Service Medal Research Articles

“A Distinctly Busy Man” – Lieutenant Colonel (Dr) Frederick Holles Brennan, First Officer Commanding of the 1st South African Irish Regiment, 1861–1927

Abstract Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Holles Brennan, formerly the commanding officer of the 1st South African Irish Regiment, medical officer of the Transvaal Volunteers, surgeon to the Hawarden Castle hospital ship and recipient of the Volunteer Officer’s Decoration and Long Service Medal during active service, is a forgotten name in South African military history today. Canadian-born Brennan, a qualified medical doctor, emigrated to South Africa during the 1890s. After settling in Johannesburg, he established a successful medical practice and became an integral part of the Irish-Canadian diasporic community on the Witwatersrand. This was complemented by active involvement in a range of charitable causes, in addition to participating in both the Anglo-Boer War (on the side of the British) and the First World War. From 1894–1927, Brennan made a fundamental contribution to the development of the South African military and sports history, without compromising his Irish-Canadian identity.

Improving Drug Therapy for Pediatric Patients: Unfinished History of Pediatric Drug Development.

Improving Drug Therapy for Pediatric Patients: Unfinished History of Pediatric Drug Development.

Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Health.

Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Health.

Presentation of the 2021 MSA Distinguished Public Service Medal to Denton Ebel

Presentation of the 2021 MSA Distinguished Public Service Medal to Denton Ebel

Acceptance of the Distinguished Public Service Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2021

Acceptance of the Distinguished Public Service Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 2021

AESS Historical Interview With Dr. Catherine Warner

Dr. Warner is the Director of the NATO Science and Technology Organization Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation. She was the science advisor to the Director, Operational Test and Evaluation within the U.S. Office of the Secretary of Defense. Her mission was to ensure the office fulfilled its statutory responsibility on the oversight and reporting of test and evaluation results for major weapons systems to Congress and senior Defense Department leadership. In 2013, at the request of the Defense Information Systems Agency, Dr. Warner deployed to Kabul, Afghanistan for 16 months in support of NATO's International Security Assistance Force and the U.S. Operation Enduring Freedom. She led a team of Information Technology specialists in advising Afghanistan's Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. From 1991 to 2010, Dr. Warner was with the Institute for Defense Analyses in Virginia where she performed analysis of operational tests for Army, Navy, and Air Force systems. She was an Assistant Director and the lead for Air Warfare. Her analysis portfolio included major aircraft systems such as the F-22, F/A-18E/F, V-22, and H-1. She was the lead analyst for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems including Predator, Shadow, Hunter, and Global Hawk. Dr. Warner worked at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, attended the University of New Mexico, the San Jose State University, and earned both M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in Chemistry from Princeton University. Dr. Warner earned the NATO Meritorious Civilian Service Medal, DISA Exceptional Civilian Service Award, and the Presidential Rank Award.

Campaign Medals of Indonesia

The orders, decorations and medals of Indonesia are bit a mystery for scholars and even collectors. Indonesia proclaimed its Independence on August 17, 1945. Since that date, the Indonesian government has elaborated a full-fledged awards system. The last important amendments took place in 2009 when the Law No. 20 “About the titles, medals and decorations” was signed by the then President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2009 tentang Gelar, Tanda Jasa, dan Tanda Kehormatan). Currently there are fourteen orders (bintang) and over thirty medals (satyalancana) in the Indonesian awards system. Several orders and medals became obsolete. In total, there are about fifty governmental medals in the history of Indonesia since Independence. But if one adds classes of several service medals, the count ever increases. My paper examines the campaign medals of the Republic of Indonesia. Those are The Seven Paths or Faithful Warrior Medal (Satyalancana Saptamarga), The First and Second Independence Wars Medals (Satyalancana-Satyalancana Peristiwa/ Satyalancana Perang Kemerdekaan kesatu dan kedua), The Campaign Medals I—VII (Satyalancana-Satyalancana Gerakan Operasi MiliterI—VII), The Pioneer of the Independence Movement Medal (Satyalancana Perintis Pergerakan Kemerdekaan), The Faithful Service or Satya Dharma Medal (Satyalancana Satya Dharma), The Courage or Wira Dharma Medal (Satyalancana Wira Dharma), The Defender Medal or Medal for Combatting Communism (Satyalancana Penegak), The Eighth Campaign Medal “The Defender of the Law” (Satyalancana Gerakan Operasi MiliterVIII “ Dharma Phala”), The Ninth Campaign Medal “The Giant of Duties” (Satyalancana Gerakan Operasi MiliterIX “Raksaka Dharma”), and The Lotus or Timor Military Campaign Medal (Satyalancana Seroja). There are two basic types of Indonesian campaign medals. The first type has the round form with a wavy edge. The second type is the pentagonal star with concave sides and with balls on the vertexes of all the angles. The latter type reflects the State ideology of the Five Principles (Pancasila) proclaimed by Sukarno in 1945. The first type of campaign medals seemingly reflects the connections between fire, virility, masculinity and military actions in the traditional Javanese culture; at least, the traditional Javanese dagger Kris often has a wavy blade.

2021 SPE President: Thomas A. Blasingame

Thomas A. (Tom) Blasingame will take office as 2021 SPE President during the virtual SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition in October. He is a professor of Petroleum Engineering at Texas A&M University, where he began teaching as an undergraduate teaching assistant in 1982 after becoming a student in 1980. He joined the full-time staff as an assistant professor in 1991. He has graduated 72 MS and 16 PhD students since 1991 and has prepared approximately 170 technical articles. He is the second SPE President to come from academia, both from Texas A&M; the first was John Calhoun in 1964. Blasingame has been active in SPE since the early 1990s, serving in a wide variety of roles. He has chaired 20 conferences, 11 ATWs, three forums, and two SPE summits. He served on the SPE International Board of Directors as the Technical Director for Reservoir from 2015 to 2018. He also served as a Distinguished Lecturer, was named a Distinguished Member, and received SPE’s highest honor, SPE Honorary Member. Other SPE honors include the Distinguished Service Award, Lester C. Uren Award, Distinguished Achievement Award for Petroleum Engineering Faculty, Anthony F. Lucas Gold Medal, DeGolyer Distinguished Service Medal, and the SPE Gulf Coast Distinguished Achievement Award for Petroleum Engineering Faculty. Blasingame holds BS, MS, and PhD degrees in petroleum engineering from Texas A&M University. What key issues will you emphasize as 2021 SPE President? My goal as the 2021 SPE President is to symbolize encouragement and engagement, while also challenging every member to “increase their contribution” to SPE. I am not naïve, but I am sentimental; I know the power of encouragement and the value of character-driven leadership. My goal is to provide both. Everyone has been asking me, what is your “theme?” My theme is “overall strategy” - survive/revive/thrive. I have broken down the key issues as 2020-2021 Survive. Focus on what we have to do to survive. 2021-2022 Revive. Work to get back to normal. 2021-2022 Thrive. Do what we do best, and even better than before.

Presentation of the 2019 MSA Distinguished Public Service Medal to Rodney C. Ewing

Presentation of the 2019 MSA Distinguished Public Service Medal to Rodney C. Ewing

Editorial introductions

Editorial introductions

Professor William Wayne Babcock (1872-1963) and His Innovations in Surgery.

Professor William Wayne Babcock (1872-1963) is considered as a leading figure of American surgery during early 20th century. He introduced many innovative surgical techniques such as Babcock operation for the treatment of varicose veins, the Babcock-Bacon operation for the treatment of cancer of the rectum and sigmoid colon preserving anal sphincters, the "soup bone" cranioplasty technique, and the nerve disassociation technique for the relief of certain forms of paralysis or parasthesia due to injury or inflammation. He invented many surgical instruments such as Babcock forceps, which is widely used in everyday surgical practice, the Babcock probe, and also sump drain and lamp chimney sump drain, which also bear his name. In 1947, he received the Master Surgeon Award from the International College of Physicians and Surgeons and in 1954 the American Medical Association presented him with the Distinguished Service Medal.

Editorial introductions

Editorial introductions

In Rural Towns, Immigrant Doctors Fill A Critical Need.

Immigrant doctors have helped fill physician shortages for years. In the current political climate, are they welcome?

A Note on the Law and Economics of Stolen Valor

The issue of stolen valor concerns the act of trading on false claims of being awarded valorous military service medals. The Supreme Court overturned the 2005 Stolen Valor Act, largely on First Amendment grounds, ruling that even false speech deserves some protection. Misrepresentation that devalues the reputation of medals for valor may not violate the revised statute despite reducing the expected wage premium associated with being awarded the medal for valor and discouraging investment in military effort. Hence, the law and economics of stolen valor are in some conflict. JEL Classifications: D82, H1, K23

PROCEEDINGS DEDICATION: Robert Dean

This Proceedings is dedicated to Dr. Robert George Dean. For more than 12 years (1992-2004), Dr. Dean served as Chairman of the Coastal Engineering Research Council, the organization that is responsible for providing the coastal engineering profession with its most important conference, the ICCE. His motto was “the Coastal Engineering Research Council does one thing and we do it well”—ensuring that a high-quality conference is held every two years and that a proceedings is created as a record of the state of the art. We all can agree with that. 
 
 Dr. Dean was one of the most influential coastal engineers of this era. On the academic side, he educated a large number of masters and PhD students, many who have carried on his teachings in the field. He wrote or co-wrote several hundred articles and three books—Water Wave Mechanics for Engineers and Scientists, Beach Nourishment: Theory and Practice, and Coastal Processes with Engineering Implications. The first book, in print since 1984, provided to generations of coastal engineers the derivation of water wave mechanics from fluid mechanics and reflected some of his contributions to the field: such as wavemaker theory and the Stream Function wave theory. The second book (2003) provided a new rational basis for the design of beach nourishments from sand selection and beach profile to planform layout, while the third book (2004) provided a scientific bases for coastal engineering, including some of his novel work on sediment transport and tidal inlet hydraulics and stability. 
 
 He was born in Wyoming, USA, on November 1, 1930. His education included Long Beach City College and then UC Berkeley for the BS in Civil Engineering (1954), an MS in Physical Oceanography at Texas A&M (1956), and then the Doctor of Science (Civil Engineering) from MIT (1959). His professional career started in industry with five years at Chevron Research Corporation, when he developed the Stream Function theory for use in wave force calculations on offshore structures. He then became the chair of the Department of Coastal and Oceanographical Engineering at the University of Florida in 1966. For seven years (1975-1982) he served as Unidel Professor at the University of Delaware, where, among other things, he worked on equilibrium beach profiles, providing several scientific explanations and field verification of the Bruun beach profile. Then he returned to the University of Florida as a Graduate Research Professor until his retirement in 2003 as an Emeritus Graduate Research Professor (2003). Even in retirement he continued working in the field, often producing more than eight publications a year!
 
 He was very active in consulting and service to the profession. He served on the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Coastal Engineering Research Board, which provides advice to the Corps on coastal topics (1968-1980; 1993-1998). He served on six National Research Council (of the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine) committees on such topics as sea level rise, coastal erosion, coastal nourishment, and Louisiana, and the Marine Board (beginning in 1981). As a Floridian, he worked as the Director of the Division of Beach and Shores of the State of Florida, working on such topics as the basis of implementing the State’s coastal setback line for development. He also was Chair of the Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association and a director of the American Shore and Beach Preservation Association. 
 
 Bob possessed a tremendous skill for examine a problem and recognizing the appropriate physics to apply to it. With this skill, he was able to bring new insights into beach profiles, alongshore sediment transport rates, beach nourishment guidelines, tidal inlet stability, wave theory, and a host of other topics. For this, he was recognized by the ASCE’s John G. Moffatt-Frank E. Nichol Harbor and Coastal Engineering Award (1987), the Gold Medal of the Florida Shore and Beach Preservation Association (1987), the ASCE International Coastal Engineer Award (1983) and the Outstanding Civilian Service Medal by the Department of the Army (1981 and 2008) among others. In 1980, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. 
 
 For a man of his professional stature and accomplishment, Bob was just as happy talking with the top people in the field as newcomers. He treated them all with the same graciousness. Even when someone he was listening to was saying something scientifically wrong, Bob would ask polite questions, such as “would your solution satisfy conservation of energy?” or “I don’t understand where this term came from?” I know, because it happened to me on occasions. 
 
 Bob is survived by his wife Phyllis, his daughter Julie Dean Rosati (another contribution to coastal engineering), his son Tim, and five grandchildren.

A Note on the Economics of Stolen Valor

The economics of stolen valor concerns the act of trading on false claims of being awarded valorous military service medals. The U.S. Supreme Court overturned the 2005 Stolen Valor Act, largely on First Amendment grounds. Misrepresentation that devalues the reputation of medals for valor may not violate the revised statute despite decreasing the wage premium and discouraging investment in military effort.

The Federal Reserve and Goldman Sachs: Mike Silva

Mike Silva, the NY Fed's senior supervisory officer for Goldman Sachs, is having trouble with Carmen Segarra, a recently hired bank examiner who reports to Silva. The two disagree about whether Goldman Sachs has a viable overall conflict-of-interest policy; Silva says “yes,” and Segarra says “no.” Segarra's communication style—aggressive and frank—has irritated both Silva and others in their department, although an independent report had been critical of the NY Fed for being too cozy with the banking institutions it regulated. The tension between Silva and Segarra has reached a breaking point, and Silva must decide how to handle Segarra and whether to fire her. A teaching note accompanies this case and details how it is taught in Darden's ethics and leading organizations courses. Excerpt UVA-OB-1078 Rev. Mar. 15, 2016 The Federal Reserve and Goldman Sachs: Mike Silva As Mike Silva watched Carmen Segarra leave his office, he felt his headache intensifying. It was early 2012, and Silva, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York's (NY Fed) senior supervisory officer for Goldman Sachs, had just had one of many combative arguments with Segarra, recently hired as a NY Fed bank examiner assigned to Goldman Sachs. Segarra was highly skilled, but she had an aggressive and vociferous personality, which had rubbed some of her colleagues the wrong way and threatened to disrupt the somewhat delicate relationship between Silva's division and Goldman Sachs. Both Silva and Segarra's immediate supervisor had talked to her about toning down her criticism, both of the NY Fed's management and also of Goldman Sachs's policies, but to no avail. The issue at the center of the morning's argument was Goldman Sachs's compliance policy. Segarra claimed that Goldman Sachs did not have a company-wide conflict-of-interest policy. Silva disagreed; although it was an imperfect and somewhat chopped-up policy, Silva believed it was nonetheless a policy. He had told her that, as a legal matter, a company or organization could have a policy that was not in writing. No matter what he said, Segarra refused to change her mind or compromise on the issue. The relationship between regulators and financial institutions was complicated, and Silva worried that Segarra's vocal complaints might inject a hostile tone into his division's relationship with Goldman Sachs. After all, this particular division was actually embedded in the bank itself, as was customary with NY Fed regulators and the institutions they oversaw. Silva was not sure what to do; his approach to his job was collaborative, but Segarra's was confrontational. Mike Silva A 1983 graduate of the United States Naval Academy, Mike Silva had served in the U.S. Navy from 1983 through 1989 as an F14A Naval Flight Officer, graduating in 1985 from the Navy Fighter Weapons School (the program depicted in the 1986 movie “Top Gun”). He left the Navy to attend Columbia Law School. After graduating from Columbia in 1992, Silva joined the NY Fed as a law clerk. He held a number of different positions and rose through the ranks, first in legal and then in the executive group. In the mid-2000s, Silva was appointed by NY Fed President Timothy Geithner as chief of staff and vice president for its executive group. In the early 2000s, Silva had served as a coalition advisor to the Central Bank of Iraq, a role for which he received two awards: a Department of Defense Joint Civilian Service Medal and the Secretary of the Tre

The Pransky interview: Dr William “Red” Whittaker, Robotics Pioneer, Professor, Entrepreneur

Purpose The following paper details a “Q&A interview” conducted by Joanne Pransky, Associate Editor of Industrial Robot Journal, to impart the combined technological, business and personal experience of a prominent, robotic industry engineer-turned successful business leader, regarding the commercialization and challenges of bringing technological inventions to the market while overseeing a company. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The interviewee is Dr William “Red” Whittaker, Fredkin Research Professor of Robotics, Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University (CMU); CEO of Astrobotic Technology; and President of Workhorse Technologies. Dr Whittaker provides answers to questions regarding the pioneering experiences of some of his technological wonders in land, sea, air, underwater, underground and space. Findings As a child, Dr Whittaker built things and made them work and dreamed about space and robots. He has since then turned his dreams, and those of the world, into realities. Dr Whittaker’s formal education includes a BS degree in civil engineering from Princeton and MS and PhD degrees in civil engineering from CMU. In response to designing a robot to cleanup radioactive material at the Three Mile Island nuclear plant, Dr Whittaker established the Field Robotics Center (FRC) in 1983. He is also the founder of the National Robotics Engineering Center, an operating unit within CMU’s Robotics Institute (RI), the world’s largest robotics research and development organization. Dr Whittaker has developed more than 60 robots, breaking new ground in autonomous vehicles, field robotics, space exploration, mining and agriculture. Dr Whittaker’s research addresses computer architectures for robots, modeling and planning for non-repetitive tasks, complex problems of objective sensing in random and dynamic environments and integration of complete robot systems. His current focus is Astrobotic Technology, a CMU spin-off firm that is developing space robotics technology to support planetary missions. Dr Whittaker is competing for the US$20m Google Lunar XPRIZE for privately landing a robot on the Moon. Originality/value Dr Whittaker coined the term “field robotics” to describe his research that centers on robots in unconstrained, uncontrived settings, typically outdoors and in the full range of operational and environmental conditions: robotics in the “natural” world. The Field Robotics Center has been one of the most successful initiatives within the entire robotics industry. As the Father of Field Robotics, Dr Whittaker has pioneered locomotion technologies, navigation and route-planning methods and advanced sensing systems. He has directed over US$100m worth of research programs and spearheaded several world-class robotic explorations and operations with significant outreach, education and technology commercializations. His ground vehicles have driven thousands of autonomous miles. Dr Whittaker won DARPA’s US$2m Urban Challenge. His Humvees finished second and third in the 2005 DARPA’s Grand race Challenge desert race. Other robot projects have included: Dante II, a walking robot that explored an active volcano; Nomad, which searched for meteorites in Antarctica; and Tugbot, which surveyed a 1,800-acre area of Nevada for buried hazards. Dr Whittaker is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. He is a fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence and served on the National Academy of Sciences Space Studies Board. Dr Whittaker received the Alan Newell Medal for Research Excellence. He received Carnegie Mellon’s Teare Award for Teaching Excellence. He received the Joseph Engelberger Award for Outstanding Achievement in Robotics, the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence’s inaugural Feigenbaum Prize for his contributions to machine intelligence, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Simon Ramo Medal, the American Society of Civil Engineers Columbia Medal, the Antarctic Service Medal and the American Spirit Honor Medal. Science Digest named Dr Whittaker one of the top 100 US innovators for his work in robotics. He has been recognized by Aviation Week & Space Technology and Design News magazines for outstanding achievement. Fortune named him a “Hero of US Manufacturing”. Dr Whittaker has advised 26 PhD students, has 16 patents and has authored over 200 publications. Dr Whittaker’s vision is to drive nanobiologics technology to fulfillment and create nanorobotic agents for enterprise on Earth and beyond (Figure 1).

In Memoriam: Edgar L. Andreas, 1946-2015

On a day early last autumn, Ed Andreas went out, as was his wont, for a run from his home in Lebanon, New Hampshire. While on this run, Ed, a contributor to this volume and a collaborator and friend of many of us in the air-sea exchange community, suffered a cardiac event, from which he succumbed on 30 September 2015.Mention of Ed Andreas will immediately bring to many readers’ minds his protracted effort to incrementally improve the existing parameterizations of the sea surface spray flux (e.g., Andreas et al. 1995; Andreas 1998; Andreas 2001; Andreas et al. 2015) and his recent efforts to combine this modeling with concepts from atmospheric chemistry to assess the potential significance of spray-mediated air-sea gas flux (Andreas et al., this volume). Since 2007 Ed worked on these topics from his home, which served as his outpost of NorthWest Research Associates. But it should be noted that many of his earlier papers dealt with the Arctic marine boundary layer, and sea-air fluxes at high latitudes (e.g., Andreas et al. 1979; Makshtas et al. 1986), reflecting his almost 30-year long tenure (1978-2006) at the U.S. Army's Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, located just down the road from Lebanon, in Hanover, New Hampshire.Having been born in Sterling, Illinois, Ed went off to nearby Knox College for his B.S. in Physics, and then on to Michigan State University for an M.S. in Physics, before deserting the Midwest for Corvallis, where he earned his Ph.D. in Physical Oceanography at Oregon State University in 1977. While Ed certainly became an active member of our global scientific community, he never lost his Midwestern virtues. He could write well, and received numerous awards for his technical communication, but he was often refreshingly candid in speech. Ed would on occasion provide honest “unvarnished” critiques of his and his collaborators’ efforts, but he did not hesitate to praise others’ efforts in print. Ed was a principled person, and this was manifest in his professional dealings with others. Working on a manuscript with Ed was always, as it should be, an ultimately enlightening intellectual exercise.His approach to any task combined both the rigor of the physicist with the practicality of an engineer, and as a result of his efficient nature, he has left our air-sea interaction community with a trove of no less than 140 valuable scientific publications, with others yet to appear.Ed Andreas was a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society and of the Royal Meteorological Society (UK). He was recipient of the Antarctica Service Medal, and of numerous performance awards from the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory.This brief tribute just touches upon Ed Andreas as a scientist. But Ed was a truly multi-faceted individual, as is apparent to any reader of the posthumous biographical sketch that appeared in his local newspaper (Jurgens 2015), which you may want to access. We would like to acknowledge with gratitude the biographical materials we received from Ed's immediate family, and from his former associates at NorthWest Research Associates, Inc. in Redmond, Washington.

FRII-01 THE IMPACT OF VENEREAL DISEASE DURING WORLD WAR I: HUGH HAMPTON YOUNG AND THE CHASTE OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The effect of venereal disease (VD) during World War I (WWI) was an underappreciated morbidity afflicting American soldiers. Along with mental illness and tuberculosis, VD was one of the most common non-combat related causes for soldier disability. The objective of this study is to review the impact of VD on the American military during WWI and to highlight the role of Hugh Hampton Young in assisting commanding officers in combating VD amongst their ranks. METHODS: A review of medical journals and historical textbooks was performed in order to give a comprehensive dissertation of the impact of VD on the American military during WWI. RESULTS: Prior to American involvement in WWI, prevalence of VD (primarily gonorrhea) among Allied forces was estimated to be 11-25%. Soldiers with gonorrhea were unable to fight and were problematic for commanding officers. VD was mainly the result of unsanctioned brothels in Europe, as soldiers frequented these establishments in an attempt to escape the rigors of war. With the arrival of American soldiers in France and their unregulated use of French prostitutes, General John Pershing became aware of this public health dilemma and immediately notified Secretary of War Newton Baker. Baker, with knowledge of President Wilson’s Presbyterian background and American civilian conservatism, subsequently instituted a policy that commanding officers were responsible for the general health of their soldiers. To aid the commanding officers, General Pershing enlisted the assistance of Urologist Dr. Hugh Hampton Young to Europe in May 1917 as Director of the Division of Urology in the American Expeditionary Force. American soldiers were ordered to be chaste and prohibited from encountering French women. Soldiers found to have VD were subject to irrigation of the bladder and penis with potassium permanganate and threatened with ‘court martial’. Commanders failing to keep VD to a minimum among their soldiers were at risk of losing rank. As a result of these combined efforts the prevalence of VD in the American military decreased after the institution of the policy, and was considerably lower than Allied forces from other countries. CONCLUSIONS: VD was an important public health dilemma for soldiers during WWI resulting in significant morbidity and affecting a soldier’s ability to perform in combat. With the assistance of Hugh Hampton Young, American military leaders were able to institute policies to counter the effects of VD and concomitantly maintain American conservative morals overseas. For his efforts, Dr. Young was promoted to Colonel in 1918 and received the Distinguished Service Medal in 1919.