder layers with a wide range of properties. The results reveal a strong correlation between energy input and the effective powder layer thickness where lower scan speed results in an increased effective powder layer thickness due to material losses. Additionally, faster recoating decreases the powder layer density, which is moderated by the median particle size where the effect is strongest for fine powders. The surface roughness of the powder layer and top part surface are influenced by the recoating speed, energy input, and particle size, and they are strongly linked to each other. This highlights the importance of considering realistic substrate surface roughnesses in both powder spreading experiments and simulations. Finally, layer properties affect the process stability, resulting in small differences in relative part density.

Jet cavitation-enhanced hydration method for the preparation of magnesium hydroxide

During the preparation of magnesium hydroxide via the hydration method, in-situ growth and agglomeration often inhibit the reaction. This study used active magnesium oxide as the raw material and employed jet cavitation technology to enhance the hydration process. Based on the growth process of magnesium hydroxide, the mechanism of jet-enhanced hydration was analyzed. The effects of reaction temperature (T), reaction time (t), solid-liquid ratio (s), and cavitation number (σ) on the hydration rate were investigated. An L25(54) orthogonal experiment explored the significance of each factor's impact on the hydration rate. The hydration products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a specific surface area analyzer. Results indicate that the factors affecting the hydration rate, in order of significance, are cavitation number > reaction temperature > solid-liquid ratio > reaction time. The optimal process parameters were determined to be a reaction temperature of 70 °C, reaction time of 80 min, solid-liquid ratio of 1:12, and cavitation number of 0.42. Under these conditions, the hydration rate reached 94.87 %, producing well-dispersed lamellar magnesium hydroxide with a narrow particle size distribution (median particle size D50 = 4.511 μm) and a BET specific surface area of 11.345 m²/g.

Particle size characteristics of sliding-zone soil and its role in landslide occurrence: a case study of the Lanniqing landslide in Southwest China

In landslide studies, particle size is a key quantitative indicator, reflecting the formation and development of the sliding zone. It plays a crucial role in understanding the mechanisms and evolutionary processes that lead to landslide occurrences. Precise measurement of particle size is crucial. This study centered on soil samples from the Lanniqing landslide in Southwest China. To begin, seven distinct methods were used to preprocess the soil samples. Next, the particle size frequency distribution was measured using the Mastersizer 2000 laser particle size analyzer. Key parameters, including median particle size, mean particle size, sorting coefficient, skewness, and kurtosis, were then compared and analyzed to determine the most appropriate preprocessing method for evaluating the characteristics of the soil samples. The mechanism of landslide occurrence was subsequently analyzed by examining the particle size characteristics, mechanical properties, and mineral composition of the soil samples. The results suggested that method C provides the most reliable analysis of particle size characteristics in soil samples. The observed coarsening of coarse particles, along with a significant increase in clay content within the sliding zone, indicates that the sliding surface has undergone multiple shear and compression events. The interplay of the upper traffic load and slope cutting at the front edge set the stage for the Lanniqing landslide, prompting the initial development of potential sliding surfaces. Rainfall acts as a catalyst for slope instability. The high clay content, combined with the formation of a low-permeability layer rich in clay minerals on the sliding surface, leads to excessive pore water pressure and mineral lubrication. These factors inherently trigger and accelerate the occurrence of the landslide.

Preparation of C-S-H seeds from waste glass powder and its effect on early performance of cement paste

This study investigates the hydrothermal synthesis of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) seeds using nano-size glass powder (NGP) derived from siliceous raw materials and CaO as the calcareous precursor. The influence of varying NGP concentrations on the particle size, microstructure, and phase composition of the C-S-H seeds was systematically analyzed. The synthesized C-S-H seeds were subsequently employed as additives to evaluate their effects on the early hydration process and compressive strength development of cement paste. The results indicate that increasing the NGP concentration from 0.2 mol/L to 0.8 mol/L leads to an exponential increase in the median particle size of the C-S-H seeds from 147 nm to 1328 nm and a corresponding morphological transformation from flocculent to granular structures. Additionally, the purity of the C-S-H sample decreased from 74.8% to 54.5% as the NGP concentration increased. The addition of C-S-H seeds can increase the 12h compressive strength of cement pastes by 15.5%–53.5%. This improvement is due to the accelerated early hydration kinetics induced by the C-S-H seeds, which act as nucleation sites, thereby increasing the nucleation and growth rates by 31.4% and 53.2%, respectively.

Distinct roles of size-defined HDL subpopulations in cardiovascular disease.

Doubts about whether high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are causally related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk have stimulated research on identifying HDL-related metrics that might better reflect its cardioprotective functions. HDL is made up of different types of particles that vary in size, protein and lipid composition, and function. This review focuses on recent findings on the specific roles of HDL subpopulations defined by size in CVD. Small HDL particles are more effective than larger particles at promoting cellular cholesterol efflux because apolipoprotein A-I on their surface better engages ABCA1 (ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1). In contrast, large HDL particles bind more effectively to scavenger receptor class B type 1 on endothelial cells, which helps prevent LDL from moving into the artery wall. The specific role of medium-sized HDL particles, the most abundant subpopulation, is still unclear. HDL is made up of subpopulations of different sizes of particles, with selective functional roles for small and large HDLs. The function of HDL may depend more on the size and composition of its subpopulations than on HDL-C levels. Further research is required to understand how these different HDL subpopulations influence the development of CVD.

An analytical study of the tabia mortar from Lin Yimu’s tomb, Zhejiang, China

The Lin Yimu’s tomb in Zhejiang Province, China, is a significant Qing Dynasty tabia structure that, despite relatively good preservation, has suffered damage from weathering, necessitating urgent restoration. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive scientific analysis of archaeological samples from the tabia of Lin Yimu’s tomb, employing a range of analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), chemical methods, and measurements of hardness and strength. Analytical results revealed that the main phases of the sample are calcite, quartz, illite/mica, feldspar, with a minor presence of Tung oil. The proportion of calcium carbonate is approximately 27%, and the ratio of earth to sand is 1:2, suggesting a raw material formula mass ratio of lime-earth-sand of 3:4:8. The surface hardness of the sample is measured at 293 ± 15 HL, with a compressive strength of 5.5 ± 0.2 MPa. The sand used in the raw material has a medium particle size of 250 μm, while earth particles are predominantly around 17 μm. The sample exhibits a porosity of 27.5%, with pore sizes concentrated at 95 nm. These findings contribute significantly to our understanding of Qing dynasty tomb construction technologies and provide a solid scientific basis for the restoration of such historical sites.

Study on the preparation and modification mechanism of GO/SBR composite modified emulsified asphalt

This paper employs graphene oxide (GO) and anionic styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) latex as modifiers for road-emulsified asphalt. A silane coupling agent (KH550) is used to modify GO, resulting in the development of a novel GO/SBR composite-modified emulsified asphalt. A mathematical model was optimized to determine the optimal material ratio, which was verified through performance tests. Techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to investigate the modification mechanism. The results indicated that both the median particle size and storage stability of the GO/SBR composite-modified asphalt were enhanced, with significant improvements in mechanical properties compared to ordinary emulsified asphalt. Microscopic analysis revealed enhanced dispersion of modified GO in asphalt, and the interaction between modified GO and emulsified asphalt was determined to be purely a physical reaction. This study provides valuable insights into the application of GO in road engineering.

Comparison of lab-produced asphalt emulsions by manufacturing equipment type

Asphalt emulsions can be produced with colloid mills and high-speed shear mixers, but effects of equipment type on emulsion properties are largely unknown. The study objective was to assess the impact of different manufacturing equipments on emulsion properties. Particle size, viscosity, residue, sieve and storage stability properties were observed after production on three emulsion manufacturing devices. For each device, three emulsions were manufactured by three operator pairs. Median particle size was as small as 2.0 microns on recirculating and in-line equipment, but only 5.3 on high-speed shear mixer. Recirculating equipment also produced emulsion with better storage stability than high-speed shear mixer and in-line equipment. In-line manufactured emulsions had the highest viscosity while the shear-mixed emulsion viscosity was below specification. Sieve was significantly affected by the operator. These results demonstrate that emulsions produced by different laboratory equipment are not identical, and caution must be exercised when comparing and manufacturing lab-produced emulsions.

Real-time monitoring of integrated continuous granulation/drying line system “LaVortex®” for the pharmaceutical manufacturing of acetaminophen oral dosage formulations using near-infrared spectroscopy

Granules for tableting were continuously manufactured using a fully flow-type continuous wet-granulation and drying (CGD) line system, “LaVortex®.” The raw material powder containing standard excipients and 28.8 % acetaminophen was mixed with a binder liquid (pure water), continuously wet-granulated, and dried for 600 s under 20 different granulation/drying process conditions, and the process was monitored in real-time using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Twenty granulation/drying process conditions, varying across three parameters, namely added binding water rate, agitation blades and container rotational rates, and hot drying air flow rate, were applied. Training datasets from NIR spectroscopy stably measured during the CGD process were used to construct calibration models to predict the various critical quality attributes (CQAs) of granules, such as residual moisture content, median particle size, angle of repose, and tablet hardness, using partial least squares regression (PLSR). Optimal calibration models were validated using the NIR spectroscopy test dataset. The actual granule CQA profiles evaluated using the NIR/PLSR method were almost constant up to 600 s at the end of production depending on the critical process parameters (CPPs), except for fluctuations in the initial process. These results indicate that tableting granules with various pharmaceutical properties could be obtained continuously depending on CQAs, such as the rate of water addition. Additionally, changes in CQAs could be continuously monitored by the NIR/PLSR method. Furthermore, CGD granules with various characteristic CQAs can be continuously manufactured by controlling CPPs, such as agitation blades and tube rotation rates in the agitating granulation process and drying air flow rate in the drying process under NIR spectroscopy.

Investigation of correlations between powder functionalities and powder surface properties for milk protein ingredients

Milk protein powders are widely used ingredient in processed food products, meanwhile, characterization of powder functionalities is of technical challenge to the manufacturers of ingredients and consumer foods. Rapid evaluation methods or indicators are needed to fill the mentioned technological gap. This study aimed to investigate correlations between a series of powder functionalities and powder surface properties, which may be characterized using a relative rapid method. Six types of milk protein powder with 2 different batches were used as samples in this study. The powder wettability was determined based on a modified International Dairy Federation method. Powder flowability was determined using the Warren Spring cohesion measured by rheometer. The dispersibility was indicated by the median particle size at a designated dispersing time point. Regarding the surface properties, the contact angle of powder samples was determined by the sessile drop method using both water and diiodomethane as reference liquids. Subsequently, surface free energy was computed through the Owens, Wendt, Rabel, and Kaelble model. Pearson correlation analysis revealed meaningful correlations between surface properties (e.g., surface free energy, cohesion work, and adhesion work) and powder functionality attributes (e.g., wettability and flowability). This study suggests that the wettability and flowability of milk protein powders can be indicated by powder surface energy-related parameter, such as work of cohesion.

Synergistic impact mechanism of particle size and morphology in superalloy powders for additive manufacturing

The particle size and morphology of superalloy powders are crucial parameters that significantly influence the performance of additive manufacturing (AM) processes. This study investigates the effects of atomization pressure on these characteristics through a combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and vacuum induction melting gas atomization (VIGA) experiments. The CFD simulations revealed that increasing the atomization pressure from 2.0 MPa to 3.5 MPa resulted in a rise in maximum gas velocity from 526 m/s to 537 m/s and a reduction in median particle size (D50) from 60.9 μm to 37.5 μm. Subsequent experiments demonstrated a decrease in D50 from 52.9 μm to 35.6 μm, and sphericity from 0.9432 to 0.9377, as pressure increased. The particle size results of the atomization experiments and numerical simulations show strong consistency, validating the accuracy of the numerical simulation results. The volume of hollow particles also increased slightly in specific size fractions. These results suggest that higher atomization pressures produce finer powders with lower sphericity, but also promote particle adhesion, reducing the overall refinement effect. This study provides insights into optimizing atomization conditions for the precise control of superalloy powders in AM.

Continuous self-circulating up-flow granular sludge fluidized bed process treating low-strength real municipal wastewater at high hydraulic loads

Conditions conducive to aerobic granular sludge (AGS) growth and maintenance are very difficult to realize in continuous-flow biological treatment processes. This study conducted a continuous-flow self-circulating up-flow granular sludge fluidized bed (Zier process) treating real urban wastewater approximately one year. The substantial self-circulating multiple times (RSCMT, 8–15 times) and up-flow velocity (8–15 m/h) generated by aeration, the only power equipment in Zier process, facilitated pollutant removal, particle granulation and stabilization. With hydraulic retention time of 5 h, RSCMT of 9.3–14.4 times and chemical oxygen demand (COD)/total nitrogen (TN) ratio of 5.9 ± 1.0, the effluent COD, ammonia nitrogen and TN were 28.6 ± 7.7, 1.1 ± 1.2, and 13.3 ± 1.7 mg/L, respectively. The median particle size was 150–250 μm and effluent suspended solids concentration was 33.4 ± 14.5 mg/L. It is unnecessary to set up sludge reflux which simplifies the subsequent mud-water separation facilities. The Zier process provides a new process structure for implementation of continuous-flow AGS process.

Micronization of wholewheat flour increases iron bioavailability from hydrothermally processed wheat flour dough

Cereal products contribute significantly to dietary intake of essential minerals. In wheat, iron and zinc are stored in specific grain structures including the aleurone, scutellum and embryo. Wheat cell walls are resistant to digestion in the human gastrointestinal tract and therefore this study investigated the hypothesis that physical disruption of the cell walls would increase the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of iron and zinc from wheat-based foods. Flour was micronized using a combination of roller milling and a micro-mill and this reduced median particle size by two-thirds. Hydrothermally processed wheat flour doughs were subjected to in vitro digestion to determine mineral bioaccessibility. Mineral bioavailability from food digests was measured using human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Iron (but not zinc) bioavailability from wheat foods made using the micronized flour (2.5 ± 0.5 nmol/mg cell protein) was increased significantly compared with foods produced from standard milled flour (1.3 ± 0.1 nmol/mg cell protein; P = 0.031). Micronization of wheat flour has the potential to increase the absorption of the endogenous iron present in cereal foods and this might have health benefits for population groups with poor iron status.

Proteomic Characterization of Corneal Epithelial and Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.

Communication between the different layers of the cornea (epithelium and stroma) is a complex, yet crucial element in the corneal healing process. Upon corneal injury, it has been reported that the bi-directional cross talk between the epithelium and stroma via the vesicular secretome, namely, extracellular vesicles (EVs), can lead to accelerated wound closure upon injury. However, the distinct protein markers of EVs derived from human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells, keratocytes (HCKs), fibroblasts (HCFs), and myofibroblasts (HCMs) remain poorly understood. All EVs were enriched for CD81 and showed increased expression levels of ITGAV and FN1 in HCM-EVs compared to HCE- and HCF-EVs. All EVs were negative for GM130 and showed minimal differences in biophysical properties (particle concentration, median particle size, and zeta potential). At the proteomic level, we show that HCM-EVs are enriched with proteins associated with fibrosis pathways, such as COL6A1, COL6A2, MMP1, MMP2, TIMP1, and TIMP2, compared to HCE-, HCK-, and HCF-EVs. Interestingly, HCE-EVs express proteins involved with the EIF-2 signaling pathway (stress-induced signals to regulate mRNA translation), such as RPS21, RALB, EIF3H, RALA, and others, compared to HCK-, HCF-, and HCM-EVs. In this study, we isolated EVs from cell-conditioned media from HCE, HCKs, HCFs, and HCMs and characterized their biophysical and protein composition by Western blot, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and proteomics. This study supports the view that EVs from the corneal epithelium and stroma have a distinct molecular composition and may provide novel protein markers to distinguish the difference between HCE-, HCK-, HCF-, and HCM-EVs.

Innovative Proniosomal Formulation of Cilnidipine, Optimization and InDepth Characterization.

This study aims to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of cilnidipine as a dual L/N-type calcium channel blocker for hypertension using proniosomes. Proniosomes are dry powders that turn into niosomes when they come into contact with water, improving drug encapsulation and stability. Different concentrations of Span-60, cholesterol, and sorbitol were tested in the Box-Behnken design. The entrapment efficiency, particle size, zeta potential, thermal characteristics, crystalline structure and in-vitro drug release were evaluated for 17 formulations. Entrance effectivity was highest in F3 at 71.83%, while a controlled released rate of over 85.28% was observed within 12 hours. The median particle size showed a moderate stability of -11.2 mV with zeta potentials indicating this fact (902.7 nm). When, cilnidipine was inserted into proniosome systems, considerable changes occurred both thermally and crystallinity-wise according to DSC as well as XRD measurements were taken during an experiment where various mathematical models showed first-order kinetics dominated among other processes involved in drug release along Higuchi’s Equation.

Investigations on the dustiness of binary acetaminophen - lactose monohydrate powder blends

In this study, binary powder blends of acetaminophen (ACAM) and α-lactose monohydrate (LM) at different mixing ratios, with fine, medium-size, and coarse particles are investigated with a new two-chamber setup (TCS) to assess dustiness. The TCS consists of an emission and a detection chamber, allowing plain diffusive or convective particle transport. The aim is to compare the diffusive transport of ACAM with binary blends of ACAM and LM at different particle sizes and similar apparent density. Fine ACAM exhibits significantly higher dust emissions compared to medium and coarse ACAM. With increasing LM portion in the blends, ACAM dust emissions decrease. The blend of fine ACAM and coarse LM shows the highest dust emission, while the blend of coarse ACAM and fine LM reveals the lowest emissions. The TCS offers precise, reproducible measurements with good repeatability, making it beneficial for laboratory and industrial applications, even with small powder quantities.