Medal Of Freedom Research Articles

Sir William Rede Hawthorne. 22 May 1913—16 September 2011

William Rede Hawthorne was a pioneer in gas turbine aerodynamics and thermodynamics, a sought-after technology advisor to industry and government, and a generous and enthusiastic teacher who encouraged students to excel. His outstanding contributions included resolution of combustion problems that limited the operation of the original Whittle jet engine, early in-depth descriptions of compressible channel flow that still inform engineers today, innovative and wide-ranging analyses of secondary flows in turbomachinery that defined the field, and creation of some of the first notes on gas turbine cycle analysis. A theme in the many areas of engineering in which he had impact was the satisfaction from the growth of understanding that can accompany making things work—in his words, ‘machines produce ideas just as surely as ideas produce machines’. A Cambridge graduate, he was a professor at MIT when, in 1951, he was recruited to a newly established chair at Cambridge, where he later had leadership roles as head of the engineering department (1968–73) and Master of Churchill College (1968–83). He retained strong ties to MIT, however, and fostered lasting collaborations between the two universities. Among his numerous awards and honours were the US Medal of Freedom (1947), a Royal Society Medal (1982) and a knighthood (1970) for ‘services to thermodynamics’, a citation that pleased him greatly.

Drinking Water From a Firehose

Drinking Water From a Firehose

Presidential Medal of Freedom honors a NASA ‘computer’

Presidential Medal of Freedom honors a NASA ‘computer’

Newsmakers

This week's Newsmakers are Steven Koonin, who has been named director of New York University's new Center for Urban Science and Progress, and William Foege, a leader of the global campaign that wiped out smallpox, who has been named a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

A new kind of star is born: Audrey Hepburn and the global governmentalisation of female stardom

In 1988 Audrey Hepburn returned to the limelight as a United Nations (UN) Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Traversing the globe from Africa to Latin America to Eastern Europe to Asia and back to Africa, Hepburn re-entered public life in order to command attention to the plight of children, making much-hyped appearances on popular talk shows, testifying before congressional committees on behalf of the UN, launching UNICEF's annual State of World's Children Reports, and ultimately earning a Presidential Medal of Freedom and an Honorary Oscar for her international efforts. This essay traces how Hepburn realised a new modality of star power: as UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, Hepburn re-invented the cultural powers of stardom, pushing them into the field of global governmentality. Crucially, it was Hepburn's ‘authentic’, pedagogical femininity that facilitated this re-direction and re-articulation of star power: the article argues that Hepburn's stardom allowed her cultural power to become synonymous with a distinctly cosmopolitan yet highly feminised form of pastoral power.

Nancy Brinker Continues Ambassadorial Role, Receives Presidential Medal of Freedom as ‘Agent of Change’

Nancy Brinker Continues Ambassadorial Role, Receives Presidential Medal of Freedom as ‘Agent of Change’

Hawking receives US medal of freedom

Hawking receives US medal of freedom

Omond Solandt: Scientific Renaissance Man

Dr. Omond McKillop Solandt (1909–1993) was the inaugural president of the Canadian Operational Research Society. That such an honour came to him was of little surprise to contemporaries in 1958. Since the Second World War, Solandt had established an international reputation as a first-generation operational research pioneer, sage science manager, and leader in applying scientific principles to solve complex problems in government, the military, and industry. At the time of his presidency, Solandt's extensive list of accolades included the Order of the British Empire, the American Medal of Freedom (Bronze Palm), and the Canadian Gold Medal of the Professional Institute of the Public Service. His formidable intellect was matched by a quiet manner and intense presence. Indeed, there were few rivals to lead Canada's first major post-war civilian OR organization. To know why requires understanding the man elected as CORS first president in 1958.

Joshua Lederberg’s legacy to bacterial genetics

Joshua Lederberg (1925–2008) was an extraordinarily gifted person. Starting his professional career at the age of 17 as a dish washer in Francis Ryan’s laboratory in Columbia University, he rose to be the President and later University Professor Emeritus at Rockefeller University, occupying chairs of Genetics at Wisconsin and Stanford Universities. He was only thirty three when he received the Nobel Prize, along with George W Beadle and Edward L Tatum in 1958. He also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the National Medal of Science. His scientific work encompassed not only bacterial genetics but also astrobiology (exobiology, as he called it) and artificial intelligence. He was part of the Stanford team which developed the artificial intelligence software program DENDRAL. With his passing away in February 2008, the last of the founding fathers of bacterial genetics is gone. It is an honour for me to write this small article in his memory. In this article, I will focus on just two of his outstanding contributions to bacterial genetics, namely, the spontaneous, selection-independent origin of bacterial mutations and the discovery of genetic recombination and sexuality in Escherichia coli.

William Thaddeus Coleman, Jr.: Breaking the Color Barrier at the U.S. Supreme Court

William Thaddeus Coleman, Jr.: Breaking the Color Barrier at the U.S. Supreme Court TODD C. PEPPERS Introduction On April 15, 2007, baseball fans celebrated the sixtieth anniversary ofJackie Robinson’s debut with the Brooklyn Dodgers—an event that broke the color barrier and integrated major league baseball. In stadiums across America, professional baseball teams honored the memory and ac­ complishments ofRobinson, as managers and players donned Robinson’s retiredjersey number, Hall of Famers threw out ceremonial first pitches, and tributes boomed from video displays. The tributes to Robinson, however, like his legacy, went far beyond the ballparks, as newspaper and television journalists debated Robinson’s role as a civil-rights pioneer while lamenting the dwindling number ofminorities playing baseball and elementary school children read stories of Robinson’s stirring feats. On September 1, 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court perhaps should celebrate a similar an­ niversary: the sixtiethanniversary ofthe arrival of the first black law clerk at the Court. His name is William Thaddeus Coleman, Jr.,1 and on September 1, 1948, Coleman began clerk­ ing in the Chambers of Associate Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. A graduate of Harvard Law School, Coleman used his Supreme Court clerkship as a stepping stone to a remarkable legal and political career, highlights of which include working as the first black lawyer in both major Philadelphia and New York law firms, volunteering his time and expertise for the desegregation cases col­ lectively referred to as Brown v. Board ofEd­ ucation, being president and then chairman of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educa­ tional Fund ofthe National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), serving as the Secretary of Transportation in the Ford administration, and receiving the Presidential Medal ofFreedom from President Clinton. 354 JOURNAL OF SUPREME COURT HISTORY The purpose of this essay is twofold: It will endeavor to succinctly summarize the im­ portant events of Coleman’s life and profes­ sional career, while making the argument that these achievements were as groundbreaking in the legal community as Robinson’s were to baseball. Admittedly, looking to our na­ tional pastime is hardly an original literary ma­ neuver; The myriad similarities and links be­ tween baseball and the law have offered rich material for many legal writers.2 Moreover, this article does not wish to diminish Cole­ man’s accomplishments by comparing them to a mere “game.” By drawing upon the sixtieth anniversary of Robinson’s debut, my hope is to give Coleman his due and place his laud­ able achievements in the proper perspective. Not only did the two men do much to dispel the pernicious stereotype that they belonged to a race that was doomed to second-class cit­ izenship, but their efforts to integrate their re­ spective professions and to use their talents to effect change reverberatedthroughout society. The Early Life of William T. Coleman, Jr. William Thaddeus Coleman, Jr. was born on July 7, 1920, in Germantown, Pennsylvania to parents William Thaddeus Coleman, Sr. and Laura Beatrice Coleman. One of three chil­ dren, Coleman grewup in a middle-class home where education and hard work were encour­ aged. Social activism and public service were practices engrained into Coleman’s family. His father was a graduate of the Hampton Insti­ tute who balanced his work as the executive director of the Wissahickon Boys Club—an organization originally founded to provided educational and recreational opportunities for minorities and poor whites—with his duties as a field secretary for the Boys Club ofAmerica and as a director of a local summer camp. William Coleman, Sr. was given the mid­ dle name “Thaddeus” in honor of Thaddeus Stevens, a Pennsylvania lawyer and congress­ man who tirelessly worked for the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendmend to the United States Constitution. William Coleman, Jr.’s maternal great-great-grandfather was an Epis­ copal minister who operated the underground railroad in St. Louis, Missouri. Coleman’s mother was a former German teacher who also greatly influenced her son. “My mother always said what would redeem her living in a world where blacks and women were second place [was] that when she got to heaven, God would be a black woman.”3 One pattern of Coleman...

Lauriston Sale Taylor

Lauriston Sale Taylor

Lauriston S. Taylor, DSc

Lauriston S. Taylor, DSc

Michael E. DeBakey, MD

MANY CONSIDER MICHAEL E. DeBakey, MD, to be the greatest surgeon ever. Over a 74-year career, the 96-yearold DeBakey has performed more than 60000 surgeries and published more than 1600 scientific articles. His research was key to the creation of the heart-lung machine, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and carotid endarterectomy. Today his focus is on refining his left ventricular assist device. During World War II, DeBakey helped develop the concept of front-line medical treatment now known as the mobile army surgical hospital, or MASH unit. He also maneuvered through the politics of Washington and the military to help create the National Library of Medicine. His awards include the Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Research, the National Medal of Science, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction. He has been on the cover of Time magazine.

Arnall Patz of Baltimore, MD, was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush

Arnall Patz of Baltimore, MD, was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush

A Conversation with Reverend Theodore Hesburgh: Building a World Class University

Father Theodore M. Hesburgh, C.S.C. is the President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame stepping down in 1987, after 35 years at the helm. Father Hesburgh served the University of Notre Dame well, building the academic quality of the university from a modest position to one of a national reputation in scholarship and quality of instruction. At 82 years of age, he still is active throughout the world in striving for world peace and justice. He is also active at Notre Dame in serving as an inspiration providing counsel and religious strength to the community of faculty and students. Father Hesburgh was born in Syracuse, New York on May 25, 1917. He attended the University of Notre Dame from 1934-1937. He then attended Gregorian University in Rome from 1937-1940, where he received a bachelor of philosophy degree. He was ordained a priest in the Congregation of Holy Cross College in 1943. Following his ordination, Father Hesburgh continued his study of scared theology at the Catholic University of America receiving a Doctor of Theology in 1945. Father Hesburgh was an assistant professor of religion at Notre Dame from 1945-1948, and was the chairman of the department from 1948-1949. In 1949, he became the executive vice president of Notre Dame until 1952, when he became the 15th President of the University. He held that position until 1987. He has held 15 presidential appointments over the years most recently for the United States Institute for Peace. At the same time, he remained a national leader in the field of education, serving on many commissions and study groups. As chairman of the International Federation of Catholic Universities from 1963-1970, Father Hesburgh led a movement to redefine the nature and mission of the contemporary Catholic university. His stature as an elder statesman in American higher education is reflected in his 141 honorary degrees, the most ever awarded to a single person. Highlighting a lengthy list of awards to Father Hesburgh is the Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, bestowed on him by President Lyndon Johnson in 1964 and on the 10th of July, 2000, he will receive the Congressional Gold Medal. Father Hesburgh has served as the first Catholic Priest to serve as a director of the Chase Manhattan Bank and a trustee (later chairman) of the Rockefeller Foundation. His appointment as ambassador to the 1979 United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development was the first time a priest had served in a formal diplomatic role for the United States government. He was the first priest elected to the Board of Overseers at Harvard University being chosen as President in 1994 and 1995. In 1990-1996, he co-chaired the Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics, studying the need for reform of college sports. I served under Father Hesburgh from 1977-1984 and was very impressed with the quality of leadership he displayed. It is an honor to spend time with a legend and get a better understanding how he worked to improve the academic quality of the University of Notre Dame and worked to promote social justice and world peace. I hope this interview will provide you some insights into a man that has typified quality leadership over four decades. K.T.: Father Hesburgh, how would you describe your leadership philosophy? FATHER HESBURGH: My leadership philosophy is that leadership is more than just management. A person can come to a company or a university and manage it very well for 10 years. And when your 10 years are up, the organization has gone 10 years with no revolutions and no big failures of any kind, but no greatness either. It seems to me that the first thing a leader needs more than anything else is vision. He has to know let's say, where this institution is to go. He wants to know what it is to be. I gave a talk, I remember, at the beginning of being President and I said we had a mediocre faculty, we had a criminal budget given what we were purporting to do (like $7 million a year). …

Milestones for Dr DeBakey.

This is a year of milestones: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the American Heart Association have reached the half-century mark. The famous Framingham Heart Study began in 1948. And 50 years ago, Michael Ellis DeBakey, MD, came to a fledgling medical school shakily poised in the subtropical boomtown that was Houston, Tex. This year, Dr DeBakey celebrates not only that anniversary, but his 90th birthday as well. To those who know Dr DeBakey, it is no surprise that in the ensuing years, he became the school’s president, chancellor, and chancellor emeritus. Under his leadership, a fledgling school in a precarious financial state—Baylor College of Medicine—became a leader in clinical medicine and began its climb toward national status in the field of biomedical research. Dr DeBakey’s honors are almost too many to mention. The American Medical Association gave him its distinguished service award. President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded him the Medal of Freedom With Distinction, the highest honor that can be accorded a civilian. He has also received honorary doctorates from universities around the world and the highest honors that many nations can award. In 1996, he was inducted into the Health Care Hall of Fame. It …

The Presidential Medal of Freedom: winners and their achievements

The Presidential Medal of Freedom: winners and their achievements

MILTON FRIEDMAN, STARTING HIS NINTH DECADE

Some six years ago, Milton Friedman delivered his presidential address to our Association in this same place, the San Francisco Hyatt Regency Hotel. From its humble start some seventy years ago, the Western Economics Association has grown and prospered. Milton is one of many individuals including Armen Alchian, William Allen, Karl Brunner, and many others who were responsible for the success of the Association. When I learned that Milton would be participating in our seventieth annual meetings, I proposed to Eldon Dvorak that a session should be organized to celebrate Milton Friedman's eightieth birthday which actually takes place on July 31, 1992. I asked three individuals to speak: Tom Sargent who is Milton's colleague at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Allan Meltzer, a noted monetary economist in his own right, who followed Milton as the President of WEA, and Anna Schwartz who has collaborated with Milton on several books and was a colleague at the National Bureau for many years. All enthusiastically agreed to join in this celebration, and Jerry Jordan took time from his new position as President of the Cleveland Federal Reserve Bank to chair the session. The papers prepared by these participants at the session held on July 11, 1992 were combined with additional papers dealing with Friedman's contributions to economic science. Milton Friedman received an A.B. degree from Rutgers College in 1932 where he was a student of Arthur F. Burns. He enrolled at the University of Chicago along with Homer Jones, George Stigler, and W. Allan Wallis who came to study under Frank Knight. There he met and later married Rose Director. I understand that letters concerning the care and cultivation of roses were routed to Rose when she was an employee of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. In addition to his work in Washington, D.C. and with the Statistical Research Group at Columbia University during World War II, Friedman held teaching positions at the University of Minnesota and the University of Chicago, 1946-77. In the first twenty years of his professional life, Friedman mainly produced the scholarly papers which established his reputation as an economic theorist. The sixth decade of his life saw the publication of Capitalism and Freedom, |1963~. Honors and awards followed, the Nobel Prize in 1976, the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1988. In introducing Milton Friedman's Nobel Lecture (December, 1976), Prof. Eric Lundberg emphasized his contributions in monetary economics. I reproduce excerpts from Prof. Lundberg's speech. Friedman's name is primarily associated with the renaissance of the idea of the importance of money,... This marked emphasis on the role of money should be seen in light of how economists--often successors to Keynes--over a long period of time almost totally neglected money and monetary policy in the analysis of the course of business cycles and inflation.... Friedman was the first to show that the prevalent assumption of a 'simple' trade-off between unemployment and the rate of inflation only held temporarily as a transient phenomenon... At the beginning of the 1950s, Friedman was the pioneer in proposals for a new order for the international currency system based on free exchange rates.... Friedman was one of the first to perceive--and to explain--that the Bretton Woods system with relatively fixed exchange rates must sooner or later break down.... One of Friedman's most important contributions is his reshaping of consumption theory with the help of the hypothesis about 'permanent income' in place of current annual income.... Professor Milton Friedman is awarded the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his contributions to consumption analysis, to monetary history and theory including his observations of the perplexity of stabilization policies. |Nobel Lectures Economic Sciences 1969-1980, pp. 259-261~ The breadth and depth of Friedman's intellectual capacities and curiosity go well beyond the reasons identified by Professor Lundberg. …

Sets of Three Measurements

The author received his Chemical Engineering degree from the University of Rochester, his Ph.D. in Chemistry from Columbia University, and studied at Galton Laboratory, University College, London. For twenty-four years he was a chemist at Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research. After three years service overseas as operations analyst with the Army Air Forces, he received the Medal of Freedom. Now a consultant at the National Bureau of Standards, his recent work has been in the design and interpretation of experiments.

Medal of Freedom to Helen Keller

Medal of Freedom to Helen Keller