Legal Mechanisms For Protection Research Articles

Legal security of the protection of judicial constitutional control: general guidelines for understanding

This article is devoted to the study of the new courts, which found a common European language of constitutionalism, which they not only learned to pronounce, but also could express new ideas in this language. At the same time, obtaining international standards is much more than adaptation, it was a mutual process. The real exchange of ideas was supported by the unique publicity that the international political situation offered to the new courts. Although only the Constitutional Court of South Africa is bound by the Constitution to consider foreign constitutional cases, constitutional courts today usually operate on a comparative law basis. On the other hand, László Szółom recalled a new mechanism of international cooperation: the Conference of European Constitutional Courts and the Commission for Democracy through Law (the «Venice Commission»). The integrative influence of the Venice Commission is indeed important and serves the globalization of constitutional justice. In addition, speaking about the specifics of constitutional control in Ukraine, it should be noted that as of 2019 it is a full-fledged special court, not a political body. This direction follows both from its functions and scope of jurisdiction, and from the analysis of constitutional guarantees for it as a collegial body and judges. In this context, the position regarding the understanding of constitutional control as an important component (one of the mechanisms) of legal protection of the constitution is valuable. Research in this direction is a productive direction of the development of legal science. The established courts have already found a common European language of constitutionalism, which they not only learned to pronounce, but also could express new ideas in this language. At the same time, obtaining international standards is much more than adaptation, it was a mutual process. The real exchange of ideas was supported by the unique publicity that the international political situation offered to the new courts. Although only the Constitutional Court of South Africa is bound by the Constitution to consider foreign constitutional cases, constitutional courts today generally operate on a comparative law basis. On the other hand, László Szółom recalled a new mechanism of international cooperation: the Conference of European Constitutional Courts and the Commission for Democracy through Law («Venice Commission»). The integrative influence of the Venice Commission is indeed important and serves the globalization of constitutional justice.In addition, speaking about the specifics of constitutional control in Ukraine, it should be noted that as of 2019, it is a full-fledged special court, and not a political body. This conclusion follows both from its functions and scope of jurisdiction, and from the analysis of constitutional guarantees for it as a collegial body and judges. In this context, the position regarding the understanding of constitutional control as an important component (one of the mechanisms) of legal protection of the constitution is valuable. Research in this direction is a productive direction of the development of legal science. The updated judicial system has already found a common European language of constitutionalism, which they not only learned to pronounce, but also could express new ideas in this language. At the same time, obtaining international standards is much more than adaptation, it was a mutual process. The real exchange of ideas was supported by the unique publicity that the international political situation offered to the new courts. Although only the Constitutional Court of South Africa is bound by the Constitution to consider foreign constitutional cases, constitutional courts today generally operate on a comparative law basis. On the other hand, László Szółom recalled a new mechanism of international cooperation: the Conference of European Constitutional Courts and the Commission for Democracy through Law («Venice Commission»). The integrative influence of the Venice Commission is indeed important and serves the globalization of constitutional justice. In addition, speaking about the specifics of constitutional control in Ukraine, it should be noted that as of 2019, it is a full-fledged special court, and not a political body. This conclusion follows both from its functions and scope of jurisdiction, and from the analysis of constitutional guarantees for it as a collegial body and judges. In this context, the position regarding the understanding of constitutional control as an important component (one of the mechanisms) of legal protection of the constitution is valuable. Research in this direction is a productive direction of the development of legal science.

Legal Protection for Consumers and Organizers in Organizing Non-Bank International Money Transfers (Cross Border Remittance)

This research investigates the regulatory and supervisory system for non-bank international remittance service providers within the applicable legal framework. Through a descriptive-analytical approach, this research explores legal protection mechanisms for consumers and the role of government institutions in ensuring compliance and protection of consumer interests and market stability. Data was collected through analysis of regulatory documents, literature, and interviews with experts in the financial industry. The research findings highlight challenges in implementing regulations, a lack of consumer awareness, and the need for technological innovation to strengthen monitoring and reporting of financial transactions. Recommendations include strengthening international cooperation, consumer education, strengthening compliance and law enforcement, technological innovation, and collaboration with industry

Legal Protection for Patients in Therapeutic Agreements According to Islamic Law

A therapeutic agreement is an agreement formed as a result of an agreement between a doctor and a patient. This research examines the legal aspects of therapeutic agreements between doctors and patients in health services. This research aims to provide a legal protection mechanism for patients as one of the parties in a therapeutic agreement between a patient and a doctor. This research is useful for providing legal stability and patient protection in therapeutic agreements between patients and doctors. Apart from that, it can also be used as an effort for patients and doctors to understand their rights and obligations. The nature of the agreement between the doctor and the patient in providing patient services is that the aim of the agreement is an effort or therapy to cure the patient; Doctor-patient agreements have unique characteristics that differentiate them from other types of agreements; and an agreement between a doctor and a patient is not a resulting agreement because it does not concern the outcome of the medical services provided by the doctor or the conduct or treatment of those services. There are several principles of agreement in Islamic sharia law, including the principles of monotheism, permissibility, freedom of contract, justice, equality, honesty, trust, benefit and benefit, consensualism, binding promises, balance of performance, legal certainty, and personality.

Marketing research of honey consumer preferences in the markets of Kostanay region

Bee honey is a valuable, multicomponent unique product produced by bees from the nectar of honey plants. In the human diet, honey is an alternative to sugar and sugar-containing foods as a healthier food product.
 Within the framework of this article, a marketing study and analysis of preferences among consumers of honey and other bee products among residents of Kostanay and the region were conducted.
 Today, about 50% of honey is produced in China, Argentina, the USA, Ukraine, Turkey, and Russia. Honey exporting countries are characterized by flexible economic and organizational interaction. The main role is played by the mechanisms of legal protection and the developed infrastructure of the industry, which ensures full-fledged work, sales of products, and the receipt of foreign exchange earnings to the country's budget.
 The materials of this article contain an analysis of the types of bee products consumed, quality criteria when choosing honey, other bee products, as well as factors determining the choice of consumers. Also, the priorities of the origin of honey (apiaries) have been determined among consumers.
 The study grouped the key characteristics of honey consumers in the areas of Kostanay region that affect their behavior, desires and preferences. By quantitative analysis of the results of the survey of the target audience, an average portrait of buyers of honey and other bee products has been compiled, which can be used by entrepreneurs at all stages of planning and promoting their products.
 A literary review of the state of knowledge of this issue was conducted, citing articles from domestic and foreign sources.
 The results obtained can be used by domestic producers in the development and optimization of a strategy for promoting bee products.

TINDAKAN PREVENTIF DAN REPRESIF SEBAGAI UPAYA PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TINDAK PIDANA PEMERKOSA ANAK

Law Number 17 of 2016 concerning Child Protection provides special protection to children. This law regulates children's rights, parental responsibilities, child care, as well as handling cases of violence and abuse against children. This research aims to find out and explain the legal considerations taken by the judge in making a decision in the criminal case of child rape in case no. 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2023/PN Bbs and to find out and explain the legal protection mechanisms provided to children who are victims of rape.
 This type of research is Normative. In this research, there are three approaches applied, namely an approach through analysis of legal regulations (statute approach), a case study (case study), and a conceptual approach (conceptual approach). Systematic Accountability in this research focuses on examining the Judge's Decision in the Child Rape case with case number No. 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2023/PN Bbs in detail for each chapter and sub-chapter discussed, and provides supporting descriptions in the process of reviewing the Judge's Decision.
 Legal considerations (Ratio Decidendi) Decision No.1/Pid.Sus/Anak/ 2023/PNBBS consists of 4 elements, namely: Person or Human Element, Element of Deliberate Commitment of Deception, Element of Sexual Intercourse or Sexual Relations, Element of the person who commits it, the element that orders it to be carried out. and participate in doing it. The legal protection mechanism provided for child victims of rape is preventive: this can be done by providing information, education and understanding to the public about the applicable laws and regulations. Preventive Legal Protection Efforts by providing legal counseling, providing administrative sanctions, as well as crime prevention measures such as security patrols and security supervision. In a repressive way; Restitution and providing medical assistance/psycho-social rehabilitation assistance can be carried out in the context of restoring the victim's condition from all aspects. The restitution mechanism is regulated in Article 5 of PERMA Number 1 of 2022 concerning Procedures for Settlement of Applications and Providing Restitution and Compensation to Victims of Crime.

Strengthening Data Privacy Laws in the Age of IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a revolutionary leap in the interconnectivity of devices, systems, and services, offering unprecedented convenience and efficiency. However, this rapid expansion of IoT devices into every facet of our lives also amplifies critical vulnerabilities in data privacy. The recent surge in cyber-attacks targeting IoT devices underscores the urgent need to strengthen legal mechanisms for consumer protection in this digitally pervasive era. Current data privacy laws are outpaced by the speed at which IoT technology evolves and integrates into our daily routines. From smart homes to health-monitoring devices, the spectrum of IoT's influence is vast and deeply integrated into personal spaces, making the protection of consumer data not just a necessity but a right. In response to these challenges, this letter calls for a robust overhaul of data privacy laws tailored to the unique complexities presented by the IoT. The age of IoT demands a reimagined legal framework that can keep pace with technological advancements while safeguarding the privacy and security of individuals. By strengthening legal mechanisms, we can ensure that the benefits of the IoT revolution are realized without sacrificing the privacy rights of consumers. Let this call to action serve as a foundation for meaningful legal reforms and a secure, privacy-respecting digital future.

CIVILIAN HOSTAGE LEGAL PROTECTION IN TIMES OF WAR: PURSUING EFFECTIVE TOOLS TO ENSURE THEIR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS

This article explores the issue of legal protection for civilian hostages in times of war. The authors of the article set out to answer the question of whether effective instruments for safeguarding the rights and freedoms of this specific category of citizens can exist. The study delves into the procedural differences and challenges inherent in the legal protection of civilian hostages, which deviates significantly from the conventional mechanisms of citizen legal protection. In the article, the authors present arguments suggesting that the establishment of specialized legal clinics is one of the effective instruments to ensure the constitutional rights and freedoms of civilian hostages. However, such initiatives should be undertaken in collaboration with civil organizations specializing in matters related to this category. Furthermore, another crucial tool for their protection lies in seeking assistance from international human rights institutions and actively working towards their release from captivity. The authors conclude that this comprehensive approach constitutes an effective system for the legal protection of civilian hostages in times of war.

Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Investor Pada Aplikasi Investasi Saham Berbasis Online

The development of information technology has had a significant impact on the world of investment, with the emergence of online-based stock investment applications. Along with its popularity, legal protection of investors has become very important. This study aims to analyze and evaluate the legal protection mechanism provided to investors on online-based stock investment applications. The method applied in this legal research is the study of normative juridical research methods, which refers to research on substance analysis of laws and regulations, books, journals and papers as well as other jurisprudence. Normative research because research specifications are more made on secondary instructions in the library. The results showed that legal protection for investors in online stock investment applications involves various aspects, ranging from laws and regulations to internal policies of application organizers. Existing regulations, both national and international, provide a legal basis that protects the rights of investors, but there are still some weaknesses in their implementation. Legal uncertainty, information transparency, and the responsibility of application operators are crucial aspects that need to be improved to improve investor protection. Regulatory alignment, the active role of supervisory authorities, and education to investors are also key steps in improving legal protection for investors on online-based stock investment applications.

Research on Legal Issues of Ecological Protection of Cultivated Land in China under the Background of Food Security

A sound legal system for ecological protection of cultivated land plays an important role in ensuring ecological protection of cultivated land and food security. The legalization of ecological governance will inevitably become an important governance approach in China in the future. With the development of agriculture and the further expansion of urban scale in China, the sustained high-intensity utilization of arable land resources has led to severe degradation, quality decline, ecological imbalance, and insufficient reserve resources. The sustainable utilization of arable land resources is facing severe challenges. This requires stricter requirements for farmland protection work, clear implementation of hard measures for farmland protection, and adherence to the strictest farmland protection system while comprehensively promoting the rule of law and ensuring food security. By exploring the problems in China’s legal system for ecological protection of arable land, starting from timely strengthening the systematic legislation for ecological protection of arable land, improving the legal mechanism for ecological protection of arable land, improving legal measures for ecological control of arable land, and improving the legal protection system for pollution prevention and control of arable land, we aim to improve the legal system for ecological protection of arable land, promote the sustainable utilization of arable land resources, and ensure national food security.

The principle of the rule of law

This publication attempts to explore the rule of law as one of the fundamental principles of a state that proclaims itself to be a state governed by the rule of law. The author defines such concepts as "rule of law”, "rule of law”, "democracy", "state power”, "legality". Attention is paid to the basic concepts (procedural (formal) and substantive (substantive)) of understanding the phenomenon of "rule of law” and to the distinction of this principle among other social and legal regulators which affect the organization of state power within the legal framework. The author highlights the principles and basic elements (clarity, stability, judicial control, etc.), characteristic properties of the rule of law (the way of "building” state power on a legal basis; manifestation of natural law, etc.)
 The author presents a theoretical consideration of this principle in the field of organization of state power in society in broad ("rule of law over the state”) and narrow ("rule of law over the law”) aspects. The role and place of the rule of law as a legal value and the correlation of the Basic Law with the rule of law principle are clarified. In our country, this principle is proclaimed and operates as the basis of the constitutional order. The state should create reliable and favorable conditions for the implementation of the rule of law in all social relations, enshrine guarantees of its enforcement and a mechanism of legal protection in case of violation of this principle at the legislative level, as these are its priorities, since in a state governed by the rule of law, a person, his or her life, health, honor, dignity, rights and security are the highest values. Ensuring the protection of all these values should be the main goal of legal science and practice.
 This paper also formulates conclusions that summarize the rule of law as a fundamental principle of the rule of law, its main features and components, and its importance and role for Ukraine as a country governed by the rule of law.

Copyrights to the Results of Artificial Intelligence Activity and Means of Their Protection

Objective: to substantiate the mechanisms of legal protection of intellectual property objects created with the use of artificial intelligence.Methods: the use of artificial intelligence to create works that are traditionally considered copyright objects was investigated with a set of general scientific and theoretical-legal methods of scientific cognition, including comparison, analogy and synthesis. In addition, the practice of using artificial intelligence, including neural networks, to create such works was considered in several aspects on the basis of retrospective and multifactor analysis.Results: the paper summarizes the current practice of using artificial intelligence to create works that traditionally belong to intellectual property objects (texts, images, music, software), taking into account the formulated scientific and legal positions. Several qualitatively different variants of the use of artificial intelligence were identified. For each of these variants the mechanism of legal protection was proposed and the areas of their effective application were indicated. Proposals were made to regulate the legal protection of the results of artificial intelligence activity; this was made not in the paradigm of competing doctrines, but by combining several tools, each of them to be applied in a relevant situation.Scientific novelty: the paper presents ontological differentiation of the results of artificial intelligence activity and the corresponding mechanisms of their legal protection. The author propose to consider the results of activity created by artificial intelligence not as a single object of legal regulation, but as a set of externally similar, but ontologically different objects, each requiring a separate approach to legal protection.Practical significance: the ontological differentiation of the results of artificial intelligence activity and their corresponding legal protection mechanisms proposed in this paper is relevant both as a basis for further research and as proposals to supplement civil legislation.

Addressing Multi-Unit Residential Management Conflicts: A Legal Study

This study delves into the legal complexities and challenges arising from the management dualism disputes within the Association of Occupants and Owners of Flat Units (P3SRS) at the Bogor Valley Apartment. The research adopts a normative juridical approach, focusing on the analysis of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials through comprehensive library research. Central to this investigation is the exploration of the authority of P3SRS under Article 27 of the Regulation of the Minister of PUPR Number 14 of 2021. The study reveals that the existing dual administrations within the P3SRS lack the legitimate authority to manage the interests of the apartment's owners and residents as stipulated by the regulation. This situation has led to significant legal issues, primarily triggered by the dismissal and replacement of P3SRS management. The research further examines legal protection mechanisms for residents and owners affected by this dualism, highlighting two primary approaches: 'preventive legal protection' through government-led socialization and awareness campaigns, and 'repressive legal protection' as outlined in existing housing laws and regulations. Additionally, the study discusses the role of the independent Notary Honor Council (MKN) in providing legal protection for notaries concerning their civil responsibilities and the creation of legal documents. The findings underscore the necessity for clear regulatory frameworks and effective legal protection strategies to address and mitigate the challenges posed by management dualism in residential unit associations, providing valuable insights for policymakers, legal practitioners, and residents of multi-unit dwellings.Highlights:
 
 The study identifies illegal authority in dual residential management structures, highlighting a lack of legitimate power in handling owner and resident interests.
 It emphasizes the necessity of preventive legal protection, advocating for government-led awareness initiatives to educate communities about residential management laws.
 The research underscores the importance of repressive legal measures, detailing how existing housing regulations provide protection against management conflicts.
 
 Keywords: Residential Management, Legal Dualism, Preventive Protection, Repressive Protection, Regulatory Framework

The emotional sphere of an employee as an object of legal protection

The issue of protecting the emotional sphere of an employee in the structure of personal non-property rights in the science of labor law has not yet been subjected to a separate scientific analysis, but now it is being updated more than ever. This is primarily due to the fact that in the modern information society, in the conditions of service economy, when the usual way of labor relations, inherent in the era of industrial labor, is changing, the problem of determining the boundaries of the employer's power over the employee again comes to the fore. Only now these boundaries need to be set, taking into account not only physical, but also psycho-emotional professional risks. The article attempts to substantiate the category of "emotional" rights of an employee as the main object of protection in the structure of the employee's personal non-property rights. The analysis of scientific literature, normative regulation and law enforcement practice on the issues under study shows that the universal recognition of the importance of personal non-property rights does not ensure the effectiveness of their legal protection, which in turn is associated with the uncertainty of the object of protection of personal non-property labor rights. On this basis, it is proposed to specify and clarify the object of legal protection in the construction of personal non-property labor rights, which, from the point of view of the author, includes the psycho-emotional sphere of the employee. This approach allows to define the mechanism of legal protection of personal non-property labor rights in a more constructive way.

International Treaties of the Russian Federation on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of an Armed Conflict and the Establishment of Criminal Liability for Encroachments on It

The article is devoted to the analysis of international and national laws on criminal liability for infringements on cultural values in the event of an armed conflict. According to statistical data, 54 armed conflicts happened in the world in 2021, and resulted not only in the loss of human life and destruction, but also in the loss of cultural property. The objects of research are international treaties of the Russian Federation and the norms of national legislation: the Hague Convention On the Laws and Customs of War on Land of 1907; the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of 1954 and its protocols; Additional Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims of 1949; Manual on International Humanitarian Law for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation; the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The authors analyze the legal conceptual apparatus used in these documents, as well as the theoretical approaches to understanding it, and give their own assessment of the quality and specifics of terminology. The article presents the characteristics of the historical development of the international legal protection mechanism for the abovementioned objects, as well as the implementation of these norms in the national criminal legislation of the Russian Federation. The conducted research revealed some drawbacks in establishing liability within the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the inclusion of formal elements of crimes under different chapters, and the absence of necessary features in the description of crimes. Special attention is paid to the analysis of Art. 356 of the CC of the RF within the context of using it for crimes against cultural property in the event of an armed conflict. According to the authors, such legal recognition could have a negative impact on the possibility of bringing the guilty persons to justice. As a result of their research, the authors put forward a suggestion to divide infringements on cultural property in the event of an armed conflict into war crimes committed by combatants, and crimes committed by civilians. The authors use this classification to describe the specifics of the possible inclusion of corpus delicti within the criminal law.

The primary principles of social protection in the context of social risk

The article elucidates the inherent nature, structure, and substance of the foundational principles underpinning social protection in Ukraine, especially within the purview of social risk. These principles form the bedrock of the legal mechanisms governing social protection. A salient discovery is that Ukraine's legal mechanism for social protection operates under a dual- principled framework: the primary, universally acknowledged legal principles and the specialized principles, predominantly the principles of social protection. The overarching legal principles serve as cardinal ideas that enable the aforementioned mechanisms to seamlessly integrate and evolve within Ukraine's legal infrastructure. This ensures that there are no inadvertent risks to the prevailing legal framework in general and particularly in the social domain. The principles of social protection are pivotal, guiding the functioning and evolution of the associated legal mechanisms, particularly in alignment with the objectives of social law and, more specifically, the goals of social protection. Two primary facets underscore this prominence. Firstly, these principles provide depth to the overarching legal principles, contextualized within the realm of social protection and the broader social existence of individuals, society, and the state. This context is notably susceptible to the challenges posed by social risks. Secondly, they serve as the foundational tenets of the aforementioned legal mechanism. This underscores their role as core guiding concepts in the formulation, execution, and enhancement of this legal mechanism's operations. The primary special principles of the legal mechanism for social protection, within the context of social risk, encompass the subsequent principles of social protection: the principle of humanistic social justice; the principle of universality and accessibility; the principle of consistency and complexity; the principle of resocialization; the principle of adaptability; the principle of targeted social protection; and the principle of reliability. The article's conclusions consolidate the research findings, emphasizing that the principles of social protection are both a cornerstone of social law and the foundation for the establishment, refinement, and functionality of Ukraine's legal mechanism for social protection. This understanding is paramount when considering the socio-legal phenomenon of social risk.

Legal regulation of non-property right to an image

Today, the image of a person occupies the core of the communication process, as it is present everywhere and there are a large number of uses of it every day, whether it is taken professionally or not, and there are countless cases where the image is sold and traded in exchange for money, as the right to an image is the right of the person who presents it to oppose the publication of his or her image and to sell it when necessary. Everyone has the right to an image, regardless of whether it is anonymous or famous. This right is governed by civil law and is therefore different from copyright (which is governed by intellectual property law). This article analyses the multiplicity of rights to images and the classic conflict between the right to an image and copyright. The author analyses the main mechanisms of legal protection of a person's image in certain jurisdictions, both within the civil law and common law tradition. The classical approach considers image rights as an external limitation of copyright, and therefore characterises the relationship between image rights and copyright as predominantly conflictual in nature.
 Nevertheless, one can also focus on the overlaps between the right to self-image and copyright, as both are intangible assets that combine both extra-patrimonial and patrimonial interests. In this respect, copyright can serve as a model for the possible creation of a European patrimonial right to the image. Although the idea of promoting the recognition or creation of a new intellectual property right to protect the economic attributes of a person's image in the national jurisdictions of EU Member States, inspired by the American right of publicity, is not new and has been put forward by doctrinal circles in both civil law and common law traditions, the new boundless realities of image dissemination and commercialisation, as well as the establishment of reliable protection for the dignified attributes of a person's image in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, underline the need and possibility of constructing a European patrimonial right to one's own image. The unique prototype of copyright consisting of a synthesis of non-patrimonial and patrimonial interests can be used as a model for the construction of such a right.

Legal Protection for Victims of Medical Malpractice during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study on Legislation

This study examines the forms of legal protection available for victims of medical malpractice. This study uses normative legal research with a statute approach. The collected legal material is then qualitatively analyzed to describe the problem and answer the study objectives. The results show that the complexity of health service provision during the COVID-19 pandemic increases the risk of errors and medical malpractice. The Government has established a series of legal protections, including civil, criminal, and administrative, to facilitate victims of medical malpractice claim their rights. Civil legal protection ensures patients’ rights to seek compensation through out-of-court dispute resolution, such as negotiation, mediation, and arbitration. Meanwhile, criminal legal protection regulated punishments such as imprisonment or a fine for doctors proven guilty of medical malpractice. On the other hand, administrative legal protection provides a complaint mechanism for patients, ensuring that the Government and Honorary Council will impose administrative sanctions on doctors proven guilty of medical malpractice. Therefore, it is recommended that the Government continue strengthening and enhancing public awareness regarding patients’ rights and the available legal protection mechanisms, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This role is crucial for empowering the community to protect themselves from potential medical malpractice. Furthermore, healthcare personnel should be given maximum support through adequate facilities and equipment provision, as well as capacity enhancement through ongoing training and education, to enable them to provide optimal health services in the face of this pandemic challenge. In addition, there needs to be a strengthening of the monitoring system and legislation to prevent and effectively handle medical malpractice cases.

The legal mechanism for environmental protection in Ukraine

Purpose. To study the aspects of implementing the legal mechanism of environmental protection (LMEP) and the requirements for it. To propose a definition of the “LMEP” concept. To develop recommendations for improving the legal mechanism, propose measures for its implementation and determine its main components. Methodology. The study uses general and special methods of cognition: comparative analysis – to establish LMEP indicators; critical analysis – for formation of requirements for LMEP and its definition; abstract-logical analysis – to determine the need for strategic dynamic approach to the implementation of LMEP; induction and deduction – to offer tool of “feedback” between the implementation of legal norms, and the effectiveness of their practical implementation; logical abstraction - for development of recommendations improving LMEP, measures for its implementation, its components, and the codification of environmental legal provisions. Findings. The requirements for the LMEP implementation are specified. Indicators for evaluating the LMEP effectiveness are proposed. “Feedback” tool between the implementation of environmental and legal norms and the effectiveness of their practical implementation and mechanism for the gradual adaptation of these norms are proposed. The definition of the concept “legal mechanism of environmental protection” is proposed. The absence of systematic approach and the insufficiency of analytical work at the stage of preparation of normative legal acts and after their adoption are pointed out. Specific ways of solving this problem are proposed. In order to prevent offenses, the need to increase the role of administrative justice in environmental protection cases and to expand the application of administrative law for this purpose is indicated. Originality. The necessity of forming a strategic dynamic approach to the implementation of LMEP and adjusting the adoption of its stages in view of the effectiveness of tools for the development of legal and environmental awareness of citizens is indicated. Practical value. The proposed regulatory clarification of the concept of “significant damage” will strengthen compliance with the principle of matching the violation with the punishment.

Retracted: Construction of Online Shopping Legal Protection Mechanism Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology

Retracted: Construction of Online Shopping Legal Protection Mechanism Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology

LEGAL STABILITY OF THE STATE STATUS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE GLOBALIZATION CRISIS: REVIEW OF THE BOOK «CRIMINAL LEGAL GUARANTEES OF SOVEREIGNTY STATES (COMPARATIVE LEGAL STUDY)»

Law, as a civilized form of regulation of social and international relations, among other things, must provide stable guarantees to subjects of legal relations to protect their status and that in the event of an illegal invasion of these rights, laws and international treaties will provide victims with an appropriate mechanism of legal protection, and vi- the new ones will be guaranteed fair and inevitable punishment. The objectives of scientific developments in the field of legal guarantees to states, as subjects of legal relations, are to summarize existing knowledge in this area and develop reasonable proposals for improving international legal mechanisms for the protection of rights. In 2023, at the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, an experienced scientific team, based on the application of the method of systemic and comparative legal research, generalized knowledge in the field of criminal legal guarantees of state sovereignty. Based on the research carried out, «the Prospekt» publishing house published a scientific and practical manual «Criminal legal guarantees of state sovereignty (comparative legal research)» under the responsible editorship of experienced legal scholars I.I. Kucherova, S.L. Nudel and O.I. Semykina. The team of authors united both experienced scientists recognized by the scientific community and representatives of the new generation of researchers of state legal and international legal sciences. This article reviews the named scientific and practical manual, highlights the starting points of the generalizations made, notes the positive aspects of the publication and issues that remained debatable after reading it. It is noted that the published scientific and practical manual is a convenient and useful tool for carrying out research, educational and educational activities.