Media In Society Research Articles

On the Compatibility of the Democratic Rule of Law and the Self-Regulation of Meta: The Oversight Board as a Guardian of Freedom of Expression

The article examines the role of Meta in relation to the principles of the democratic Rechtsstaat. The perspective focuses on the importance of the human right to freedom of expression in a global network society, where Internet intermediaries, through their self-regulation and content moderation, have a crucial impact on the realisation of freedom of expression and, by extension, on democratic processes. Because of their influence, their self-regulatory systems can be seen as independent systems of norms, governed by fundamentally different principles from those of European nation-states committed to democracy, human rights and the rule of law – especially in the context of the European Union. This is of particular importance for public debate and the free expression of opinions, which are fundamental values in democratic societies. Social media both enables and, in some cases, limits the exercise of fundamental and human rights. They also share, or to some extent have even taken over, the institutional role of traditional media in society. The article takes a legal-theoretical approach to the subject matter, as it addresses the role of public debate in the digital environment as part of the legitimacy of the legal order itself. In this respect, the article analyses the relationship between Facebook and the public sphere, which is essential for democracy, and the role of the state in promoting freedom of expression in the online environment. The theoretical framework is based on Kaarlo Tuori's theory of the levels of law and the concept of democratic Rechtsstaat. Against this framework, Facebook/Meta is examined in a European context, which includes both the European Union and Council of Europe law. Most focus is put on the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. Through this framework, the role and position of the Oversight Board at the interface of human rights implementation and Meta's self-regulation will also be examined. Given the emphasis in the ECtHR's jurisprudence on the positive obligations imposed on the state, the article concludes that a more effective horizontal impact of fundamental and human rights is needed. This is supported by the conclusion that Facebook may not be considered as a well-suited public sphere for democracy.

NEED FOR RECEIVING HEALTH INFORMATION THROUGH COMMUNITY RADIO SPEAKERS IN HIEP AN WARD, THU DAU MOT CITY, BINH DUONG PROVINCE

Loudspeakers are one of the state's means of communication used to propagate policies in recent times and have been very effective, contributing to propaganda and the development of legal policies. The issue of health communication has been effectively adopted through programs on health policy and health science. In order to have a scientific basis for surveying the role of loudspeakers in the new period in urban areas, creating a basis to advise industries, especially the health sector, on the satisfaction and effectiveness of loudspeakers. clear towards the people. With 7 in-depth interview samples in qualitative research conducted in Hiep An ward, Thu Dau Mot city, about the need to use and develop a quantitative assessment toolkit in the future. The results show that the rate of information reception is quite high, the age of reception increases gradually with age, the listening time per day fluctuates but still reaches a high rate, satisfaction with loudspeakers reaches a high level and the need to receive information from community loudspeakers in the future. Conclusion: Media reception from speakers is quite high, the received content is not proactive, so the incoming information does not meet the needs of today's low-tech and diverse media society. Therefore, there is a great need for a quantitative study with a more representative sample size to demonstrate the qualitative results that this study brings and at the same time, survey the content and effectiveness of health communication content from loudspeakers.

MEDIA–SOCIETY RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF POLITICS

MEDIA–SOCIETY RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF POLITICS

Mengintegrasikan Nilai-Nilai Buddhis dalam Penggunaan Media Sosial

This research aims to explore communication ethics in the use of social media, with a focus on Buddhist values ​​that can provide guidance for individuals in using social media. Ethics, as part of the moral values ​​implemented by religion, should be a guide for wise behavior, including when using social media. However, in reality, there is negligence in the use of social media in society, which involves practices such as smear campaigns, hate speech, online bullying (cyberbullying), and the spread of fake news (hoaxes). Therefore, this research is interesting to dig deeper through analysis of Buddhist values, so that Buddhist teachings can become a filter and guide for people to communicate wisely on social media. The research method used in this research is library research. Data analysis in this study highlights that social media use should reflect kindness, teachings of truth, joy, and consistency with facts. These four values ​​must be supported by other aspects, such as subtlety of language and expression, the basis of love in speaking, as well as consideration of the purpose and appropriate time in conveying the message. Manifestations can be found in content, writing or posts that have an educational, inspiring and useful character. In addition, when receiving information on social media, it is important to be selective and critical, but remain open to constructive criticism, while upholding healthy discussions on social media.

The Impact of Technology on People's Behavior

This research aims to find out how digital public behavior and lifestyles in using digital media in society. The aspects examined in this research are convenience, consumptiveness, technological failure, and practicality in a digital society. This research uses a qualitative approach method. The qualitative descriptive research method in this research is a method that aims to explain or describe problems systematically, factually and accurately regarding the facts and characteristics of a particular population or area. The research results show that the development of digital technology has brought about major changes in social interactions and the way we communicate. Today's digital society is increasingly connected, with widespread access to information and social networks. However, there are also emerging challenges, such as privacy issues and anxiety related to social media use. Furthermore, this research concludes that a deep understanding of the impact of digital society needs to be developed, both for individuals and society at large, to ensure the healthy and productive use of digital technology.

Menumbuhkan Cinta Tanah Air Melalui Teknologi Dalam Konteks Wawasan Kebangsaan Pada Generasi Muda

The increasing use of social media in society, especially among teenagers, shows significant technological advances. The easier access to the Internet and social networks, the negative impacts of globalization especially afflict many young people who exhibit violent, pragmatic, desperate, selfish, and hopeless behavior. The cyberspace industry creates a young generation that is passive, does not think critically, is negatively reconciled, and is not creative. Positive campaigns on social media and active participation of the younger generation in sharing positive experiences and stories about their homeland can be a catalyst for building a positive atmosphere in the digital realm. In writing this article, the author used two methods, namely, interviews and literature studies. In the interview method, the author interviewed several sources to find out their knowledge and opinions about the national vision. Then by using the literature study method, the author sources his data through books, and other scientific articles related to the national vision.

Agreeing priority categories and items for inclusion in a future best practice delegation framework for musculoskeletal outpatient physiotherapy services: A consensus groups study

PurposeDelegation of clinical tasks from physiotherapists to physiotherapy support workers varies considerably in musculoskeletal outpatient physiotherapy services leading to variation in patient care. This study aimed to develop consensus amongst physiotherapists, support workers and managers about what components should be included in a future framework to guide effective and safe delegation of clinical tasks to physiotherapy support workers in United Kingdom's National Health Service musculoskeletal outpatient physiotherapy services. MethodsA consensus study was carried out, using Nominal Group Technique. Seven physiotherapists, ten physiotherapy support workers and ten physiotherapy operational/clinical leads from 13 musculoskeletal physiotherapy services within United Kingdom's National Health Service were recruited through the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy's professional networks and social media. Three separate, role-specific consensus groups were convened, involving participants generating, discussing and rating on a Likert scale, components for inclusion in a future delegation framework. Results32 out of 38 generated items reached consensus of ≥70%, i.e. a mean of ≥4.9 on a 7-point Likert scale, across the three groups. Items were grouped under five main categories: 1) training/Continuous Professional Development for physiotherapists and support workers; 2) need for a clear delegation process; 3) competencies 4) defining the role of support workers and 5) safety net. ConclusionKey stakeholder groups were able to reach consensus on five priority areas which will be developed into a best practice framework to standardise delegation and guide physiotherapists when delegating clinical tasks to support workers.

Practices of Ukrainian high school students in reading fiction in the society of electronic mass media

The article reveals the peculiarities of reading practices of Ukrainian high school students in comparison with the practices of using visual electronic media, and also finds out whether there is a correspondence between the genre preferences of high school students and the actual genre content of the school curriculum in Ukrainian and foreign literature. It is noted that, in Western sociology, considerable attention is paid to the study of the process of formation of reading skills in pre-school and school-age children, which significantly affects their overall academic performance. The empirical part of the article is based on the results of a study conducted in September-October 2023 using the method of in-depth semi-structured interviews with ten Ukrainian high school students. It is emphasized that the participants of the study ranked social media or movies in the first place in the rating of genres, while literature was ranked second or third, and video games were more often ranked fourth. It is noted that the attitude of high school students towards literature changes in adolescence; they begin to value reading practices that are not controlled from the outside, but chosen independently for self-improvement. It is emphasized that the favorite literary genres of Ukrainian high school students are science fiction, fantasy, thrillers, detective stories, and romance novels. The results of the content analysis of school textbooks of Ukrainian and foreign literature for 10th and 11th grades revealed the absence of literary works of the genres preferred by high school students. It is concluded that it is necessary to reform school programs of Ukrainian and foreign literature in order to make them more consistent with the literary genre preferences of Ukrainian high school students. The genre attractiveness of the school literature curriculum can become a powerful “pull” factor for students compared to the “push” influence of social networks and electronic media.

The Scary World Syndrome: News Orientations, Negativity Bias, and the Cultivation of Anxiety

ABSTRACT Negativity bias is one of the most salient features of news reporting. According to cultivation theory, this bias can foster anxiety about societal issues among news audiences. The relationship is, however, likely to depend on the audience’s news orientations and the issue under consideration. Drawing on a content analysis of mainstream and alternative news media and a three-wave panel survey, both conducted in Sweden, we examine how general and alternative news orientations relate to egotropic anxiety (worry about being personally affected or harmed) about violent crimes and climate change. The results show that while alternative news media portray violent crimes more negatively than mainstream news media, the opposite is true for climate change, which mainstream news media portray more negatively than alternative news media. Consistent with this finding, alternative news orientation is related to higher levels of anxiety about violent crimes, while general news orientation is related to higher levels of anxiety about climate change, illustrating how people seek information that concur with and thereby maintain or reinforce their beliefs. These results have consequences both for cultivation theory and for our understanding of the role played by mainstream and alternative news media in society.

ІНДЕКС МЕДІАГРАМОТНОСТІ УКРАЇНЦІВ: СПОЖИВАННЯ ТА КОРИСТУВАННЯ МЕДІА

<p><strong><em>This study aims</em></strong><em> to understand the state and level of media literacy of Ukrainians as their ability to consciously perceive and critically interpret information, as well as to use a variety of mass media, based on the analysis of the «Media Literacy Index of Ukrainians: 2020–2022» study conducted by the «New Image Marketing Group» research agency with the support of the «Detector Media» NGO.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology. </em></strong><em>The study uses a review of scholarly and publicistic literature on the topic, including a search of academic databases and other relevant materials. To achieve the goal, bibliographic, comparative, and statistical methods were used, as well as definitive analysis to clarify the definition of the «media literacy» term. The bibliographic method involves the study of legislative documents and their analysis. Statistical and comparative methods were used to interpret the «Media Literacy Index of Ukrainians: 2020–2022» study results.</em></p><p><strong><em>The results</em></strong><em> of the study show that the level of the overall media literacy index of Ukrainians increased in 2020–2022. The share of the audience with an above-average level of media literacy increased from 55% to 81%. There is a certain correlation between the level of media literacy and the level of education: the lower the educational status, the lower the media literacy index. Significant differences in the level of media literacy are also observed among people with different financial statuses: the higher the level of welfare, the higher the index. There have also been shifts in the understanding of the role of the media in society: the percentage of citizens who believe that the primary mission of the mass media is to inform the public about socially significant events has increased from 54% to 69% during 2022. The share of Ukrainians who believe that the media work in the interests of the state and society generally increased over the past two years, from 8% to 31% and from 8% to 15%, respectively. Among the changes in the media preferences of Ukrainians, it is worth noting a strong increase in interest in Ukrainian-made media content (63%). At the same time, from 68% to 81% of Ukrainians have completely abandoned Russian-made media content (including music). The role of Internet media has increased. Compared to 2020, in 2022, the number of consumers of social and political content in messengers increased 2.5 times (from 19% to 49%). The importance of the problem of disinformation is emphasized by 61% of the audience (compared to 57% in 2020). The share of Ukrainians who detect disinformation by looking for a link to a source in the information material has increased (39% compared to 28%). The number of Ukrainians who check information for accuracy has almost doubled, from 24% to 47%.</em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty. </em></strong><em>The «media literacy» concept was introduced into academic circulation in accordance with the Law of Ukraine «On Media». The article suggests combining the efforts of the state and civil society to implement media literacy projects. It is noted that, according to the law, the National Council of Television and Radio Broadcasting is authorized to determine the main tasks in the field of media literacy.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical significance. </em></strong><em>The results of the analysis of the «Media Literacy Index of Ukrainians: <br /> 2020–2022» study and the introduction of the «media literacy» term into academic circulation as defined in the Law of Ukraine «On Media» will contribute to the further development of media education, deepening critical thinking, and raising awareness of the need to master the skills to use media services effectively and safely in times of war.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> media literacy, media, critical thinking, disinformation, media services.</em></p>

Challenges and Upholding Integrity: The Research on the Imperative of Ethical Public Relations

Public relations is an important element of the media society, establishing the links of mutual communication between the organization and the various stakeholders [1]. These stakeholders usually include but are not limited to customers, suppliers, shareholders, media, government, and the companys employees. Public relations (PR) professionals are crucial to guiding the ethical standards of organizations. They can either encourage ethical or unethical conduct during campaigns. This paper discusses the ethical foundations in public relations, the ethical challenges in the profession, and ways that public relations professionals can act more ethically. The paper emphasizes the importance of making ethical decisions in PR to build trustworthy, mutually beneficial relationships for both the organization and the various stakeholders. By examining the ethical dilemmas inherent to the profession itself and analyzing real-world cases, this paper argues that engaging in ethical public relations is not only a moral obligation but also a strategic imperative. Ethical public relations can preserve professional integrity, build trustworthy relationships with stakeholders, and contribute to the long-term success of both the organization and the PR practitioners careers.

Ripensare le mappe argomentative nei nuovi contesti multimodali: una revisione narrativa della letteratura

With the emergence of medial and dynamic contexts, influenced by the invisible presence of the post-digital, the need for digital and transmedial literacy is arising, necessarily challenging education and training. It is essential to explore teaching strategies to support critical understanding beyond the static information. The argument maps, originally developed and tested in static information contexts, can be thought of as effective in emerging dynamic textual forms. Based on these premises, a narrative review of the literature was conducted. Three conceptual nodes have been identified, developed in specific essays and related bibliographies: a) the first relating to the educational concern on argumentative logic, from oral to written argumentation; b) the second relating to the argumentative maps, as a tool to support argumentative skills; c) the third focused on an ontological problematic in defining the argumentative text, from analog to multimodal. Starting from these three conceptual nodes, an initial conceptual response to the following research question was made: Can argumentative maps be applied in new media contexts (digital, transmedial, data literacy)? The interconnection between the three nodes highlighted the relevance of argumentation in the new media society and suggested an empirical investigation into the use of argumentative maps for digital literacy.

The AI Work of Art in the Age of its Co-Creation

Almost one century after Walter Benjamin’s dissertation on the value of the work of art under the impact of its technological reproduction on the roots of globalization and mass media society, the current research aims to provide some coordinates to approach the influence of AI co-creative processes in the artistic field. From a media archaeological approach, we will map the collaborative practices that emerge in the Generative Art landscape to understand the creative possibilities of interaction between humans and machine-driven artistic goals. By conceiving the Web 3.0 as an expansive megadungeon, we find an increasing number of projects based on participative dynamics where online communities join forces with AI decentralized artists to reshape the current state of the art. We will take as an example the Botto Project, a community-driven creator conceived by Mario Klingemann, a pioneer of AI artworks who employs machine learning methods to revolutionize the blockchain and crypto art market. This case study leads us to reconsider the (wo)man-machine co-creation as the base of the auratic experience of the work of art in the age of AI co-creativity.

Media Culture - Between Technology and Communication

Media culture is a major challenge for media and communication studies. Without media culture, there can be no understanding of media reality, just as there can be no orientation in a media society consisting of a complex interdependence of media, culture, technology, and communication. It is a categorical self-identification of the contemporary media person in the conditions of dynamic media transformation and an important condition for presence and interaction in the media environment of the information society. This article examines some theoretical approaches to media culture and argues that the debate about culture should be a discussion about media development. It concludes that there is no culture outside the media or media communication, and the responsibility for media culture now also lies with the audience.

Revitalisasi Budaya Di Era Digital Dan Eksplorasi Dampak Media Sosial Terhadap Dinamika Sosial-Budaya Di Tengah Masyarakat

In terms of research methodology, this study uses a qualitative approach to explore the phenomenon of cultural revitalization in the digital era and explore the impact of social media on socio-cultural dynamics. An in-depth analysis of various literatures and social media content was conducted to understand the context and complexity of the phenomenon. The results of the exploration show that social media not only plays a role in changing the way people interact, but also provides a platform for political participation, activism, and creative economic development. Its implications for socio-cultural dynamics are complex, requiring multidisciplinary thinking from the perspectives of sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics, and socio-cultural political science. In addition, digital revitalization must reflect the inclusiveness of technological access to ensure the sustainability of this digital revolution does not leave some communities behind. In conclusion, the exploration of the impact of social media in society is a deep and complex study, requiring a holistic understanding to direct digital cultural revitalization towards positive and sustainable development. Cultural revitalization in the digital era and the exploration of the impact of social media on socio-cultural dynamics in society are the main focus of this study. The phenomenon of digital cultural revitalization reflects a significant shift in the way society uses, creates and understands an increasingly relevant culture. Social media, as a major element in digital culture, plays a central role in changing the socio-cultural dynamics of society. Exploring the impact of social media is essential to understanding how these changes permeate people's daily lives, shape socio-cultural frameworks, and influence global interactions.

Wellness Among Interventional Radiologists: Results From a Multidimensional Survey

To evaluate wellness among interventional radiologists using a multidimensional survey. An anonymous 53-item survey, including 36 Perceived Wellness Survey (PWS) prompts, was created in Qualtrics (an online survey tool) to assess wellness among interventional radiology attendings and residents. The survey was open from June toSeptember, 2022, 2 years into the COVID-19 Pandemic. The survey was distributed via Society of Interventional Radiology Forums, social media (Twitter, LinkedIn, and Facebook), and personal correspondence. PWS scores were categorized into Wellness Composite and subscores (physical, emotional, intellectual, psychological, social, and spiritual). 367 surveys were completed. 300 (81.7%) respondents were male and 67 (18.3%) were female. Respondents included attending physicians (297; 81.0%) and residents (70; 19.0%). Practice settings included academic (174; 47.4%), private (114; 31.0%), private-academic hybrid (62; 16.9%), and others (17; 4.7%). Mean Wellness Composite at academic centers (14.74±3.16; range: 5.42-23.50) was significantly lower than at private (15.22±3.37; range: 6.13-23.51) and hybrid (16.14±2.47; range: 10.20-23.50) practices (p=0.01). Respondents <40 years old had significantly lower emotional wellness subscores compared to those ≥40 years old (4.34±0.86 vs. 4.60±0.87; p=0.006). There were no significant differences between geographic regions in the United States, however, International respondents had significantly lower social and intellectual wellness (INT) subscores. Physical wellness subscore (4.00±0.9) was significantly lower than the other subscores (4.59±0.81) (p<.001). Overall mean Wellness Composite was 15.11±3.13 (range: 5.42-23.51). Overall self-reported wellness was lower among interventional radiologists practicing at academic centers. Interventional Radiologists <40 years old and residents had lower emotional wellness, while international respondents had lower social and INT. Overall wellness scores were lower than prior PWS studies.

How does Information Manipulation Interfere with Normal Brain Function? The Disruption of Neuroethics in War-Time Mass Media

The article describes massive changes in the brain function of mass-media recipients. It is written within the relevant neuro social state of the Ukrainian mass media society in the conditions of undeclared military censorship and counter-propaganda. The material for analysis was two groups of data: content analysis of news media and a sociological survey of citizens for the presence of cognitive dissonance and lies that can violate neuroethics, namely, forming a distorted picture of the world, creating long-term deprivation and inadequate neural connections. The purpose of such research was to find out the regular influence of affective and defamatory infospace on the brains of people whose countries are at war. We clarified the nature of the newest manipulations in the media and around ethical issues, the state of research on the neuroethics of manipulations, comparing the nature of war journalistic manipulations in Russian and Ukrainian media and the objectification and explanation of neuroethical violations in Ukrainian media through the techniques of lying, silencing, avoidance, analysis, self-counting, etc. The authors used methods of theoretical, statistical, comparative and systemic analysis, content analysis, sociological methods of collecting background data and neuro interpretive methods for the received input data. The result of the article was a systematization of the manipulation of the brain in a state of permanent tension; in particular, we identified ways of institutional avoidance or deception and diagnosis of specific neuroethical threats and consequences among the population (emotional dependency, deprivation, emotional-cognitive dissonance, lack of entitlement to accurate truth, the difference between the content of the national and local media, etc.)

Abhilash Pillai's Midnight's Children: Performing Politics through Optics

Abhilash Pillai's stage adaptation of Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children (2005–6) introduced a new visual language to Indian theatre, conceiving performance between theatre and cinema. Pillai's work presents history as memory, amnesia and re-remembering within the framework of a multisensorial scenography that largely uses the vocabularies of the Bollywood film industry. The politics of the performance lies less in the thematic than in its optical dynamics, different as they are from both scene painting and the aestheticization of the public sphere. The production shows how theatre experience in a media society may primarily build on the perceptual, but without dismissing text or suspending the cognitive altogether. The visual media are used more as an intervention in politico-aesthetic discourse than as mere technology. As I explain the reasons for the long absence of any scholarly study of the production, I also consider its relevance to the current political scene in India.

Masyarakat Madani dan Hegemoni Media: Pembentukan Masyarakat Moderat di Era Digital

Mainstreaming religious moderation is a must in a pluralistic Indonesian society in the midst of the changing times. This article aims to analyze the succession of the development of a moderate society at the time of the Prophet Muhammad as a stepping stone for the internalization of today's moderation values. Given the rapid development of information and communication media, society is faced with the problem of healthy media from radicalization. By using the literature review method, the author seeks to find the values ​​of moderation instilled by the Prophet Muhammad and their relevance to the present. The results of this study show: that first, the model of civil society is a model of moderate society under the auspices of the moral and intellectual leadership of the Prophet Muhammad. Second, the formation of a moderate society is built holistically in public society and media society. Third, the mainstream of religious moderation in the media is an effort to build hegemony with intellectuals as the axis.

Reconstruction of Communicative Rationality: A Study on the Digital Mass Media Society in Indonesia

Purpose: This study looked at the cognitive response of Indonesian society (i.e. people using digital media) to narratives constructed by digital media. Theoretical framework: It is necessary to establish an argumentative relationship of "communication" between digital media and society, since the narratives constructed by digital media are particular interests. Method: This study used a qualitative approach, conducting a sociological analysis of narratives in the community of digital mass media users, especially mass resources for convergence (kompas.com, tempo.co and tribunnews.com). The technique of triangulation of technical sources and theories to demonstrate the validity of narrative data of people using digital media. Results and Conclusions: The digital society can create and create imaginary spaces based on its law and culture. Therefore, a word of "communication" between the two is needed to come to terms with rational language. This relationship is a communication society based on the value of emancipatory critical rationality to achieve "consensus". Therefore, the problem posed in this study is: "how is the cognitive response and shape of the digital society in Indonesia, within the age of digital media?". Research Implications: Knowing the digital narrative of the media is solid and changes its passive role to be "interactive" (in itself as a subject) with the media. Right now, the community doesn't have much resilience. Originality/value: Meanwhile, the relationship between digital society and communication technology has three options, namely, first, digital society positions itself as technology; second, humanize technology as itself; and third, dialectically compromising the potential of humanity and technology.