Mechanism Of Ethanol Extract Research Articles

Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms of Ethanol Extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Magnolia officinalis against Phytophthora nicotianae

Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms of Ethanol Extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Magnolia officinalis against Phytophthora nicotianae

Anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of ethanol extract from Saposhnikoviae Radix in LPS-induced inflammation mouse model

This paper aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory effect of ethanol extract from Saposhnikoviae Radix in a lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation mouse model and its regulation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. The ethanol extract from Saposhnikoviae Radix was separated and purified on the macroporous adsorption resin and its main chemical components were identified by UPLC-QE/MS. The identification results showed that the top ten components of ethanol extract from Saposhnikoviae Radix were mainly chromones and coumarins. A mouse model of inflammation induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS was used to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extract from Saposhnikoviae Radix after intragastric administration for seven successive days. Mice in all groups except for the control group were treated with intraperitoneal injection of LPS(0.015 g·kg~(-1)) one hour after the last administration, and twelve hours later, the blood was sampled and separated and the broncoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) was collected. The levels of nitric oxide(NO), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6), and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) in mouse serum and BALF were detected by ELISA. The harvested lung tissue was stained with hematoxylin-eosin(HE) for observing the pathological changes, followed by the detection of protein expression levels of related molecules in TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway by Western blotting. The results showed that the ethanol extract from Saposhnikoviae Radix significantly ameliorated the pathological conditions in lung tissue of model mice, reversed the increase in NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels of mouse serum and BALF, down-regulated the protein expression levels of Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor(MyD88), and phosphorylated nuclear transcription factor κB-p65/nuclear transcription factor κB-p65(P-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65), and up-regulated the NF-κB inhibitory protein α(IκBα). The ethanol extract from Saposhnikoviae Radix exhibited a good anti-inflammatory effect in the LPS-induced acute inflammation muse model, which might be related to the inhibition of the activation of TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway. Chromones and coumarins have been proved to be the active components for its anti-inflammatory effects.

Anti-allergic Assessment of Ethanol Extractives of Quisqualis Indica Linn

Aim:The present work was aimed at finding out the anti-allergic activity of ethanol extracts of Quisqualis indica Linn. (EEQI) by in-vitro and in-vivo murine models.Background:Worldwide, the rise in the prevalence of allergic diseases has continued in the industrialized world for more than 50 years. About 0.05-2% of the population is estimated to experience anaphylaxis at some point in life. Quisqualis indica Linn in an ornamental plant that has been rarely used as a herbal medicine, however, the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and immunomodulatory activity, which have some pathological relevance with anaphylaxis.Objective:The objective of the present research was to investigate, scientifically explore and understand the probable anti-anaphylactic mechanism of ethanol extracts of Quisqualis indica Linn. via different preclinical models.Material and Method:In-vitro study was done on de-granulated mesenteric mast cells induced by compound 48/80 and in-vivo study was done by Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis (PCA) model. In the in-vitro study degranulated mesenteric cells were grouped into negative control (compound 48/80 treated), positive control (Disodium cromoglycate + 48/80 treated) and 3 test groups (EEQI 10 μg/ml + 48/80 treated, EEQI 50 μg/ml + 48/80 treated and EEQI 100 μg/ml + 48/80 treated). The number of degranulated mast cells was counted and compared within the different treatment groups. In the in-vivo study, the rats were first grouped into negative control (vehicle only), positive control (Disodium cromoglycate) and 2 test groups (EEQI: 100 and 200 mg/kilogram). The animals were pretreated for 12 days. On the 12th day, all the rats were immunized with serum anti-ovalbumin (obtained from an already sensitized rat) by the intradermal route. After 24 h of serum injection, Evans blue dye containing oval albumin was administered intravenously in all groups. Three days later, the rats were taken down for the severity of the anaphylactic reactions.Result:EEQI significantly attenuates mast cell degranulation and maintains cell intactness as compared to control (P < 0.001). It was set up to support the degree of anaphylaxis as compared to the control group (P < 0.001).Conclusion:The outcomes of the work revealed the preventive effect of Quisqualis indica Linn. against allergic manifestations.

Improvement effect and mechanism of ethanol extract from Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium on triglyceride in hyperlipidemia model rat

The aim of this paper was to study the improvement effect of ethanol extract from Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium(CRP) on triglyceride of hyperlipidemia model rats, and to explore the possible mechanism. SD rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, positive control group, and high, medium and low-dose CRP ethanol extract groups, with 10 rats in each group. During the experiment, except for the normal group that was fed with distilled water and ordinary feed, rats in the other groups were given different concentrations of alcohol and fed with high-sugar and fat diets. All rats were given free diets. While being modeled, each group was administered with 0.01 mL·g~(-1) by gavage once a day for six weeks. Blood samples were collected after two weeks, four weeks and six weeks of drug treatment. After the completion of the experiment, blood, liver and adipose tissue were collected. Triglyceride(TG), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alkaline phosphatase(ALP) in serum, TG in liver tissue and TG in fecal were detected. Free fatty acid(FFA) and triglyceride-related hydrolase, such as adipose tiglyceride lipase(ATGL), lipoprotein lipase(LPL), hepatic lipase(HL), hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase(HSL) were detected by ELISA. The mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors(PPARγ), sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 c(SREBP-1 c) and farnesoid X receptor(FXR) were determined by RT-PCR. Compared with the model group, each administration group could reduce TG levels in serum and liver to varying degrees, reduce serum ALT, AST, ALP activities, significantly reduce free fatty acid content in serum, significantly increase triglyceride metabolism-related enzymes, including fat ATGL, LPL and liver HL content, and significantly reduced the content of fat HSL. According to the study of transcriptional regulation genes relating to triglyceride metabolism, extract from CRP could significantly increase the mRNA expressions of PPARγ and FXR. In conclusion, ethanol extract from CRP could ob-viously reduce the TG level of hyperlipidemia model rats, and might reduce plasma TG content by increasing PPARγ-LPL/ATGL and FXR-HL triglyceride hydrolysis pathways.

A study on Anti-diabetic Mechanism of Ethanol Extract of Dendrobii Herba

A study on Anti-diabetic Mechanism of Ethanol Extract of Dendrobii Herba

Anti-radiation effect and mechanism studies of ethanol extracts from Spatholobus suberectus and its active component catechin

To study the anti-radiation effect and mechanism of ethanol extracts from Spatholobus suberectus and its active component catechin, ICR mice were exposed to 6Gy irradiation and randomly divided into normal group, model group, positive control group (amifostine, 43.6 mg•kg⁻¹, iv 30 min before irradiation), SSD group (10, 20, 40 g•kg⁻¹) and catechin group (50, 100, 200 mg•kg⁻¹). The mice were administered the appropriate drugs once a day after irradiation for 28 consecutive days. Blood samples were collected from the tail end and the number of peripheral blood cells was counted before irradiation and on day 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 using a microcell counter. Changes of thymus and spleen index of mice on day 7 were observed. The serum SOD, GSH-Px activity and MDA level were detected by the colorimetric method. The colony forming ability of bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells on day 7 was detected by semi solid culture method. The HE staining was adopted to observe the pathological changes. The apoptosis of bone marrow cells was detected by flow cytometry. The expression of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax of bone marrow cells were measured separately by western-blotting and immunohistochemistry method. SSD and catechin can both significantly revert the irradiated-induced decline in hematological parameters (RBC, WBC, PLT, Hb), improve thymus and spleen index, significantly enhance serum SOD and GSH-Px activity and decrease the MDA level. The proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells in bone marrow were promoted, the apoptosis of bone marrow cells was significantly up-regulated and the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax was significantly reduced in SSD and catechin group. SSD and catechin have significant anti-radiation effect and its mechanism may be related to hematopoietic promoting, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.

Anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extract from Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb: Involvement of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and mediators

Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb is an annual or biennial plant of Melilotus genus in the Leguminosae family, which was used for treatment of inflammation-related diseases. The paper aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of ethanol extracts from M. suaveolens Ledeb. RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with 10 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and intervened with 1 to 10 μg/ml ethanol extracts of M. suaveolens Ledeb. Several pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin (IL)-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were studied by the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis, real time – polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot, respectively. The anti-inflammatory cytokines and mediators, such as IL-10 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), were also investigated by the same method. The activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) was studied using immunocytochemistry assay. Meanwhile, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint was used to elucidate the active compounds in the extracts. The results showed that the extracts of M. suaveolens Ledeb have an anti-inflammatory effect by down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators, such as iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β and TNF-α gene expression through the suppression of NF-κB activation. At the same time, the extracts increased anti-inflammatory cytokines and mediators IL-10 and HO-1. HPLC fingerprint chromatography of the M. suaveolens Ledeb extracts showed that coumarin is one of the main anti-inflammation compounds present in the plant, which is likely to be the basis of its anti-inflammation effect. The findings demonstrated that ethanol extracts from M. suaveolens Ledeb have great anti-inflammatory activities, which may be due to its dual effects on antagonizing pro-inflammatory and augmenting anti-inflammatory mediators. Key words: Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb, ethanol extract, anti-inflammatory effects, pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), anti-inflammatory cytokines and mediators.