Mechanisms Of Psychological Protection Research Articles

The conditionality of the sovereignty of the psychological space of the individual by coping strategies and mechanisms of psychological protection for people from single-parent and large families

The article presents the results of an empirical study of the relationship between the sovereignty of the psychological space of personality, coping strategies and mechanisms of psychological protection of personality. Respondents who grew up in families with different numbers of children demonstrate the specific features of their coping behaviors and mechanisms of psychological protection in relation to indicators of the sovereignty of the psychological space of the individual.

Use of structural psychological protection mechanisms in dealing with youth in crisis situations

Introduction. In modern conditions, adaptation to the dynamics of tension in social reality is of particular importance. One of the adaptation systems of personality is psychological protection. The optimal functioning of the complex system of psychological protection of the individual determines the effectiveness of overcoming life difficulties, preserves the positive ideas of the individual about himself, allows him to "live" problematic situations with the preservation of mental well-being. The main function of psychological defense mechanisms is to "protect" the content of consciousness from negative, traumatic experiences, ensuring the quality of psychological security of the individual. This allows, in a situation of optimal anxiety, adequate self-esteem, an adequate level of claims, to build and support the socio-psychological adaptability of the individual to the life situation. The purpose of this article is to reveal the possibilities of using constructive mechanisms of psychological protection in working with young people in crisis situations. Materials and methods. 40 students of the Armavir State Pedagogical University (Armavir, Krasnodar Territory, Russian Federation) participated in the study of the content of the protection mechanisms used. The testing was carried out using the methodology for diagnosing the structure and strength of psychological defense (developed by L. Y. Subbotina), and the methodology for diagnosing the dominant strategy of psychological defense in communication (V.V. Boyko). The results of the study. Experimental data obtained during the study showed that in the hierarchy of the high level of protection use, the projection mechanism (22.5%), then rationalization (15%), then the denial mechanism (15%) is the most common in the experimental sample of young people. At the same time, in the response variant of 40 respondents, 18 revealed such psychological protection as aggression, 12 are characterized by peacefulness, and the remaining 10 – avoidance. And when choosing strategies to overcome difficult life situations, respondents chose by importance – orientation to the goal, process and result. Conclusion. Thus, psychological protection is a multi-valued, phenomenologically complex, systemic education that determines the nature of the manifestation of personality and behavior. Therefore, in order to work out an adequate way of responding to young people in crisis situations, it is necessary to take into account the substantial mechanism of psychological defense mechanisms. During the construction of counseling and correctional work, it is possible to use activity aimed at building an adequate strategy for overcoming difficult life situations.

RESEARCH OF MECHANISMS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROTECTION OF PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS

The purpose of the work is to present the results of a theoretical and empirical study of the formation of mechanisms of psychological protection of the adolescent girls in the context of their professional training for the work of psychologists. Methodology. Sample: 54 students majoring in "Psychology", aged 17-20. All of the were female. Among them, 52% are 1st year students and 48% are 2nd year students. Methods: The Plutchik-Kellerman-Conte "Life Style Index" questionnaire (Life Style Index, LSI) was used as a diagnostic tool, which allows you to determine the severity of eight main mechanisms of psychological protection and their general tension. Results. Theoretical approaches to the definition and classification of EDs were considered, as well as an empirical study was conducted on EDs that are most characteristic of female psychology students in the first and second years of study. According to the results of the survey, data were obtained on the degree of severity of each MPZ. It was found that there was a difference between the MPZs inherent in female students in different courses of study. Very primitive protection mechanisms are more common among the first-year students than among the second-year students. During early adolescence, higher psychological defenses are just beginning to form and are not typical for this age. Starting from the age of 18, higher defense mechanisms, as dominant, are observed more often in psychology students

FEATURES OF THE SELF-CONCEPT AND COPING BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE WITH ALCOHOL ADDICTION

Despite the fact that by now alcoholism as a negative social phenomenon has been widely studied by scientists of various fields, the problem continues to be one of the most urgent and intractable. This negative social phenomenon causes enormous damage to society, adversely affects people's health, reduces life expectancy, reduces working capacity, thereby worsening the quality of human resources and limiting socio-economic development. The relevance of this study is determined by the fact that the socio-psychological analysis of the problem remains extremely insufficient at this time. Usually, the main place in its study belongs to clinical and psychological research. At the same time, the socio-psychological aspect is clearly visible in the problem under consideration. It is connected with the study of the Self-concept and interpersonal communication as significant resources for overcoming life difficulties. At the same time, coping and the mechanisms of psychological protection of a person dependent on psychoactive substances, their specifics and interrelation, as well as the phenomenon of the Self-concept itself, have also not been fully studied and require more careful consideration. In this regard, the article attempts to generalize and analyze theoretical and methodological approaches to the definition of the concept of the Self-concept of a healthy person, the features of the Self-concept and the causes of its distortion in a person with addiction, as well as to consider coping behavior models used by people with alcohol dependence, which can provide theoretical grounds for creating effective programs to prevent alcohol addiction, as well as to help form an active problem-solving behavior that allows people to cope with a pathological attraction to alcohol.

ВЗАЄМОЗВ’ЯЗОК СТРАТЕГІЙ ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОГО ЗАХИСТУ ТА САМОАКТУАЛІЗАЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ У ЗДОБУВАЧІВ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ

The article highlights and analyzes the main results of the study of the peculiarities of the interrelation between strategies of psychological protection and self-actualization processes of students of higher education. The theoretical analysis of the problem made it possible to determine that the activation of psychological protection is caused by a situation of conflict, trauma, stress, its purpose is to reduce emotional tension, prevent disorganization of behavior, consciousness, psyche. All defense mechanisms have two general characteristics: they operate at an unconscious level and are therefore means of self-deception; they distort, deny, transform, or falsify perceptions of reality to make the anxiety less threatening to the individual. Self-actualization is defined as the process of self-development of the individual, the transformation of a person into a subject of his own life activity. It is inseparable from the process of reflection, which accompanies all components of personal growth: self-understanding, self-sympathy, values, meanings, etc. The success of a specialist, in addition to special knowledge, abilities, skills, is related to personal characteristics, the desire for self-development, self-actualization. Establishing himself in the profession, the individual achieves self-actualization. The results of the study showed that the prevailing mechanisms of psychological protection among students of higher education are: projection, compensation and denial. Among the parameters of a self-actualizing personality, the following are expressed: contact, autosympathy, orientation in time; pronounced self-actualization tendencies: orientation in time, self-respect, self-acceptance, acceptance of aggression, contact. Among the types of psychological defenses that have the greatest influence on the process of self-actualization of the individual, substitution and projection are highlighted. Key words: psychological protection, self-actualization, student of higher education.

ПРОГРАМА ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ МОЛОДІ З ІНВАЛІДНІСТЮ В ІНТЕГРОВАНОМУ ОСВІТНЬОМУ СЕРЕДОВИЩІ

The article substantiates the program of psychological assistance to young people with disabilities studying in an integrated educational environment. The study aim was to determine the content, structure and features of the implemented program of psychological assistance to young people with disabilities in the integrated environment of higher education institutions. Methods and results. Based on the results of an empirical study that included 345 students with disabilities studying in integrated groups of higher educational institutions in Kiev, we revealed two levels of self-realization in the examined students - pre-subject and subject ones. The performed correlation analysis revealed correlations between the basic components of self-realization of students with disabilities and their personal characteristics (resources) - hardiness, basic beliefs, time perspective, coping strategies, mechanisms of psychological protection, self-attitude. The targets of psychological assistance, directions and methods of the program were defined. Conclusions. The purpose of the psychological assistance program is to promote personal growth, activate personal resources that mediate, weaken the negative impact of disability, maintain psychological balance and motivate to achieve personal self-realization. Psychological assistance to students with disabilities should be provided in two interrelated areas: direct and indirect psychological assistance through support groups - the student community, teachers and parents of students with disabilities. The performed testing of the psychological assistance program has shown its high effectiveness.

DETERMINATION OF THE MANIFESTATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROTECTION AND COPING BEHAVIOR IN STUDENTS OF 1-4 COURSES

The aim is to determine the manifestation of psychological protection and the use of coping strategies to overcome difficult life situations in 1st and 4th year students. Material and methods. 60 students of the National University of Food Technologies were examined: 1st year students – 30 (50%), 4th year students – 30 (50%) individuals. To determine the manifestation of psychological protection in students, the questionnaire method "Life Style Index" by R. Plutchyk, H. Kellerman (Life Style Index, LSI) was used. Results. The following coping strategies prevail among first-year students: confrontational coping (33.3%), search for social support (20%), self-control (10%). Among the mechanisms of psychological protection are substitution (26.67%), displacement (16.67%) and denial (23.33%). High self-control (23.3%), acceptance of responsibility (20%) and problem-oriented coping (16.67%) prevail among students of the 4th year. Such psychological defense mechanisms as compensation (26.67%), hypercompensation (17%), and rationalization (13.33%) dominate. Conclusions. According to the results of the research, students of the 1st year are characterized by avoiding a difficult situation and shifting responsibility to others, while students of the 4th year are characterized by analyzing and solving a difficult situation. Among the mechanisms of psychological protection for students of the 1st year, substitution prevails, for students of the 4th year - compensation

Исследование механизмов психологической защиты сотрудников органов внутренних дел при возникновении профессиональных трудностей

The article presents a theoretical analysis of the problem of mechanisms of psychological protection of employees of internal affairs bodies in the event of professional difficulties. The analytical work made it possible to identify the necessary theoretical and methodological foundations for studying the designated problem. The problem of psychological features of overcoming professional difficulties by employees of the Department of Internal Affairs is not new to psychological science, throughout the existence of the system of moral and psychological support, theoretical and practical developments are actively conducted. There are also developments to study the mechanisms of psychological protection of police officers in various situations of operational and official activity. However, this issue remains relevant and requires the development of fundamentally new solutions, taking into account modern challenges and realities in which police officers solve assigned professional tasks. The author schematically presented the dynamics and algorithm of the emergence and flow of psychological defense mechanisms. It is revealed that the investigators of the territorial divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the Moscow region, the following mechanisms of psychological protection prevail in their professional activities: "compensation", "rationalization", "substitution", "displacement" The results of experimental work are presented, which allowed determining further prospects for studying the mechanisms of psychological protection in the professional activities of employees of internal affairs bodies and the development of the necessary psychological potential of the individual, contributing to overcoming professional difficulties in young specialists of the Department of Internal Affairs.

Features of the use of psychological defense mechanisms and coping strategies by the civilian population affected by a military emergency

The article presents the results of a study of the specifics of psychological protection mechanisms and coping strategies for civilians affected by the local armed conflict, which has been raging in eastern Ukraine for the eighth year. It is shown that despite the non-constructive actions of protective mechanisms, they are widely used by all categories of the affected population. There is a general trend in the frequency of use of protective mechanisms such as compensation and rationalization. It is proved that: (a) victims who have received a more intense psychological shock will have a tendency to plunge into their emotional experiences in difficult situations; (B) the most effective and rational ways to overcome the situation of vital threat will be chosen by the least affected persons. The results obtained during the study allow us to state that: protective mechanisms, despite their inherent constructiveness, are widely used by all categories of the affected population in conditions of prolonged local armed conflict. Each of the groups of subjects has certain features of their use, however, no pattern has been identified. Despite the different levels of shock experienced, the study of all groups is characterized by a general trend towards the predominance of the use of such protective mechanisms as compensation and rationalization. Victims who have received a more intense psychological shock are characterized by a tendency in difficult situations to immerse themselves in their emotional experiences. The least effective and rational ways to overcome the situation of vital threat will be chosen by the least affected persons. The peculiarities of the use of coping strategies and mechanisms of psychological protection by employees of the security and defense sector of Ukraine need further study.

The intellectual resource of the person as a factor For the choice of the protectivaly-overcoming behavior

The article presents the results of the study of the specificity of mechanisms of psychological protection and coping strategies in students with different indicators of stylistic and productive characteristics of intelligence sphere. A resource-based approach to stress management is being actively developed when considering coping behavior as a dynamic process within the transactional and integrative approaches to stress formation. There are various points of view regarding the types, criteria for evaluating efficiency, characteristics, options for defining the concept of "resource", the analysis of which allows to consider this construct as all those mental factors, depending on which problems of adaptation to stressful situation are solved easier or vice versa, more difficult. The mastery of a tense situation is mainly due to the insufficient quantity and quality of resources, which are sufficiently constant and constitute a system in which everyone has a place. An important resource of protective-overcoming behavior mastery of a personality is the intellectual sphere. Intellectual resource is considered as a set of productive and stylistic properties of intelligence. In the context of professional activity and taking into account its specificity, intellectual abilities and cognitive styles are in some way interconnected, forming an intellectual resource of the individual. The concept of "intellectual resource" is operationalized in terms of the correlation of stylistic and productive properties of intelligence, namely through general criteria of cognitive styles interdependence / interdependence, impulsiveness / reflexivity, rigidity / inflexibility of cognitive control (stylistic and psychometric properties of the development of psychic properties of intelligence) intelligence). It is shown that students with high intellectual resources are more likely to use active coping strategies and students with low intellectual protection mechanisms.

FEATURES OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PROTECTION OF PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISTIC DISORDERS

The article analyzes the features of psychological defenses of parents of children with autistic disorders. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are genetic in nature and are a congenital disorder of brain neuron development. First of all, problems related to autism concern family members of children affected by this disease. For the most part, the family of an autistic child falls into a situation of isolation, which is accompanied by a feeling of loneliness. The models of helping parents of children with autism are now extremely diverse. One of these models is the psychological model of helping parents. It is the most important. Psychological protection is one of the most controversial properties in the personality structure, as it simultaneously contributes to both the stabilization of the personality and its disorganization. Defense theories view human individuals as motivated to accumulate and maintain mental resources for the purposes of resisting anxiety, strengthening one's composure, and normal functioning without falling into intrapsychic chaos. To determine the mechanisms of psychological protection of parents of children with autistic disorders, we used the method of measuring psychological protection (Pylyugina, & Suleymanov, 2020), with the help of which we determined the following mechanisms of psychological protection of parents of psychotic, neurotic, infantile, and adaptive genesis. The empirical study was conducted on the basis of the Development Clinic Medical Center (Kyiv) during 2019-2021. Two groups of parents who have children with autism spectrum disorders participated in the study. The total number of researched persons is 125. The age range of the studied parents is 25-46 years. The age of children is from 2 to 6 years. According to the results of the comparison of the reliability of differences according to independent and dependent variables, it was established that the mechanism of psychological protection according to the type of dissociation reliably prevails in mothers. It has been established that the mechanisms of psychological protection of infantile genesis are more characteristic of mothers, than fathers, which function, as a rule, at the level of emotions and are caused by emotional infantilism. It was established that mothers reliably differ in the type of compulsive behavior, passive aggression, defense mechanism, and the type of denial. Accordingly, the investigated mothers may be characterized by obsessive behavior that periodically arises and is realized in specific behavioral rituals or mental acts. So, the protective profile of mothers is mainly characterized by dissociation, hypochondria, isolation, displacement, passive aggression, denial, reactive formations, compensation, assumption, prediction, while fathers ‑ by rationalization, sublimation, mechanisms of adaptive genesis.

Чесність у взаємозв`язках з механізмами психологічного захисту у поліцейських з різним рівнем професійного самоздійснення

The analysis of domestic and foreign literature on the problem of police honesty in the context of their professional activities is covered. The specifics of the manifestation of this quality are revealed and the importance of this feature in the practice of policing is determined. In domestic psychology, honesty is considered by scientists as a moral component of the police officer’s personality, which testifies to the reliability, psychological stability and devotion to their profession. In foreign studies, honesty is interpreted through the effectiveness of activities, the quality of contacts with society and willingness to perform their activities at all times. The purpose of the study is to determine the psychological characteristics of honesty in the relationship with the mechanisms of psychological protection in police officers who have different levels of professional self-fulfillment (PS). The objectives of the study were: 1) theoretical review of psychological studies, which highlights the problem of honesty of police officers as one of the main competencies in police practice and an essential criterion in the formation of mechanisms of psychological protection; 2) determining the specifics of the manifestation of honesty in police officers with different levels of professional self-fulfillment (PS). The empirical basis of the study was 87 patrol police officers of special forces. The age of the subjects ranges from 22 to 50 years. Experience of practical work in police units ranges from 4 to 20 years. With the help of «Questionnaire of professional self-fulfillment» by O. Kokun and using the method of clustering according to the principle of k - means, we formed three groups of subjects: low, medium and high levels of PS. The first group included police officers with a low level of PS – 43 persons; the second group with an average level of SF was 20 persons, the third group of high-level of PS was 24 persons. Police officers with a low level of PS (first group) and with a high level of PS (second group) were involved in further research. To achieve this goal, the following were used: the “Honesty” questionnaire presented by the AZPS laboratory and the “Lifestyle Index” questionnaire by R. Plutchik, H. Kellerman & H.R. Conte. To identify the relationship between indicators, the method of mathematical statistics was used – Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The correlation analysis allowed us to determine the place of honesty in the personality structure of police officers and to reveal the specifics of protective psychological mechanisms in police officers with different levels of PS. A group of police officers with a low-level of PS has two connections: one positive and one negative. Police officers with a high level of PS have two positive connections and one negative one.

Osoblyvosti mekhanizmiv psykholohichnoho zakhystu v osib, pozbavlenykh voli pid chas pandemii COVID-19

This article analyzes the literature to define the concept of psychological protection, analyzes the source base and characteristic findings of mechanisms of psychological protection, investigates and presents the features of mechanisms of psychological protection of prisoners and comparisons with mechanisms of psychological protection of prisoners. The study was conducted during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. To date, the study of the mechanisms of psychological protection has not lost relevance, as reality daily proves the axiomatic nature of these views in everyday life and is considered by contemporaries in the context of the instinct of self-preservation and adaptation of personality. At the current pace of functioning, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, the individual trains as much as possible the mechanisms of psychological protection that allow him or her to reduce the potential for emotional experiences that can cause mental trauma. The dynamics of the functioning of mechanisms of psychological protection have protagonistic consequences for the psyche and life of the individual. They have their own dichotomy, which can be considered in the context of positive and negative. The positive context is manifested in the liberation of a person from the fear of death, stress, multiple negative emotional experiences (loss of a loved one, terminal illness, job loss, disasters, wars, imprisonment, loss of social status, etc.). Negative contexts deprive a person of reflections on the situation that threatens him or her and thus prevent the most objective perception and the most correct solution. As a result, the problem itself may become more complicated, and the future of a person will become qualitatively worse.

Nonpsychotic mental disorders in patients with aseptic necrosis of the femoral head (literature review)

Recently it has been reported of significant progress in the providing of surgical care to patients with aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. Given the unity of mental and somatic factors, as well as data on the interaction of mental factors and other chronic diseases of the hip joint, there is a significant link between non-psychotic mental disorders and aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. The aim of this review was to present current data on psychiatric disorders in patients of this category. Prolonged stress exposure, in particular due to pain, with activation of the sympathoadrenal system on the one hand and maintaining a high level of anxiety due to neurotic mechanisms of psychological protection on the other hand can lead to joint damage due to reduced sympathetic nerve fibers. Available data for incidence of anxiety and depression in Chinese patients show that almost every fifth patient has clinically significant symptoms. The stage of the disease (the need for surgical treatment) and comorbid diseases significantly increase the risk of anxiety and depression. Considerable attention is paid to the patient’s alcohol consumption problems and the relationship between alcohol abuse and the occurrence of aseptic necrosis. The presence of restrictions in movements influent not only to the physical, but also to the mental components of the quality of life. Physical and mental discomfort, pain, low quality of life are factors that reduce the willingness to participate in preventive measures, which ultimately leads to the need for more radical surgical intervention. Evaluation by a mental health professional before hip surgery allows for better results in the delayed recovery period.

Theoretical Foundations of Psychological and Physical Rehabilitation of Patients with Ischemic Stroke

The objectives of our article are: to study the characteristics of disorders of psychomotor function and psycho-emotional state of patients with ischemic stroke according to the initial examination; to develop a method of physical rehabilitation of patients with ischemic stroke at the inpatient stage of rehabilitation, depending on the severity of psychomotor functions and features of the psycho-emotional state; in a psychological and pedagogical experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method of physical rehabilitation of patients with ischemic stroke at the inpatient stage of rehabilitation. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. Also in our research we used empirical methods, such as the observation, the interview, the questionnaire, the method of psychological observation, psychological and medical experiment, testing (M. Lucher’s test is used). The results of the research. It was developed a «Functional methodology for the restoration of motor function of patients with ischemic stroke, taking into account their psycho-physiological features», based on the psychological principles of stepwise, sequencing and complexity, as well as on the maximum and adequate psychological impact of the rehabilitation therapist on the patient. Also we proposed the «Functional methodology of physical rehabilitation in the early period of ischemic stroke». The main provisions of this methodology are: 1. The stabilization of the psycho-emotional state of the patient: reducing the level of anxiety, increasing motivation to exercise in the course of physical rehabilitation. 2. The actualization of stable static and dynamic stereotypes of the patient in all initial positions – from horizontal to vertical ones, using the influence of simple, eye-motor, tonic (labyrinthine tonic reflexes, symmetrical cervical tonic reflex, cervical asymmetric tonic reflex, etc.). Restoration and maintenance of stress resistance of patients is provided by symmetrical maintenance of a projection of the general center of gravity on a basic surface in such initial positions in which normal proper afferentation of joints and muscles will be stimulated. These are the positions that the human body consistently takes in the process of verticalization: a supine position on the back; a lying position on the side (right and left); a supine position; a standing position on the knees; a standing position on the knees (with additional vertical support and without such a support); a standing position (with additional vertical support and without such a support). It was proved that the starting position became a directly activated position with a torso extension, which had the aim to support all muscle groups of the patient, provided by the stimulation of a successive chain of muscle contractions directed from the center to the periphery of the body. The symmetry of maintaining the initial position of the patient during the lesson is constantly adjusted (passively or actively) in order to stimulate proper afferentation. Conclusions. The main directions of psychotherapy and psycho-correction of patients who suffered from ischemic stroke are: the assistance in the process of understanding the patients, his / her basic needs, motives, instructions, relationships; his / her internal conflicts and mechanisms of psychological protection; features of his / her behavior and emotional response, their adequacy and realism; the correction of patients’ instructions; the assistance in formulating and securing adequate forms of patients’ behavior based on personal achievements in the cognitive, motivational, and emotional spheres; the promotion of positive motivation for recovery and increased activity in treatment at the behavioral level. During the classes according to the proposed methodology, we have the aim to achieve the stabilization of a psycho-emotional state of the patient through the correction of his / her cognitive processes that motivate the patient to actions which generally affect the effectiveness of all rehabilitation measures.

Features of psychological protection of students of IHE who are engaged in swimming

The purpose of psychological protection is to maintain the integrity of the "self-concept" of the individual by protecting his consciousness from negative traumatic experiences, fear of failure, anxiety or uncertainty in their actions. The authors who studied this phenomenon in sports note that the psychological protection of the athlete - is a system of mechanisms and methods of mental self-regulation of consciousness and behavior of the individual in extreme mental conditions.
 Psychological defense mechanisms are manifested in students as a regulatory system that is activated in a situation of internal or external conflict. Based on it, students often show such a defense mechanism as substitution, regression, and compensation. Considering the manifestation of protective mechanisms in boys and girls, we obtained the following indicators: reactive formations (73% in girls and 51% in boys) and projection (73% in girls and 54% in boys) (p <0.05); in boys prevails: suppression (65% in boys and 45% in girls) and intellectualization (69% in boys and 56.1% in girls) (p <0.05). We found differences in the choice of the dominant mechanism of psychological protection by swimming students. The leading mechanism in the studied contingent is substitution, and the least preferred is suppression. The study identified the manifestation of the main mechanisms of psychological protection in students who swim and analyzed certain types of protection with a description of the specific features of the system of protective mechanisms and the level of their impact depending on gender differences.

The peculiarities of coping behavior of the women with different family status

The goal of this research is to examine the peculiarities of psychological protection among women with different family status. The subject of this research is the mechanisms of psychological defense, coping strategies, marital coping, situational and personal anxiety, and satisfaction with marriage. The empirical object is the sampling of 73 women with different marital status aged from 18 to 40 years. Pearson correlation coefficient and Kruskal–Wallis H test were used for data processing. The provided materials and acquired conclusion augment the scientific knowledge on the peculiarities of psychological protection and coping behavior of women, and possibilities of rendering psychological aid for the development of  adaptive behavior in stressful environment and constructive behavioral strategies. The following conclusions were made: 1) majority of young women regardless of their marital status, have a high level of constructive behavior; equally high rate of denial and compensation as the mechanisms of psychological protection; 2) there are differences in the scale of repression as psychological protection; his indicator prevails among unmarried women who have a permanent sexual partner, unlike the other three groups; 3) positive correlation is observed between personal anxiety and projection, indirect actions and compensation, cautious actions and intellectualization, aggressive actions and substitution. The author determines a strong positive correlation between the avoiding style and projection, selfish style and projection, conflicting style and aggressive actions. The average negative correlation is revealed between conflicting style and satisfaction with marriage.

The mystery of revelation and apocalypse: the content of symbolics

The philosophical, psychological and sociological analysis of the Christian symbol of the Revelation is for the first time in the Ukrainian humanities carried out in the study. Understanding Revelation based on scientific concepts is a very complex problem, however, it is clear that its cause is the lack of the necessary methodology, ignoring the leading trend of world history and spirit i.e. the struggle of impersonal and personal principles of social being. It is proposed to base the study on the concept of four stages of human spiritual development: dependent personality, mediocre personality, mature personality, genius. With the help of Revelation, Christianity rethought the philosophical meaning of the concept of “truth”, which concerned not the material world, but the inner qualities of man. Christianity has come to the conclusion that the question “Who is the truth” is more important to man than the question “What is the truth?” Lack of a philosophical answer to the question “Who is the truth”? led to the dominance of the value judgment “every person is an individual”, which became the philosophical basis of the depersonalized paradigm of human being. Revelation appears as a way out of impersonal being into personal (transcendent), overcoming the fear of personal being, the birth of a spiritual principle in man and as a symbolic beginning of a new – personal – paradigm of being, when the highest values are self-actualization, self-realization and related work. Revelation is not only the birth of a person from an egocentric person, but it is a recognition of the significance of a person in another person. The reasons that prevent the scholars from revealing the meaning of Revelation are analyzed – the mechanisms of psychological protection and fear of personal being. Ignoring the leading trend of the world spirit (the struggle of the impersonal and the personal) and the concept of the four stages of spiritual development of man has led to a decrease in the critical mass of individuals in the human community. Failure to recognize the importance of the idea of personal existence is a crucial ideological cause of the existential vacuum, mental epidemics in the form of hybrid wars, global terrorism and violence against both human nature and nature in general. The modern apocalypse – an anthropological-global catastrophe – is the result of a crisis of impersonal existence and the priority of the material over the spiritual, which is realized by the mediocre person. It is proved that the proposed metaphysical theory of personality meets modern global challenges, opens opportunities for philosophical, psychological and sociological understanding of the causes of the crisis in Ukrainian society and in the human community. It is substantiated that the ideological basis for overcoming the crisis of impersonal existence is the assertion of the priority of the spiritual over the material, the adoption of the ideological law “Personality is the basis of being” and changing the form of determination. Determination of the present must be replaced by determination of the future.

RESEARCH OF MECHANISMS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROTECTION OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ADDICTED PERSONS

The article examines the system of mechanisms of psychological defense of alcoholic and drug addicts, reveals the features of the use of psychological defense by a person in conditions of alcohol or drug addiction and the dominant mechanisms that are used by the above persons. The aim of the work is to study the mechanisms of psychological protection of alcohol and drug addicts. Empirical research methods have been applied – Plutchik-Kellerman-Conte's questionnaire for diagnosing the mechanisms of psychological protection and a questionnaire according by V. Boyko for diagnosing the dominant strategy of psychological protection in communication.Having studied the mechanisms of psychological defense in alcohol and drug addicts, we can say that addicts actively use them both in addiction and during a course of resocialization or rehabilitation.The content of the work of a psychologist at different stages of a person's emotional reaction arising in the process of rehabilitation is important.Psychological support is required throughout the entire rehabilitation program.According to the results of the diagnostics of the mechanisms of psychological protection of alcohol and drug addicts (test «Diagnostics of the typologies of psychological protection» by R. Plutchik), we can say that people with addictive behavior actively use the mechanisms of psychological protection. At the last stage of addiction, gradually developing, three large defense mechanisms begin to play a big role in the life of such a person. Among them are denial, projection, rationalization. The longer the abuse of drugs or alcohol, the stronger the suffering. In the end, the addict becomes a victim of his own defense mechanisms.According to the results of diagnostics of the dominant strategy of psychological defense in communication by V. Boyko, aggression dominates among the strategies of psychological protection in communication. Key words: personality, addiction, denial, projection, rationalization, aggression, rehabilitation.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF FEATURES OF CHILDREN’S AND PARENTS’ PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS

The description of the generally accepted mechanisms of protection which are used by the person is given. The positive and negative consequences for the protective mechanisms of adults and children are analyzed. The main features of the mechanisms of psychological protection are highlighted: impulsiveness, distortion of reality, lack of awareness of the subject of protective forms of behavior. It is emphasized that the protective mechanisms in children are protective and maintain the normal psychological status of the individual. The main causes of protective mechanisms in children are named: anxiety reactions to physical discomfort, fear of separation and independence, fear of death, fear of submission, fear of change. The relevance of this study is substantiated and the purpose of the study is formulated. The procedure for conducting the diagnostic stage of the study is described, the sample is described, as well as the psychological tools. The results of an empirical study of the protective mechanisms of children and their parents are presented. The dominant strategies of psychological protection in two samples are singled out. The content of the dominant protective mechanisms of children and their parents is revealed. The presence of significant differences between the indicators of protective mechanisms of children of different ages was checked. The results of our study are compared with generally accepted ideas about the main mechanisms of psychological protection in children and adults. The main conclusion of the research is made, possible prospects of further scientific developments are formulated.