Normal Growth Mechanism Research Articles

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Impaired Neurodevelopment-What May Be the Missing Link?

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and poor neurodevelopmental outcome after preterm birth are closely associated. However, mechanistic links are uncertain. We are exploring the hypothesis that decreased circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 after preterm birth due to the abrupt end of supply by the placenta impairs growth during critical windows of development in most organs, including the lung and brain. Throughout gestation, the fetus uses glycolysis as its main source of energy. Metabolism is mainly stopped at pyruvate, which serves as a "metabolic crossroad", allowing for the production of amino acids and other "building blocks" for new cells. Metabolic pathways are differentially regulated in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The ratio between pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) determines the biochemical activity which irreversibly metabolizes pyruvate to acetyl-co-A. Metabolites in the nucleus modulate epigenetic remodeling, an essential mechanism of normal growth and maturation during development. IGF-1 has been shown to contribute significantly to the development of virtually all organs, especially related to the regulation of microvascular growth, based on extensive studies of the brain, retina, lung, and intestine. With a preterm birth, the abrupt withdrawal of the placental supply of IGF-1 and its local production directly affects metabolism and microvascular development, which may contribute to a high risk for organ maldevelopment and injury after birth. We speculate that reduced bioavailability of IGF-1 is a possible link between lung and brain development disruption and increases susceptibility for major pulmonary and neurocognitive morbidities in preterm babies. KEY POINTS: · Metabolic changes inherent to prterm birth may cause epigenetic changes which cause "dysmaturational" development.. · IGF-1 may be the potential link between BPD and brain development.. · The ratio between pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase determines the biochemical activity..

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ МЕТАМОРФІЧНИХ ДІАМАНТІВ

For the first time a new type of diamond-bearing non-kimberlite rocks with microdiamonds was discovered in the Kokchetav massif of Kazakhstan – diamond microcrystals were found in rocks of ancient metamorphic complex and placers of different ages. Subsequently, similar microcrystals were found in the metamorphic rocks of the Dabie Shan massif (Central China), the Fjortoft Islands (Northern Norway), the Erzgebirge Massif (Germany) and the Bohemian Massif (Czech Republic), in metamorphic massifs of the Rhodopes (Greece and Bulgaria), the Western Alps (Italy) and the Eastern Alps (Slovenia), and in many other localities. The mineralogy of diamonds of the Kokchetav and the Erzgebirge massifs is studied in the most detail. We summarized original and literature data on the mineralogy of metamorphic diamonds. Information on the geology of their diamond-bearing rocks and their indicator minerals is briefly covered – distribution, age, geological position of ultrametamorphic rocks, indicators of their diamond-bearing capacity and minerals of diamond paragenesises. Peculiarities of metamorphic diamonds are characterized by often big content in rocks, their micron size and diversity of crystal shape, structural imperfection and normal growth mechanism of many crystals, dominant light isotopic composition of their carbon, high content of nitrogen impurities and their low type of aggregation, spectral types Ib–IaA, enrichment of impurities, the content of specific solid inclusions and the unusualness of mineral associations. There are many hypotheses about the formation of metamorphic diamond crystals, including their metastable growth. The hypothesis of their subduction origin in the mantle at rather high PT-parameters is considered to be the most probable. Kokchetav microdiamonds from metamorphic rocks of Kazakhstan and Samotkan microdiamonds from Neogene sands of the Middle-Dniprо area (Ukrainian Shield) are compared. According to the comparison indicators, Samotkan microdiamonds and Kokchetav microdiamonds differ markedly in crystal size and morphology, content of nitrogen impurities and degree of its aggregation, the ratio of spectral types, the ratio of helium isotopes 3He /4He and a set of mineral inclusions. Samotkan diamonds are larger, no skeletal forms have been identified among them, the range of their carbon isotope composition is wider, among them, there is quite a lot of nonnitrogen and low-nitrogen crystals, different spectral types of crystals represent them, and some of them contain mineral inclusions of peridotite association.

Defects of diamond crystal structure as an indicator of crystallogenesis

Based on the study of a representative collections of diamonds from diamondiferous formations of the Urals and deposits of the Arkhangelsk and Yakutian diamond provinces, we established patterns of zonal and sectoral distribution of crystal structure defects in crystals of different morphological types, identified the specifics of crystals formed at different stages of crystallogenesis and performed a comprehensive analysis of constitutional and population diversity of diamonds in different formations. We identified three stages in the crystallogenesis cycle, which correspond to normal and tangential mechanisms of growth and the stage of changing crystal habit shape. At the stage of changing crystal habit shape, insufficient carbon supersaturation obstructs normal growth mechanism, and the facets develop from existing surfaces. Due to the absent stage of growth layer nucleation, formation of new {111} surfaces occurs much faster compared to tangential growth mechanism. This effect allows to explain the absence of cuboids with highly transformed nitrogen defects at the A-B1 stage: they have all been refaceted by a regenerative mechanism. Based on the revealed patterns, a model of diamond crystallogenesis was developed, which takes into account the regularities of growth evolution, thermal history and morphological diversity of the crystals. The model implies the possibility of a multiply repetitive crystallization cycle and the existence of an intermediate chamber; it allows to explain the sequence of changes in morphology and defect-impurity composition of crystals, as well as a combination of constitutional and population diversity of diamonds from different geological formations.

A new model for the growth of normal faults developed above pre-existing structures

AbstractConstraining the mechanisms of normal fault growth is essential for understanding extensional tectonics. Fault growth kinematics remain debated, mainly because the very earliest phase of deformation through recent syn-kinematic deposits is rarely documented. To understand how underlying structures influence surface faulting, we examined fault growth in a 10 ka magmatically resurfaced region of the Krafla fissure swarm, Iceland. We used a high-resolution (0.5 m) digital elevation model derived from airborne lidar to measure 775 fault profiles with lengths ranging from 0.015 to 2 km. For each fault, we measured the ratio of maximum vertical displacement to length (Dmax/L) and any nondisplaced portions of the fault. We observe that many shorter faults (<200 m) retain fissure-like features, with no vertical displacement for substantial parts of their displacement profiles. Typically, longer faults (>200 m) are vertically displaced along most of their surface length and have Dmax/L at the upper end of the global population for comparable lengths. We hypothesize that faults initiate at the surface as fissure-like fractures in resurfaced material as a result of flexural stresses caused by displacements on underlying faults. Faults then accrue vertical displacement following a constant-length model, and grow by dip and strike linkage or lengthening when they reach a bell-shaped displacement-length profile. This hybrid growth mechanism is repeated with deposition of each subsequent syn-kinematic layer, resulting in a remarkably wide distribution of Dmax/L. Our results capture a specific early period in the fault slip-deposition cycle in a volcanic setting that may be applicable to fault growth in sedimentary basins.

Probiotic bacteria maintain normal growth mechanisms of heat stressed broiler chickens.

Probiotics have growth promoting effects even under periods of heat stress challenge. More information is needed to understand the mechanisms by which probiotics maintain the growth performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a probiotic based on Bacillus subtilis bacteria on growth related mechanisms of broilers under heat stress conditions. Specifically, growth performance, skeletal bone characteristics, skeletal muscles size, intestinal villus-crypt structure, intestinal bacteria, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), cholesterol, and glucose. A total of 1200 one day old Ross 308 male broilers were randomly distributed into 4 treatments, with 12 replicates per treatment and 25 birds per replicate. A 2×2 factorial arrangement was used; the main factors were environmental temperature (thermoneutral or heat stress) and diet (control or control+B. subtilis; 3×107cfu/kg of feed). From d 22 to 35 of age, birds were either exposed to thermoneutral conditions (21°C) or chronic heat stress (30°C). During the same period, each group was divided into 2 subgroups and fed either the control diet or the B. subtilis supplemented diet. The results demonstrated that B. subtilis had positive effects (P<0.05) on the body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, villus height, crypt depth, villus surface area, absorptive epithelial cell area and viable counts of intestinal beneficial bacteria. B. subtilis increased (P<0.05) serum GH, IGF-1 and maintain normal levels of cholesterol and glucose under heat stress conditions. In addition, broilers fed B. subtilis under heat stress conditions exhibited higher (P<0.05) skeletal muscles size and improved (P<0.05) tibia traits and lower (P<0.05) abdominal fat pads deposition compared with the controls. B. subtilis had no effect on rectal temperature under thermoneutral or heat stress conditions. It is concluded that B. subtilis can be used as growth promoters in broilers, particularly during the periods of heat stress conditions.

Epitaxial Mechanism of Diamond Crystal Nucleation on a Mo {110} Substrate during Chemical Vapor Deposition

The epitaxial mechanism of diamond crystal nucleation by the (110) face on the Mo(110) face during chemical vapor deposition on a molybdenum plate has been established. It is shown that, under the synthesis conditions in use, only cubic sectors of diamond crystals continue to grow according to the tangential mechanism, whereas octahedral sectors are characterized by some complex nonequilibrium mechanism of normal growth. In particular, a situation where the {111} faces are absent and octahedral sectors grow by {100} layers of three orientations, which make a reentrant cube angle and are twins of the initial crystal on one of its {111} faces, has been observed. Geometric analysis of five-fold aggregates of multiply twinned diamond crystals with a shared 〈110〉 axis shows that at least one narrow truncating lateral {111} face oriented parallel to the shared 〈110〉 axis should occur.

Nucleation and morphology of sodium molybdate dihydrate from NaOH solution

The induction time for sodium molybdate dihydrate crystallization from NaOH solution at 40 °C and 60 °C was investigated by experiment and the primary nucleation was also identified according to the classical nucleation theory. The bipyramidal truncated crystals and the nearly rectangular parallelepiped crystals were obtained at high supersaturation and low supersaturation, respectively. The interfacial free energy, surface entropy factor, critical nucleation free energy, critical nucleus size and critical nucleation molecular number of bipyramidal truncated crystals were conducted. The nearly rectangular parallelepiped crystals are considered more stable than the bipyramidal truncated crystals, and high supersaturation and high temperature are more conducive to nucleation of sodium molybdate dihydrate crystals. Finally, the normal growth mechanism for Na2MoO4·2H2O crystallization was identified with various models and the surface entropy factor.

ON SHEAR NUCLEATION SITES AT PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN STEEL

The article considers the question of nucleation sites during phase transitions, which, even for thoroughly studied martensitic transformations, remains an essential one. Generality of shear nucleation and nucleation site for diffusion (normal) and martensitic transformations is discussed. Specific aspects of nucleation have been studied through surface relief observation of 30KhGSA and U12 steel and technical iron by means of high-temperature metallography, and also by microstructural study of the initial stages of phase transformations of porous sintered steels with carbon content of 0.40 and 1.57 %. Pictures of austenite origin from low-angle and large-angle boundaries are presented, which testify to shear mechanism of its formation. Numerous acts of ferrite nucleation at γ-phase grain boundary are shown for both slow and fast cooling, which forms the morphology of the acicolar (Widemanstatten) ferrite. In 30KhGSA and U12 steels martensite is formed along the grain boundaries, although other nucleation areas, for example, such as packing defects, inclusions, special dislocation configurations, are not excluded, but they are not preferential. In samples­ of porous steel, predominant growth of twin crystals of martensite from pores takes place. The obtained experimental data on embryos of austenite and ferrite indicate a shear mechanism of nucleation at the initial stage of diffusion transformations, which subsequently is replaced by normal growth mechanism with formation of equiaxed grains. It is concluded that, despite the differences in phases nucleation nature and conditions, acts of nucleation in all cases occur in the same way, and the differences­ begin at the stage of growth. It is shown that shear nucleation can start from grain, subgrains boundaries and also from free surfaces (for example,­ pores in sintered steel). Nucleation in these places is facilitated by relaxation of transformation stresses and liberated part of the grain-bound-ary energy. Revealed rhomboidal morphology of martensitic­ crystals formed on pores can be explained by the fact that nucleation from free surface occurring under conditions of minimal influence of elastic fields of the surrounding matrix encourages implementation of general regularities of martensitic crystals growth.

Nonequilibrium Diamond Growth during the High-Temperature High-Pressure Synthesis of a Composite Material Made of a Mixture of Cobalt and Fullerene Powders

A composite material (CM) reinforced by diamond particles is fabricated from a mixture of cobalt and 10 wt % C60 powders at a pressure of 8 GPa and a temperature of 1200–1300°C, which is close to the melting temperature of the metastable Co–C eutectic. The results of X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and electron-probe microanalysis demonstrate that the CM consists of diamond and the Co3C carbide. Diamond crystals are shown to grow as plates parallel to a {100} plane according to the mechanism of nonequilibrium normal growth during liquid-phase CM synthesis. The diamond particles have a hardness of 82 GPa at an elastic recovery of 95%. The structure of the synthesized cobalt-based CM with diamond inclusions ensures its ultrahigh wear resistance and antifriction properties.

Abstract P1-05-18: Genomic copy number alterations (CNA) associated with pCR in HER2-positive (HER2+) early-stage breast cancer (BrCa) patients receiving neoadjuvant trastuzumab (T)

Abstract Introduction: Genetic alterations such as amplifications and deletions frequently contribute to tumorigenesis. These alterations can change gene expression which alters the normal cell growth and survival regulatory mechanisms. Characterisation of DNA copy number alterations (CNA) is important to understand cancer progression and response to therapy. The aim of this study is to determine patterns of CNAs in HER2+ early-stage BrCa patients achieving pathological complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant T therapy. Methods: Retrospective analysis of our database of 95 HER2+ BrCa (stages I-III) who received T neoadjuvantly revealed 46 % (44/95) achieved pCR compared with 53 % (51/95) who did not respond (NR). DNA from pre-treatment tumour biopsy specimens from neoadjuvant T therapy patients was extracted, and array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH, n = 8; 6 pCR:2 NR) was used to identify CNAs, which correlated with pCR. Pathway analysis was then used to identify functionally relevant genes in aberrant regions. Results: aCGH analysis of DNA from pCR and NR identified distinct patterns of CNAs. HER2 amplicon was confirmed by IHC and aCGH in all samples. Although there was no significant difference in the average CNAs between groups (20±17 vs 17±2), there was greater variation in the range of CNAs in pCR (8-56 CNA) compared to NR (15-19 CNA). More gains and amplifications were observed in pCR patients with more deletions in the NR group. The most common chromosomal amplification region included chr8q12.1-q24 with 87.5% of all cases displaying gains. Of the 6 patients who achieved pCR, 50% displayed a deletion in chr9 spanning p24.3-p21.3, consistent with a deletion of tumour suppressor CDKN2A. No aberrations in chr9 were observed in NR cohort. The deleted genomic region contained 65 common protein-coding genes, with the interferon biological pathway as the most significant (p=1.03E-36). Conclusions: Distinct genomic CNAs were observed between patients achieving pCR compared to NR. However, of the 8 pts characterised here, none have relapsed. Follow-up data revealed a relapse rate of 6.8 % (3/44) vs 11.8 % (6/51) in the pCR and NR groups, respectively. To further elucidate the immunological response, we will present CNA data patterns on relapse and response and compare the impact of CNAs, immune-related proteins and pCR as surrogate predictors for outcome. Citation Format: Walsh N, Gullo G, Maguire A, O'Donovan N, Quinn C, Crown J. Genomic copy number alterations (CNA) associated with pCR in HER2-positive (HER2+) early-stage breast cancer (BrCa) patients receiving neoadjuvant trastuzumab (T) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-05-18.

Determination of optical constants including surface characteristics of optically thick nanostructured Ti films: analyzed by spectroscopic ellipsometry.

In the present work, optically thick nanostructured titanium (Ti) films of thickness ranging from ∼100 to 900 nm were deposited on a glass substrate by DC magnetron sputtering at room temperature. Microstructural and surface properties of the samples were studied by x-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The morphological results revealed a systematic normal grain growth mechanism with increasing thickness analyzed by a scanning electron microscope. The influence of thickness on film surface roughness has been investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The optical dispersion behavior was examined by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) over the long wavelength range of 246-1688 nm. The experimentally observed SE parameters were theoretically fitted with Drude-Lorentz and Bruggeman effective medium approximation theory. The surface properties of the Ti film measured by XPS and AFM were further accounted for in the optical model to determine optical constants (n and k) and the obtained results are expected to be the best available for bulk Ti metal.

A novel theory interpreting the extremes of current during potentiostatic anodising of Al and the mechanisms of normal and abnormal growth of porous anodic alumina films

The kinetics and mechanism of growth of porous anodic alumina films were studied during potentiostatic Al anodising at suitable ranges of H2SO4 concentrations, temperatures, anodic potentials, stirring rates, distances of Al from stirrer and times. Chronoamperometry, determination of various physical and structural features and kinetic parameters and proper novel models interrelating anions transport numbers with field strength in barrier layer enabled the form1ulation of a novel theory interpreting the observed for first time extraordinary kinetic behaviour and the mechanisms of normal growth and abnormal growth where burning appears. It turned out that key parameter is mean barrier layer thickness defined by inherent thinning in the second transient stage and by thinning and thickening coming from continuous initiation and termination of some pores in this and quasi-steady state stage. In normal growth wholly and locally in Al surface chronoamperometric plots sequentially show low maximum at the boundary of two stages and then shallow minimum and high maximum in the last stage as the rates of barrier layer thinning and thickening are balanced at the extremes while the first prevails in transient stage and among the two last extremes. In abnormal growth the first two extremes merge in transient stage as thinning rate prevails endlessly and burning appears. It first occurs after certain conditions thresholds at position with highest local current density, as a rule around the lower Al side where stirring efficiency is also highest. New conditions and methods for high rates normal growth and desired properties of films are reliably predicted for first time, vital for Al anodising electrochemistry.

Grain growth and stabilisation of nanostructured aluminium at high temperatures: review

Nanostructured (NS) materials have a large stored energy due to their large grain boundary area and thus tend to be unstable with respect to grain growth during high temperature annealing or deformation. This problem can limit the application of NS materials at high temperatures (>0·5Tm, absolute melting temperature), especially Al alloys owing to their low melting points. Restoration processes and grain growth in NS Al based materials are critically reviewed, with emphasis on nanostructure grain stabilisation at high temperatures. The mechanisms of normal and abnormal grain growth during isothermal annealing are presented, followed by consideration of thermal stabilisation by the addition of solute atoms/impurities and/or dispersion of second phase particles. Grain growth is significantly facilitated by applying deformation at elevated temperatures during preparation or further processing of semifinished NS materials. The dynamic restoration processes, dynamic grain growth and dynamic particle coarsening are addressed in NS Al. Finally, grain growth during consolidation of nanocrystalline powders (one of the principal methods to fabricate bulk NS Al) is presented, and the effects of processing parameters on grain size stabilisation are discussed.

Immunological changes accompanying the development of experimental neoplastic process

The key immunology problem remains the understanding of the mechanisms for the effective protection of the body against various pathogens with simultaneous suppression of the immune response to autoantigens. The pathogenesis of neoplastic pathological processes includes violations of the mechanisms of normal cell growth and cell proliferation. Antitumor immune response is a complex event, involving many different cell types. But despite the ability of the immune system to recognize and respond to a variety of tumor-associated antigens, the neoplastic process overcomes the protective forces of the organism, grows and spreads. For cancer cells characterized by independence from antiproliferative signals, autocrine stimulation of growth disturbances in the system, induction of apoptosis and control of genome stability. As a result of accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes in tumor cells differ significantly from the normal range and the level of expression of genes involved in the transformation process, the accumulation of mutations in key genes promoters and suppressors of tumorigenesis. This creates the opportunity for recognition by cells of the immune system. The study of changes in value and operation of the various elements of the immune system in the development of experimental neoplastic process allows you to identify the mechanisms of interaction in the system «malignant tumor-immune system, to assess patterns of interaction with other organs and tissues, to create a theoretical pathogenetically reasonable premise for the development of anticancer therapy.

Modular design of locally ordered tetrahedral structures: III. Structural mechanism of nonequilibrium fibrous and rough-layer normal growth of diamond crystals

Structural mechanisms of nontangential nonequilibrium normal growth of natural and synthetic diamond crystals with a fibrous or layered structure, formed under particularly nonequilibrium conditions, are proposed. It is shown that their growth is based on strained noncrystalline structures rapidly growing in length: 30/11 and 40/9 helices. The fibrous growth of diamond crystals along the 〈111〉 and 〈100〉 directions occurs according to the helicoidal mechanism, with helicoid axes in the form of 30/11 and 40/9 helices, respectively. Stacks of rough {110} lamellae can be formed via branching of 30/11 helices, which are then overgrown by a crystalline layer. Lamellae with orientation {100}, formed during the growth of diamond and silicon from vapor phase, also grow according to the helicoidal mechanism based on 40/9 helices via the aggregation of helicoids into these lamellae. Due to the complicated internal structure of these diamond crystals, their physical properties differ from those of diamond single crystals grown according to the tangential growth mechanism.

MP19-05 THE HIPPO/MST PATHWAY IS A CRUCIAL PART OF THE BLADDER SMC RESPONSE TO INJURY

You have accessJournal of UrologyStem Cell Research1 Apr 2015MP19-05 THE HIPPO/MST PATHWAY IS A CRUCIAL PART OF THE BLADDER SMC RESPONSE TO INJURY KJ Aitken, Martin Sidler, Alaleh Samiei, Paul Delgado-Olguin, and Darius Bagli KJ AitkenKJ Aitken More articles by this author , Martin SidlerMartin Sidler More articles by this author , Alaleh SamieiAlaleh Samiei More articles by this author , Paul Delgado-OlguinPaul Delgado-Olguin More articles by this author , and Darius BagliDarius Bagli More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.997AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES In many organ systems, the Hippo/MST pathway controls growth and differentiation responses to mechanical stimuli. MST, the mammalian homologue of Hippo, negatively regulates growth through the phosphorylation of YAP and TAZ. This phosphorylation prevents nuclear localization that is required for function of YAP/TAZ. In muscle cells, the association of YAP or TAZ with specific TEADs can promote either differentiation or growth. While this pathway has been shown to be critical for developmental of the bladder, little is known concerning the regulation of MST and its downstream partners in bladder smooth muscle models of mechanical stress including in vitro strain and the mechanical stimulus of in vivo obstruction. METHODS Rat Sprague-Dawley bladder smooth muscle cells (BSMC) isolated from neonatal (days 1–3) pups by collagenase treatment were cultured in EMEM with low serum. BSMC were exposed to mechanical strain (5% elongation) or remained unstrained. Partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBO) of Sprague-Dawley female rats (n=8) was induced by suturing with a silk suture around a 0.9 mm steel rod, then removing the rod. Controls included sham-operated rats (n=6). Bladders were obstructed for 6 weeks and harvested for RNA by flash freezing and for sectioning by embedding in OCT. QPCR was performed key MST pathway members (MST, YAP, TAZ, TEADs 1–4) and YAP downstream targets. YAP/TAZ nuclear localization, which indicates activation, was studied by immunofluorescence. RESULTS During mechanical strain, expression of YAP mRNA was maintained, while TAZ mRNA expression was significantly decreased (p<0.05). A 27-fold reduction (p<0.05) in MST1 mRNA expression during mechanical strain was consistent with an observed increase YAP protein nuclear localization (p<0.03). TAZ was also downregulated during PBO (p<0.01). YAP localization was correlated with increased hypertrophy, but YAP mRNA did not change. MST1 mRNA expression showed a non-significant downregulation during PBO. Transcriptional targets of YAP/TAZ were upregulated during mechanical strain and obstruction (p<0.03). TEADs mRNA did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS YAP activation in the Hippo/MST pathway is associated with growth during mechanical strain of the bladder. Further work to understand the mechanisms of YAP signalling, TAZ downregulation and specific interactions with transcription binding partners during strain and obstruction will provide insight into mechanisms of both hypertrophy and normal growth in the bladder. © 2015 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 193Issue 4SApril 2015Page: e217 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2015 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information KJ Aitken More articles by this author Martin Sidler More articles by this author Alaleh Samiei More articles by this author Paul Delgado-Olguin More articles by this author Darius Bagli More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Thorough electrochemical kinetic and energy balance models clarifying the mechanisms of normal and abnormal growth of porous anodic alumina films

Thorough kinetic and energy balance models of growth of porous anodic alumina were formulated. Insight into film growth mechanisms showed that all local processes interact with those in the rest surface and the processes rates and parameters vary along Al surface, imperceptibly in normal and perceptibly in abnormal film growth. Al was anodised at 0.51 and 1.02M H2SO4, 0–25°C and anodic potential 23.5–25V. The normal growth or abnormal one presenting island-like and strong burning were discerned and related with peculiar chronoamperometric plots. Island-like burning emerges at random places in the two Al faces above threshold conditions after a current density boundary in the second transient stage. Among this stage and quasi-steady state the plots show intense maxima and poor reproducibility. More afar from them this burning near a side is transformed to strong at corresponding positions in Al faces at this stage after a higher current density boundary. Plots rise fast coming from fast rise of current in burnt area due to avalanche-like hastened processes. Burning is a joint kinetic, Joule heating, thermochemical and heat transfer local effect yielding higher local current density and real anodising temperature. It emerges after the self-regulated mechanism of normal film growth collapses when local starting parameters, like thickness of barrier layer and/or attached electrolyte layer, etc. distributed in Al surface exceed limiting values which vary with conditions, experimental details and position. New methods to avoid burning can be elaborated that are vital for proper Al anodising.

Nanostructured light-absorbing crystalline CuIn(1–x)GaxSe2 thin films grown through high flux, low energy ion irradiation

A hybrid effusion/sputtering vacuum system was modified with an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) coil enabling ion assisted physical vapor deposition of CuIn1−xGaxSe2 thin films on GaAs single crystals and stainless steel foils. With &amp;lt;80 W rf power to the ICP coil at 620–740 °C, film morphologies were unchanged compared to those grown without the ICP. At low temperature (600–670 °C) and high rf power (80–400 W), a light absorbing nanostructured highly anisotropic platelet morphology was produced with surface planes dominated by {112}T facets. At 80–400 W rf power and 640–740 °C, both interconnected void and small platelet morphologies were observed while at &amp;gt;270 W and above &amp;gt;715 °C nanostructured pillars with large inter-pillar voids were produced. The latter appeared black and exhibited a strong {112}T texture with interpillar twist angles of ±8°. Application of a negative dc bias of 0–50 V to the film during growth was not found to alter the film morphology or stoichiometry. The results are interpreted as resulting from the plasma causing strong etching favoring formation of {112}T planes and preferential nucleation of new grains, balanced against conventional thermal diffusion and normal growth mechanisms at higher temperatures. The absence of effects due to applied substrate bias suggests that physical sputtering or ion bombardment effects were minimal. The nanostructured platelet and pillar films were found to exhibit less than one percent reflectivity at angles up to 75° from the surface normal.

English

OBJECTIVES: To verify and evaluate the role of maternal intravenous infusion of fluids, amino acids and progestogens in increasing the liquor amount and fetal weight in IUGR and oligohydramnios. METHODS: 90 patients with USG confirmed oligohydramnios and IUGR were admitted and divided into three groups. Group I was given high protein diet, bed rest, Intravenous fluids Ringer lactate and 5% Dextrose in 2:1 ratio on alternate days. Group II received fluid therapy RL and 5% dextrose in the ratio of 2:1 on alternate days for three days, amino acid drip 100ml twice daily on alternate days for 3 days a week and Group III received fluid therapy and amino acid infusion on alternate days along with natural progestogens 100mg once a week. Liquor was assessed clinically as well as by USG after a week and after 3 weeks. RESULTS: Amniotic fluid index increased in Group II and Group III significantly and increase in fetal weight was more so in Group III. Normal deliveries without complications were much more in Group II and Group III. Fetal distress was reduced in Group II and comparatively more so in Group III. CONCLUSION: Intravenous infusion of amino acids along with Intravenous fluid therapy given on alternate days as a weekly regime with addition of progestogens to this regime was beneficial to both the mother and fetus in oligohydramnios and IUGR. INTRODUCTION: IUGR is failure of the fetus to reach genetic potential for growth1 . 24 - 30% incidence in developing country2. It is multifactorial, maternal, fetal and placental factors and environmental toxins interfere with normal growth mechanism 1 . (8). Fetus with IUGR has got increased risk of disease 3 and death during antenatal, intrapartum, neonatal, paediatric and adult life. Short term morbidities like prematurity, RDS, necrotising

Processes, parameters and mechanisms controlling the normal and abnormal growth of porous anodic alumina films

Aluminium was anodised in H2SO4 solutions 0.25–1.53 M, temperatures 0–35 °C, times up to 90 min and voltage 25 V. Anodising was followed chronoamperometrically. The passing charge, consumed Al, formed oxide, transport numbers of oxygen anions in barrier layer and film thicknesses were determined. Films were examined to detect abnormal film growth, called burning. It was found that the current in Al anode is closely solely ionic, and the only processes occurring are those related with ionic charge transport and heat release and its abduction for which suitable equations were formulated relating many parameters. At each concentration, the temperatures, current densities and times up to which normal film growth occurs and above which stain-like mild, island-like intermediate, strong, strong-destructive and mixed burning appears were found. Burning emerges at lower concentrations, temperatures and times for thinner Al. Low concentrations and temperatures among thresholds where mild and next-kind burning first appear define windows of conditions where thick enough dark or black films grow. Peculiar chronoamperometric plot characterises each film growth type. Though other burning kinds can appear at each surface region or in the whole surface, strong and strong-destructive emerge only at the lower Al side around which the efficiency of solution stirring is highest. The mechanisms of normal and abnormal film growth were formulated showing that different processes and interacting variable parameters, some of which are noted for first time, regulate each film growth type. These can predict methods to avoid abnormal film growth.