Mechanism Of Spatial Differentiation Research Articles

Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Museums in Jining, China

In order to provide some reference suggestions for promoting the high-quality development of museums in prefecture-level cities and enhancing the regional cultural competitiveness based on an in-depth understanding of the evolutionary characteristics and the influence mechanism of spatial differentiation during the development of museums, 54 museums in Jining (China) were taken as the research object. The study analysed the spatial distribution characteristics of museums in each county and district of Jining and the main influencing factors were explored. The results showed that: (1) museums in Jining tend to be cohesively distributed, mainly concentrated in the central to the northern part of Jining, followed by the north-western part, with a minor distribution in the eastern and southern parts, and the distribution of museums was uneven within Jining; (2) in terms of spatial distribution, museums in Jining have formed a major aggregation area of Qufu-Yanzhou-Rencheng, as well as a sub-aggregation area, centred on Liangshan, and Weishan, Yutai, and other places in southern Jining, although there were museums distributed, compared to the overall distribution, they were fewer in number, smaller in scope, and less evident in aggregation. (3) In terms of influencing factors, the distribution pattern of museums in Jining was related to resource endowment, highway accessibility, and water distribution, i.e., the distribution of museums was more frequent in areas with more natural and historical resources, a developed highway network, and areas near rivers or lakes. The socio-economic situation, the degree of tourism development, and the degree of population density also affected the layout of museums to a certain extent.

Spatio-temporal variations of ecosystem service value and its spatial heterogeneity mechanism in the Dongjiang River Basin, China.

Comprehensive and deep research on the variations of ecosystem service value (ESV) based on land utilization/land cover change from a spatio-temporal perspective is of great significance for regional ecosystem optimization, as well as coordinated sustainable development of natural environment and economic society. Based on land utilization, natural environment, and socio-economic data of Dongjiang River Basin from 2010 to 2020, combined with hotspot analysis tools and local spatial autocorrelation analysis methods, we comprehensively analyzed the spatio-temporal variations of Dongjiang River Basin ESV, and further explored the spatial differentiation mechanism with geographic detector tools. The results showed that Dongjiang River Basin was dominated by forest ecosystem from 2010 to 2020. The construction land area had expanded significantly mainly from arable land and forest. The Dongjiang River Basin ESV showed a downward and then an upward trend. The ESV of arable land, forest and construction land continuously decreased, and the ESV of water decreased first and then increased substantially. The spatial distribution of ESV hot and cold spots had a significant agglomeration effect, presenting a pattern of hot spot dispersion in the upstream area and cold spots aggregation in the downstream area. The ESV distribution in the upstream and downstream area was not balanced, with the downstream area bearing greater ecological stress. According to the detection results of ESV spatial differentiation mechanism, land utilization was the main factor affecting the spatial differentiation, with the spatial difference of ESV (q value) reaching 0.462. The interaction of factors could greatly strengthen the spatial differentiation effect on Dongjiang River Basin ESV.

Geographical Patterns and Influencing Mechanisms of Digital Rural Development Level at the County Scale in China

Digital rural development has become an emerging dynamic force for high-quality rural development in China. This paper constructs the “environmental-economic-social” analysis framework for digital rural development, analyzes the spatial variation of the digital rural development level (DRDL) in Chinese counties in 2020, and conducts the factor detection and interaction detection of its influencing factors. It is found that: (1) digital rural development has its own unique spatial differentiation mechanism, which can be analyzed from three dimensions: environmental system, economic system, and social system, which play a fundamental role, decisive role, and a magnifying effect on digital rural development, respectively. (2) The DRDL in China’s counties has significant spatial distribution, spatial correlation, and spatial clustering characteristics. The DRDL in general shows a decreasing distribution trend from coastal to inland regions, and the overall differences in DRDL mainly come from intra-regional differences rather than inter-regional differences. The rural infrastructure digitalization dimension has stronger spatial correlation while the spatial correlation of the rural governance digitalization dimension is weaker. There are obvious hotspot and coldspot areas in the DRDL, with large differences between the coldspot and hotspot areas of different sub-dimensions. (3) The spatial divergence of the DRDL is closely related to geographical elements and is the result of the combined effect of several geographical factors. The factor detection results show that the dominant factors within the four regions are significant different. The interaction detection results show that the driving force of the two-factor interaction is stronger than that of the single-factor interaction and that the interaction among the factors further deepens the spatial differentiation of the DRDL.

Study on Spatio-Temporal Evolution Law and Driving Mechanism of PM2.5 Concentration in Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan Urban Agglomeration

Since the 21st century, China has made many explorations to alleviate the increasingly serious air pollution problem. This study analyses the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and future development of PM2.5 concentration in the Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan urban agglomeration from 2008 to 2019. In addition, the driving mechanism of spatial differentiation of PM2.5 concentration in this urban agglomeration was also investigated. The results were as follows. Firstly, the PM2.5 concentration showed a trend of gradual decline between 2008 and 2019. Secondly, the PM2.5 concentration distribution was high in the northwest and low in the southeast. Thirdly, PM2.5 concentration showed a strong spatial agglomeration. Fourth, except for some rural areas of Chaling County and Yanling County, the concentration of PM2.5 in other areas was very likely to continue the past trend of gradual decline. Finally, natural and meteorological conditions played a leading role in the evolution of PM2.5 concentration. The influence of socioeconomic factors is small now, but the trend is increasing. To improve air quality deeply, policymakers need to promote comprehensive control of regional air pollution by simultaneously reducing emissions and taking comprehensive treatment. They also need to strengthen supervision to prevent excessive pollution in some rural areas from worsening air quality in the surrounding areas.

Quantifying the spatial differentiation mechanism of land use degree

The land use degree reflects the land use due to natural factors and human activities, and thus, its spatial differentiation analysis and the study of factors influencing it is of great importance. Although the mechanisms by which changes in factors affect land use have been extensively studied, the impact of factor variations on spatial differentiation of land use degree remains poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, we applied geographical detector, a new tool of spatial statistics, and used spatial autocorrelation and GIS spatial analyses to study the interactive effects of factors on land use degree and their changes in Sichuan, western China and identified the most appropriate characteristics and scope of factors. The land use degree showed an increasing trend. The geographical differentiation of land use was significant, with a high land use degree in the Chengdu Plain and its surrounding areas in the east, a low land use degree in the plateau area of western Sichuan and a significant aggregated distribution. Topographic relief, elevation, annual average temperature, geomorphic type, ≥10°C accumulated temperature, and other factors provided a good explanation for the variability in the land use degree. There were interactive effects of factors that influenced the land use degree. The synergistic effects of factors exhibited mutual and non-linear enhancement relationships, and the interaction of the factors enhanced the influence of individual factors. The most appropriate characteristics and scope of the main factors revealed by our study will contribute to a better understanding of the influences of factors on the changes in land use and their driving mechanisms.

The Trend of Grassland Restoration and Its Driving Forces in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China from 1988 to 2018

Since the implementation of the grassland ecological protection policy of prohibition grazing on natural grasslands throughout the territory in 2003, the growth of grasslands in Ningxia has improved. This study investigated the spatial differentiation mechanism of normalized vegetation index (NDVI) in Ningxia grasslands from 1988 to 2018, analyzed the relative contributions of climate change (CC) and human activities (HA) to NDVI changes, and predicted the future trend of grassland changes. The results show that except in winter, the annual, seasonal and monthly average values of NDVI after grazing prohibition were higher than those before grazing prohibition. After grazing prohibition, the growth rate decreased by 17.91%, but the degradation rate increased by 3.92%. After grazing prohibition, the proportion of medium coverage increased by 16.15%, mainly in the path of “lower coverage grassland→medium coverage grassland”. The transformation trend was mainly positive, and the ecological construction project has achieved remarkable results. The main factors affecting NDVI differentiation in Ningxia grassland were snow depth, potential evapotranspiration, radiation, and precipitation. After grazing prohibition, the explanatory power of each factor and the interaction between the factors decreased significantly, but the explanatory power of wind speed was greatly improved. After the grazing prohibition, 53.22% of the total area was affected by human activities and climate change. The relative contribution of human activities decreased in NDVI-increased areas but increased in NDVI-decreased areas.

Quantitative Attribution Analysis of the Spatial Differentiation of Gully Erosion in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China

Gully erosion is the major soil erosion type in the black soil region of Northeast China. However, studies on multifactor synthesis at a large scale and on the driving mechanism of spatial differentiation are still relatively lacking for gully erosion in this region. In this study, the simulation of gully erosion and its quantitative attribution analysis have been conducted in the Sancha River catchment in Northeast China, based on high-resolution satellite imagery mapping and the geodetector method. A total of 18 indicators in 6 categories, including topography, climate and weather, soil properties, lithology, land use, have been taken into consideration. The influence of each influencing factor and its interactive influence on gully erosion were quantitatively evaluated. The results showed that at the large catchment scale, the submeter images had a strong capacity for the recognition of a permanent gully and obtained satisfactory results. According to the results of the geodetector, lithology and soil type are the main factors that affect the spatial differentiation of gully erosion in the Sancha River basin, because their interpretation power for gully density and gully intensity was close to 10%. The lithology belonged to gray–white matter rhyolite, spherulite rhyolite, and crystal clastic tuff, with the highest gully density and intensity. The interpretation power of the secondary factors, including rainfall erosivity, watershed area, elevation, soil erodibility, land use pattern, slope, and distance from the river, amounted to more than 1%. The interactions among most driving factors showed nonlinear enhancement. The influence of the interaction between lithology and soil type appeared to be the largest. In particular, the lithology of different soil types accounted for 28.7% and 32.5% of the gully density and gully intensity. The interaction of factors had a stronger influence on the spatial differentiation of gully erosion than any single factor.

How did the Chinese Loess Plateau turn green from 2001 to 2020? An explanation using satellite data

Vegetation growth of the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) has improved since the launch of the Grain to Green Programme. This study examined the mechanism of spatial differentiation of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the relative contributions of climate variations (CV) and human activities (HA) to variations in inter-annual NDVI in the CLP for 2001–2020. The response of NDVI to afforestation was examined and the trend of projected future NDVI was identified using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and other correlative data. The results showed that: (1) precipitation, sunshine duration, relative humidity, solar radiations, and vegetation type were the dominant factors affecting the spatial distribution of NDVI. All interactive explanatory powers of two factors exceeded those of any individual factor, and the interactions between natural and anthropogenic factors had significant effects on NDVI. (2) Variation in NDVI in 88.77% of the total area was influenced by the combined effect of HA and CV, and HA was the dominant factor with relative a contribution of 68.44%. (3) There was an increasing (2001–2005) followed by a decreasing (2006–2019) pattern of annual area of afforestation in each province. The seven provinces showed extremely significant correlations (p < 0.01) between the cumulative area of afforestation and NDVI. (4) The trend in the change in NDVI exhibited the unsustainability of development of the CLP, with 63.20% of regions at risk of vegetation degradation. Finally, the present study suggests that forests in arid and semi-arid areas following a row-belt distribution with low coverage composed of narrow forest belts (covering an area of 15–25%) and wide natural vegetation restoration (covering an area of 75–85%) may be more appropriate for restoration of the regional ecology.

Eco-environmental effects and spatial differentiation mechanism of land use transition in agricultural areas of arid oasis: A perspective based on the dominant function of production-living-ecological spaces

Eco-environmental effects and spatial differentiation mechanism of land use transition in agricultural areas of arid oasis: A perspective based on the dominant function of production-living-ecological spaces

Urbanization has changed the distribution pattern of zooplankton species diversity and the structure of functional groups

Urbanization has brought devastating disasters to the species diversity of urban wetlands. However, due to the complexity of the urban environment, the process and causes of urban biodiversity distribution patterns are not clear. In this study, we explored the patterns and formation of spatial differentiation in zooplankton in the context of urbanization by using spatial instead of temporal methods to reveal the urbanization process in the urban intensive Huaihe River Basin. The results showed that the diversity of zooplankton decreased with increasing urbanization level, and the species composition in areas with different urbanization levels was significantly different. At the same time, the water quality of wetlands increased with decreasing urbanization level, which exhibited a significant positive correlation with the species richness of zooplankton. Total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) were the main factors affecting the spatial differentiation pattern of zooplankton. Moreover, the increase in nutrients changed the structure of zooplankton functional groups, while rotifers showed strong resistance to pollution. The inhibition of chromium (Cr) on the density of zooplankton functional groups should not be ignored. The results reveal the spatial differentiation mechanism of zooplankton in the process of urbanization and emphasize the necessity of urban wetland ecological restoration and habitat reconstruction.

Spatial differentiation of carbon emissions from residential energy consumption: A case study in Kaifeng, China

Effective strategies, policies and measures for carbon emission reduction need to be developed and implemented according to good understanding of both local conditions and spatial differentiation mechanism of energy consumption associated with human activities at high resolution. In the study, we first collected statistical yearbooks, high resolution remotely sensed imageries, and 3895 usable questionnaires for the urban areas of Kaifeng; then measured the carbon emissions from household energy consumption, using the accounting method provided in the IPCC GHG Inventory Guidelines; and finally applied both exploratory and explanatory statistical methods to characterize the spatial pattern of carbon emissions at high resolution, identify key influencing factors, and gain better understanding of the spatial differentiation mechanism of urban residential carbon emissions. Our study reached the following conclusions: (1) Central heating facilities with controllable flow are important for carbon emissions reduction, but its spatial distribution shows unfairness; (2) Spatial clusters of high carbon emission areas were primarily located in the outer suburbs of the city, validated to some extent the hypothesis that urban sprawl has a driving effect on the increasing urban residential carbon emissions; (3) Factors like size of residential area, family structure, life style, personal preference and behavior rather than household income have significant impacts on household carbon emissions, implying that effective control of residential areas, promotion of family life and low-carbon lifestyle, and effective guidance of proper behaviors and preferences will play a crucial role in reducing urban residential carbon emissions; and (4) Most of the identified influencing factors exhibit clear and specific spatial patterns and gradients of impact, implying that measures for urban residential carbon emission reduction should be adapted to location conditions. The study has generated a set of concrete evidences and improved understandings of the spatially differentiated mechanisms upon which the formation and deployment of any effective strategies, policies and measures for reducing urban residential carbon emissions should be based.

The spatial differentiation of quality of rural life based on natural controlling factors: A case study of Gansu Province, China

The laws of regional differentiation of county development and influencing factors on the quality of rural life (QRL), affect not only the vital interests of rural residents but also the scientific implementation of rural revitalization strategy. In this paper, taking 87 counties (cities, districts) of Gansu Province as the region of study, we constructed five-dimensional model of QRL index. Then, Pearson correlation, spatial coupling, geographical detector and tradeoff analysis methods were used to analyze the QRL's spatial differentiation and quantitively identify its natural controlling factors. Further, we discussed the mechanism of spatial differentiation of QRL in Gansu Province and provided recommendations for improving QRL. The results show that: (1) QRL in Gansu Province is characterized by spatial heterogeneity and agglomeration, and decreases from west to east. There are five hot spots and four cold spots of QRL. (2) Altitude, slope, precipitation, and distance to the provincial capital (DTTPC) are the natural controlling factors of spatial differentiation of QRL in Gansu Province. Their influences are quantified to be 0.19, 0.37, 0.37 and 0.20, respectively. (3) The tradeoff between QRL and precipitation is the strongest, with root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 0.293. The tradeoff between QRL and altitude/slope/DTTCC are of medium level and decrease successively, with values of 0.238, 0.255 and 0.2 respectively. (4) According to the different influences of natural controlling factors on QRL, Gansu Province was classified into three regional types: natural environment restricted type, resource abundance restricted type and economic location restricted type. Thus, we can improve the QRL on the basis of identifying driving mechanisms in different regions, make policies according to local conditions, and further promote the rural development.

SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ALPINE GRASSLAND PATCHES IN THE SOURCE REGION OF THE YELLOW RIVER AND ITS ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Abstract. The source region of the Yellow River is an important source of water conservation in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is also an animal husbandry base that has a major impact on China. Its ecological environment changes will have a major impact on the safe and sustainable development of water use in Asia. The alpine grassland is an important part of the ecosystem of the Yellow River source area, and the spatial differentiation characteristics of the plaque have important indication significance for the ecological environment succession. In this paper, the alpine grassland in the source region of the Yellow River is taken as the research object. Based on the aerial image of the unmanned aerial vehicle, the EGI threshold method is used to extract the vegetation patches and the bare plaques to obtain high-precision field monitoring data, and the landscape ecology principle is used to analyze the four types of alpine grassland. The morphological characteristics of plaques in different grassland types are studied, and the spatial indications of spatial sequences are used to study the ecological significance of plaque succession. The results show that the number of plaques in swamp meadows, alpine meadows, degraded meadows and alpine grassland increase significantly, the degree of fragmentation increase, and the area of vegetation patches decrease significantly. The area of bare plaque increase significantly as the main trend; the distribution and dominance of landscape plaques are analyzed; the swamp meadow have the highest spread, the best aggregation, and the largest proportion of vegetation plaque, the highest degree of dominance, alpine grassland Conversely; in terms of the complexity of landscape patch shape; the area-weighted shape index and the area-weighted fractal dimension increase with the order of swamp meadows, alpine meadows, degraded meadows and alpine grasslands, tending to be complex plaque space. The ecological risk intensity index of alpine grassland in the source region of the Yellow River varies greatly, and the ecological risk of alpine grassland is high. The results of this study provide data support for elucidating the mechanism of spatial differentiation of alpine grass plaques, provide scientific assistance for grassland monitoring and management in the source area, and it provides an important basis for further discussion on ecological system protection, animal husbandry economy and sustainable development of alpine grassland in China. At the same time, it provides important theoretical support and ecological indication significance for the understanding of the alpine grassland ecosystem succession in the source area of the Yellow River.

Geographical pattern and spatial differentiation mechanism of rural poverty in hilly and mountainous areas of China: A case study of Yudu County in Jiangxi Province

Geographical pattern and spatial differentiation mechanism of rural poverty in hilly and mountainous areas of China: A case study of Yudu County in Jiangxi Province

Spatial differentiation mechanism of urban female employment rate in Northeast China

Spatial differentiation mechanism of urban female employment rate in Northeast China

Location characteristics and differentiation mechanism of logistics nodes and logistics enterprises based on points of interest (POI): A case study of Beijing

The logistics nodes and logistics enterprises are the core carriers and organizational subjects of the logistics space, and their location characteristics and differentiation strategies are of key importance to optimizing urban logistics spatial patterns and ensuring reasonable resource allocation. Based on Tencent Online Maps Platform from December 2014, 4396 logistics points of interest (POI) were collected in Beijing, China. By the methods of industrial concentration evaluation and kernel density analysis, the spatial distribution pattern of logistics in Beijing are explored, the interaction mechanism among the type difference, supply-demand side factors and location choice behavior are clarified, and the internal mechanism of spatial differentiation under the combined influence of transportation, land rent and assets are revealed. The following conclusions are drawn in the paper. (1) Logistics enterprises and logistics nodes exhibit the characteristic of both co-agglomeration and spatial separation in location, and logistics activities display the spatial pattern of "marginal area of downtown area, suburbs and exurban area", which have a weak coupling degree with logistics employment space. (2) The public logistics space, namely, logistics parks and logistics centers, is produced under the guidance of the government, and the terminal logistics space consisting of logistics distribution centers serving for the specific industries and terminal users is dominated by enterprises. The locational differentiation between the two modes of logistics space is significant. (3) In the formation of the logistics spatial location, the government can change the traffic condition by re-planning the transport routes and freight station locations, and control the land rent and availability of different areas by increasing or decreasing the land use of logistics, to impact the enterprise behavior and form different types of logistics space and function differentiation. In comparison, logistics enterprises meet the diverse demands of service objects through differentiation of asset allocation to promote the specialization of division and form the object differentiation of logistics space.

Aggressive behavior as a mechanism of spatial differentiation of juvenile salmonid fishes (based on Black Sea brown trout Salmo trutta labrax (salmonidae))

Aggressive behavior of hatchery-reared juvenile Black Sea brown trout Salmo trutta labrax at the age of 5.5–6.0 months is investigated. Shortage of suitable territory leads to the separation of the fish into two spatial groups: demersal and pelagic. During the process of spatial differentiation of the fish, the individuals that have not selected permanent habitats (demersal or pelagic) are characterized by the highest aggression level. The duration of the formation of stable spatial differentiation of the fish depends on the stocking density. At a low stocking density (10–45 fish/m2), spatial differentiation is established by the beginning of the second day after the transfer of the fish to new conditions; at a high stocking density (182 fish/m2), it is established approximately by the seventh day. Following the establishment of the (secondary) spatial groups, aggressive acts are registered mainly between the individuals from the same spatial group. A role of aggressive behavior in intrapopulation differentiation of brown trout is discussed.

Developmental control of glucosamine and galactosamine levels during conidation in Neurospora crassa.

The glucosamine and galactosamine content of mycelia was measured in cultures of Neurospora crassa grown on the surface of dialysis membranes. The glucosamine content was relatively constant throughout the different regions of the mycelial mat. The galactosamine content, however, was always lower in the growing-front region of the mycelial mat than in the older regions. At most, only low levels of galactosamine were necessary for the formation of hyphae at the growing front of a mycelial mat. Thus, galactosamine-containing polymers cannot be a major shape-determining component of the cell walls of these hyphae in Neurospora. The effect of conidiation on the amino sugar content was determined by using the bd (band) strain of N. crassa. When grown on the surface of dialysis membranes, this strain rhythmically produced regions of conidiating and non-conidiating growth. With this strain, it was concluded that conidiation did not affect the amino sugar levels. Since conidia that contained only very low levels of galactosamine were produced from regions of the mycelial mat that contained much higher levels of this amino sugar, there must be some mechanism of spatial differentiation that prevented the accumulation of galactosamine-containing polymers in conidia.

An electrophysiological study of regeneration in Acetabularia mediterranea

Polar regeneration of anucleate posterior stalk segments (PSS) of Acetabularia mediterranea has been studied electrophysiologically. 1. During regeneration the PSS develops a longitudinal, steady potential gradient, U, which is shown to reflect a spatial difference in the transmembrane potential, ΔV m,of 5 to 10 mV, i.e. about 5% of V m.While regeneration becomes visible at about t r=45 h after its light-triggered onset, its sign can be predicted from U not later than at t=29 h, because regeneration occurs at that cell pole where V mis highest, i.e. where the cytoplasm is more negative (Fig. 3, Table 1). 2. Clamping U to comparable values by external circuitry causes the regeneration again to occur where V mis highest, although in this case the flow of the current, I, which controls U is opposite to the direction of the self-generated current, or even changes its sign (Fig. 11, Table 2). 3. Clamping U to zero, i.e. eliminating any transcellular potential gradient, inhibits polar regeneration at least up to t=60 h (Table 3). 4. Spontaneous spikes of U (Fig. 4) and of I (Fig. 12), occur as early as at t=8 h (Fig. 5). These spikes arise at the presumptive regenerating pole with refractory intervals of 10-25 min. They obviously reflect the propagating action potential (Figs. 7-9) although, under the conditions of our present experiments, they spread along the PSS only electrotonically (Fig. 6). 5. Both signals, U and the spikes, are presumably due to changes in the electrogenic Cl-dependent component of V m,rather than its K(+)-controlled, diffusive component. 6. The data allow to substantiate our working-hypothesis (p. 242) that the mechanism of spatial differentiation involves voltage-dependent plasmalemma properties including excitation.