Potential Mechanism For Generation Research Articles

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Generation of Absence Seizures: Identification of Potential Targets for Therapeutic Intervention.

Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of absence seizures is crucial for developing effective, patient-specific treatments for childhood absence epilepsy (CAE). Currently, one-third of patients remain refractive to the antiseizure medications (ASMs), previously called antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), available to treat CAE. Additionally, these ASMs often produce serious side effects and can even exacerbate symptoms in some patients. Determining the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms directly responsible for causing this type of epilepsy has proven challenging as they appear to be complex and multifactorial in patients with different genetic backgrounds. Aberrant neuronal activity in CAE may be caused by several mechanisms that are not fully understood. Thus, dissecting the causal factors that could be targeted in the development of precision medicines without side effects remains a high priority and the ultimate goal in this field of epilepsy research. The aim of this review is to highlight our current understanding of potential causative mechanisms for absence seizure generation, based on the latest research using cutting-edge technologies. This information will be important for identifying potential targets for future therapeutic intervention.

Lubrication condition monitoring of journal bearings in diesel engine based on thermoelectricity

There is still a lack of effective lubrication condition monitoring methods in the field of diesel engines. The paper proposes a novel thermoelectric approach to divide the lubrication state of bearings. First, the generation mechanism of thermoelectric potential on bearings is clarified. Then, both experimental and simulation studies are done, and a strong correlation between lubrication and thermoelectric potential is shown. The film thickness and temperature are further confirmed as significant factors influencing thermoelectric potential. Generally, the thermoelectric potential increases with temperature. However, a small film thickness ratio (when the film thickness ratio is less than 4) will suppress the thermoelectric potential. Three typical lubrication states of bearings are distinguished through thermoelectric potential and supported by the Stribeck curve results. Moreover, the significant influence of lubrication on the bearing is confirmed through the analysis of surface morphology and composition.

Seasonality and potential generation mechanisms of submesoscale processes in the northern Bay of Bengal

The seasonality and generation mechanisms of submesoscale processes (SMPs) in the northern Bay of Bengal (nBoB) are investigated by the outputs of a high-resolution model simulation. The results show that the nBoB has abundant energetic SMPs, with significant seasonal features and geographic variability. The head basin (region A) and central basin (region B) of the nBoB are identified as two typical spots of submesoscale motions. Seasonally, SMPs in region A are strongest in spring and are closely correlated with strong mesoscale strain. By contrast, SMPs in region B are more active in winter and late summer due to the combined effects of deep mixed layer and large mesoscale strain. Energy analysis suggests that baroclinic instability is a dominant generation mechanism for energetic SMPs in region B during winter and summer periods. During spring, the prevalent submesoscale kinetic energy (KE) reservoir in region A is fueled by wind forcing, buoyancy conversion, and the forward KE cascades from mesoscale processes, and mainly balanced by the inverse KE cascades from submesoscale to large-scale processes.

The Characteristics of Submesoscale Eddies near the Coastal Regions of Eastern Japan: Insights from Sentinel-1 Imagery

A long-term time series of 319 Sentinel-1 SAR Imagery with Interferometric Wide Swath (IW) mode was used to study the characteristics of submesoscale eddies over Japanese coastal regions from 2015 to 2021, including spatiotemporal eddy properties and possible mechanisms of their formation. The results showed that around 98% of the 1499 eddies identified from the SAR snapshots were submesoscale eddies (horizontal scales of O1–20 km) with a ratio of around 78% cyclones to around 22% anticyclones. Around 8% of the submesoscale eddies were found in these SAR images in winter since the submesoscale current-induced signals are masked by the stronger wind speed, compared with other seasons. Typical features of submesoscale eddies are summarized, providing a preliminary qualitative analysis of potential generation mechanisms specific to the eddy characteristics in this region. This study suggests that Sentinel-1 images are capable of providing insights into the observed submesoscale eddies near the coastal regions of eastern Japan, thereby contributing to the improved understanding of the generation of submesoscale eddies.

HEALTH AFTER AGE 50: THE ROLE OF ADULT CHILDREN’S EDUCATION FOR OLDER PARENTS’ FRAILTY IN EUROPE

Abstract Social stratification research has shown that family background can significantly impact a child’s life chances. However, intergenerational transmission of (dis-)advantages is a two-way process, because parental investment in children may be reciprocated later in life. Particularly, very little is known about the importance of adult children’s socio-economic resources on ageing parents’ well-being – what has been called the effect of the “social foreground” on later-life health. This study aims to investigate whether and how adult offspring’s educational attainments are associated with parents’ health. This study uses dyadic panel data from all the available waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) (i.e., from 2004 to 2020). The sample is composed of 89,752 parents (210,999 parent-child dyads, 250,605 observations) aged 50 or older living in 29 different European countries. Our preliminary results from random intercept linear regression models show that child education is negatively associated with the 40-item Frailty Index (FI) among parents. This association is particularly strong among lower-educated parents (especially mothers). These findings highlight the importance of considering the socio-economic resources of adult children when examining the health and well-being of older adults. This suggests that public investments in younger generations’ education may benefit older generations as well. In developing future analyses, we plan to focus on identifying the potential generative mechanisms behind this relationship and exploring potential policy interventions to support ageing parents and their families.

Investigation of the mechanism of membrane potential generation by heme-copper respiratory oxidases in real time mode

Heme-copper respiratory oxidases are highly efficient molecular machines. These membrane enzymes catalyze the final stage of cellular respiration of eukaryotes and many prokaryotes: the transfer of electrons from cytochromes or quinols to molecular oxygen and the reduction of O2 to water. The free energy released in this redox reaction is converted by heme-copper respiratory oxidases into a transmembrane gradient of the electrochemical potential of hydrogen ions (ΔµH+). Heme-copper respiratory oxidases have a unique mechanism for generation ΔµH+ - a redox-coupled proton pump. The use of a combination of a direct electrometric method for measuring the kinetics of membrane potential generation with approaches and methods of prestationary kinetics and directed mutagenesis in the study of heme-copper oxidases makes it possible to obtain unique information about the movement of protons inside the protein in real time. The review summarizes the results of the use of the permitted time.

Spectral and phase-coherence correlates of impaired auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) in schizophrenia: A MEG study.

Reduced auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) is robustly impaired in schizophrenia. However, mechanisms underlying dysfunctional MMN generation remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to examine the role of evoked spectral power and phase-coherence towards deviance detection and its impairments in schizophrenia. Magnetoencephalography data was collected in 16 male schizophrenia patients and 16 male control participants during an auditory MMN paradigm. Analyses of event-related fields (ERF), spectral power and inter-trial phase-coherence (ITPC) focused on Heschl's gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, inferior/medial frontal gyrus and thalamus. MMNm ERF amplitudes were reduced in patients in temporal, frontal and subcortical regions, accompanied by decreased theta-band responses, as well as by a diminished gamma-band response in auditory cortex. At theta/alpha frequencies, ITPC to deviant tones was reduced in patients in frontal cortex and thalamus. Patients were also characterized by aberrant responses to standard tones as indexed by reduced theta-/alpha-band power and ITPC in temporal and frontal regions. Moreover, stimulus-specific adaptation was decreased at theta/alpha frequencies in left temporal regions, which correlated with reduced MMNm spectral power and ERF amplitude. Finally, phase-reset of alpha-oscillations after deviant tones in left thalamus was impaired, which correlated with impaired MMNm generation in auditory cortex. Importantly, both non-rhythmic and rhythmic components of spectral activity contributed to the MMNm response. Our data indicate that deficits in theta-/alpha- and gamma-band activity in cortical and subcortical regions as well as impaired spectral responses to standard sounds could constitute potential mechanisms for dysfunctional MMN generation in schizophrenia, providing a novel perspective towards MMN deficits in the disorder.

Investigation of the Mechanism of Membrane Potential Generation by Heme-Copper Respiratory Oxidases in a Real Time Mode.

Heme-copper respiratory oxidases are highly efficient molecular machines. These membrane enzymes catalyze the final step of cellular respiration in eukaryotes and many prokaryotes: the transfer of electrons from cytochromes or quinols to molecular oxygen and oxygen reduction to water. The free energy released in this redox reaction is converted by heme-copper respiratory oxidases into the transmembrane gradient of the electrochemical potential of hydrogen ions H+). Heme-copper respiratory oxidases have a unique mechanism for generating H+, namely, a redox-coupled proton pump. A combination of direct electrometric method for measuring the kinetics of membrane potential generation with the methods of prestationary kinetics and site-directed mutagenesis in the studies of heme-copper oxidases allows to obtain a unique information on the translocation of protons inside the proteins in real time. The review summarizes the data of studies employing time-resolved electrometry to decipher the mechanisms of functioning of these important bioenergetic enzymes.

Overcoming harmonic hurdles: Genuine beta-band rhythms vs. contributions of alpha-band waveform shape

Abstract Beta-band activity in the human cortex as recorded with noninvasive electrophysiology is of diverse origin. In addition to genuine beta-rhythms, there are numerous nonsinusoidal alpha-band rhythms present in the human brain, which will result in harmonic beta-band peaks. This type of activity has different temporal and response dynamics than genuine beta-rhythms. Here, it is argued that in the analysis of higher-frequency rhythms, the relationship to lower-frequency rhythms needs to be clarified. Only in that way we can arrive at strong, methodologically valid interpretations of potential functional roles and generative mechanisms of neural oscillations.

The membrane potential arising from the adsorption of ions at the biological interface.

Membrane theory makes it possible to compute the membrane potential of living cells accurately. The principle is that the plasma membrane is selectively permeable to ions and that its permeability to mobile ions determines the characteristics of the membrane potential. However, an artificial experimental cell system with an impermeable membrane can exhibit a nonzero membrane potential, and its characteristics are consistent with the prediction of the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz eq., which is a noteworthy concept of membrane theory, despite the membrane's impermeability to mobile ions. We noticed this troublesome facet of the membrane theory. We measured the potentials through permeable and impermeable membranes where we used the broad varieties of membranes. Then we concluded that the membrane potential must be primarily, although not wholly, governed by the ion adsorption-desorption process rather than by the passage of ions across the cell membrane. A theory based on the Association-Induction Hypothesis seems to be a more plausible mechanism for the generation of the membrane potential and to explain this unexpected physiological fact. The Association-Induction Hypothesis states that selective ion permeability of the membrane is not a condition for the generation of the membrane potential in living cells, which contradicts the prediction of the membrane theory. Therefore, the Association-Induction Hypothesis is the actual cause of membrane potential. We continued the theoretical analysis by taking into account the Association-Induction Hypothesis and saw that its universality as a cause of potential generation mechanism. We then concluded that the interfacial charge distribution is one of the fundamental causes of the membrane potential.

The application of patient reported outcomes (PROs) to build personalized patient education aids

Background After diagnosis, cancer patients receive a large volume of information in a short period of time when they are usually feeling anxious and stressed. In particular, prostate cancer patients can be overwhelmed by multiple treatment options and the expectation of making a life-altering personal choice during shared decision-making. Consent forms attempt to summarize potential side effects but are rarely personalized to each patient. Clinicians can underestimate symptoms/side effects experienced by patients, compared to patient-reported outcomes (PROs). PROs are the best estimate of how our patients will feel during/after treatments. Methods We used real world data including PROs and clinical/radiation data from the Enterprise Data Warehouse and our departmental radiation database to explore patient characteristics associated with PRO changes over time. We created several different visualizations showing how PROs changed over time, and tried to pick visualizations that were most accessible to patients with different backgrounds, languages, data/health literacy. In the future, we hope to conduct patient interviews to improve visualizations, and to automate real-time generation of personalized patient education aids for use at consultations. Results Our cohort included ∼3,900 patients who completed >35,000 PROMIS-10, >5,000 EPIC-26, and >11,000 weekly radiation treatment visit questionnaires about urinary, bowel, erectile, and overall quality of life. Among significant predictors of toxicity were initial symptom severity. Discussion Patient reported outcomes (PROs) improve outcomes and have become standard in clinical trials and are gradually being incorporated into more cancer clinics. The next phase of PRO research is continuing to expand applications into general clinical practices and routine daily workflows using real world data (collected from each clinic because clinical practices/outcomes can vary). It is time to use our PROs work back to directly benefit patients. We are working on real-time generation of personalized patient education resources in the routine clinical workflows. Resources include data visualizations that aim to be accessible to patients with diverse backgrounds, languages, data/health literacy. Prostate cancer patients could especially benefit from personalized resources for standard-of-care shared decision-making after initial diagnosis. This work in progress describes how to combine PROs and clinical data to create personalized PRO visualizations for patient education, and potential mechanisms for real-time generation of these resources. After diagnosis, cancer patients receive a large volume of information in a short period of time when they are usually feeling anxious and stressed. In particular, prostate cancer patients can be overwhelmed by multiple treatment options and the expectation of making a life-altering personal choice during shared decision-making. Consent forms attempt to summarize potential side effects but are rarely personalized to each patient. Clinicians can underestimate symptoms/side effects experienced by patients, compared to patient-reported outcomes (PROs). PROs are the best estimate of how our patients will feel during/after treatments. We used real world data including PROs and clinical/radiation data from the Enterprise Data Warehouse and our departmental radiation database to explore patient characteristics associated with PRO changes over time. We created several different visualizations showing how PROs changed over time, and tried to pick visualizations that were most accessible to patients with different backgrounds, languages, data/health literacy. In the future, we hope to conduct patient interviews to improve visualizations, and to automate real-time generation of personalized patient education aids for use at consultations. Our cohort included ∼3,900 patients who completed >35,000 PROMIS-10, >5,000 EPIC-26, and >11,000 weekly radiation treatment visit questionnaires about urinary, bowel, erectile, and overall quality of life. Among significant predictors of toxicity were initial symptom severity. Patient reported outcomes (PROs) improve outcomes and have become standard in clinical trials and are gradually being incorporated into more cancer clinics. The next phase of PRO research is continuing to expand applications into general clinical practices and routine daily workflows using real world data (collected from each clinic because clinical practices/outcomes can vary). It is time to use our PROs work back to directly benefit patients. We are working on real-time generation of personalized patient education resources in the routine clinical workflows. Resources include data visualizations that aim to be accessible to patients with diverse backgrounds, languages, data/health literacy. Prostate cancer patients could especially benefit from personalized resources for standard-of-care shared decision-making after initial diagnosis. This work in progress describes how to combine PROs and clinical data to create personalized PRO visualizations for patient education, and potential mechanisms for real-time generation of these resources.

Temperature elevations can induce switches to homoclinic action potentials that alter neural encoding and synchronization

Almost seventy years after the discovery of the mechanisms of action potential generation, some aspects of their computational consequences are still not fully understood. Based on mathematical modeling, we here explore a type of action potential dynamics – arising from a saddle-node homoclinic orbit bifurcation - that so far has received little attention. We show that this type of dynamics is to be expected by specific changes in common physiological parameters, like an elevation of temperature. Moreover, we demonstrate that it favours synchronization patterns in networks – a feature that becomes particularly prominent when system parameters change such that homoclinic spiking is induced. Supported by in-vitro hallmarks for homoclinic spikes in the rodent brain, we hypothesize that the prevalence of homoclinic spikes in the brain may be underestimated and provide a missing link between the impact of biophysical parameters on abrupt transitions between asynchronous and synchronous states of electrical activity in the brain.

Characterization of Surface Topography Features for the Effect of Process Parameters and Their Correlation to Quality Monitoring in Metal Additive Manufacturing

Layering deposition methodology in metal additive manufacturing (AM) and the influence of different processing parameters, such as energy source level and deposition speed, which can change the melt pool condition, are known to be the important influencing factors on properties of components fabricated via AM. The effect of melt pool conditions and geometry on properties and quality of fabricated AM components has been widely studied through experimental and simulation techniques. There is a need for better understanding the influence of solidified melt pool topography on characteristics of next deposition layer that can be applied to complex surfaces, especially those with sparse topographical features, such as those that occur in AM deposition layers. Topography of deposited layers in metal additive manufacturing is a significant aspect on the bonding condition between the layers and defect generation mechanism. Characterization of the topography features in AM deposition layers offers a new perspective into investigation of defect generation mechanisms and quality evaluation of AM components. In this work, a feature-based topography study is proposed for the assessment of process parameters’ influence on AM deposition layers topography and defect generation mechanism. Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) samples deposited on steel substrate, by direct energy deposition (DED) AM technique at different process conditions, were used for the assessment. Topography datasets and analysis of shape and size differences pertaining to the relevant topographic features have been performed. Different AM process parameters were investigated on metallic AM samples manufactured via direct energy deposition (DED) and the potential defect generation mechanism was discussed. The assessment of the topography features was used for correlation study with previously published in-situ monitoring and quality evaluation results, where useful information was obtained through characterization of signature topographic formations and their relation to the in-situ acoustic process monitoring, as the indicators of the manufacturing process behavior and performance.

Association of Sputum Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Subsets With IgA Anti–Citrullinated Protein Antibodies in Subjects at Risk for Rheumatoid Arthritis

ObjectiveMechanisms leading to anti–citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) generation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are hypothesized to originate in the lung. We undertook this study to understand associations between neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in the lung and local ACPA generation in subjects at risk of developing RA.MethodsInduced sputum was collected from 49 subjects at risk of developing RA, 12 patients with RA, and 18 controls. Sputum neutrophils were tested for ex vivo NET formation, and sputum‐induced NET formation of control neutrophils was measured using immunofluorescence imaging. Sputum macrophages were tested for ex vivo endocytosis of apoptotic and opsonized cells. Levels of ACPA, NET remnants, and inflammatory proteins were quantified in sputum supernatant.ResultsSpontaneous citrullinated histone H3 (Cit‐H3)–expressing NET formation was higher in sputum neutrophils from at‐risk subjects and RA patients compared to controls (median 12%, 22%, and 0%, respectively; P < 0.01). In at‐risk subjects, sputum IgA ACPA correlated with the percentage of neutrophils that underwent Cit‐H3+ NET formation (r = 0.49, P = 0.002) and levels of Cit‐H3+ NET remnants (r = 0.70, P < 0.001). Reduced endocytic capacity of sputum macrophages was found in at‐risk subjects and RA patients compared to controls. Using a mediation model, we found that sputum inflammatory proteins were associated with sputum IgA ACPA through a pathway mediated by Cit‐H3+ NET remnants. Sputum‐induced Cit‐H3+ NET formation also correlated with sputum levels of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor in at‐risk subjects, suggesting a causal relationship.ConclusionThese data support a potential mechanism for mucosal ACPA generation in subjects at risk of developing RA, whereby inflammation leads to increased citrullinated protein–expressing NETs that promote local ACPA generation.

A novel stability-indicating HPLC-DAD method for determination of favipiravir, a potential antiviral drug for COVID-19 treatment; application to degradation kinetic studies and in-vitro dissolution profiling

Modern pharmaceutical analysis is paying a lot of attention to the stability of novel drug formulations as well as establishment of suitable stability-indicating approaches. In the current work, a comprehensive stability-indicating HPLC-DAD method has been developed and validated for determination of favipiravir (FAV) which is a novel and emerging antiviral option in COVID-19 treatment. The stability of FAV was examined under different stress conditions. FAV was found to be susceptible to acid, base hydrolysis and oxidative degradation. Structure elucidation of the forced degradation products was carried out using mass spectrometry (MS) operated in electrospray ionization mode. Effective separation of FAV and its induced degradation products was achieved using isocratic elution mode on Zorbax C18 column maintained at 30 °C. The mobile phase used was comprised of 25.0 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.5 ± 0.05) containing 0.1% (w/v) heptane sulphonic acid sodium salt-methanol–acetonitrile (62:28:10, by volume), delivered at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The diode array detector signal for FAV was monitored at 321.0 nm over a concentration range of 6.25–250.00 µg/mL. The potential mechanisms for generation of degradation products were postulated through comparison of MS1 fragmentation pattern of FAV and its degradation products. Moreover, the proposed method was also extended to study the degradation kinetics. Additionally, dissolution profiling of FAV in different media was monitored. Clearly, the suggested approach is accurate, reliable, time-saving, and cost-effective. As a result, it may be utilized for regular quality control and stability assessment of FAV in its tablet dosage form.

Auroral E‐Region as a Source Region for Ionospheric Scintillation

AbstractAltitudinal source regions and generation mechanisms of ionospheric scintillation are investigated by employing the incoherent scatter radar (ISR) at Poker Flat, Alaska (PFISR) and nearby global positioning system (GPS) receivers. Analysis of PFISR and GPS observations during the September 2017 geomagnetic disturbances reveals that phase scintillation is seen during auroral disturbances, and can occur at any storm phase. Statistical comparisons of the rate of change of the total electron content (TEC) index (ROTI) with the amplitude (S4) and phase (σϕ) scintillation in July‐December 2017 show a significant increase with geomagnetic activity and considerable correlations between ROTI and σϕ, whereas S4 showed no noticeable increase or correlations. The PFISR‐GPS comparisons show that scintillation occurs when the electron density is enhanced in the auroral E‐region and is stronger for larger E‐region peak density and/or lower E‐region peak altitude. This implies that scintillation is stronger for more intense and/or deeper auroral particle precipitation. A detailed analysis of an event with a well‐defined and propagating E‐region density enhancement imaged by PFISR reveals that scintillation is stronger on the trailing edge of the density enhancement. This feature is discussed in the context of the gradient‐drift instability as a potential mechanism for generation of plasma density waves that scatter GPS radio signals and lead to scintillation. The results of this study add to the growing body of evidence that ROTI can be used as a proxy for phase scintillation and that the ionospheric E‐region is an important source region for ionospheric scintillation at auroral latitudes.

The need for reconsideration of a mechanism of membrane potential generation using Ling's adsorption theory.

Membrane theory attributes the mechanism of generation of membrane potential to transmembrane ion transport, and is typified by the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation (GHK eq.). Despite broad acceptance of the GHK eq. in physiology, it seems unable to explain some characteristics of the membrane potential. The long-underrated Ling's adsorption theory (LA theory) is another mechanism for membrane potential generation. The LA theory attributes the generation mechanism of the membrane potential to an ion adsorption-desorption process. Although the LA theory has not been seriously considered up until today, there are no serious defects in it as a membrane potential generation mechanism. In this work, the authors explain problematic facets of membrane theory from the view of the GHK eq. We propose an alternative concept based on the LA theory that addresses problematic issues with membrane theory. Consequently, an ion adsorption-desorption process could be a genuine mechanism of membrane potential generation as predicted by the LA theory.

What can S-shaped potential profiles tell us about the mechanism of membrane potential generation?

Membrane theory attributes the generation mechanism of the membrane potential to transmembrane ion transport, while Cheng's ISE (Ion selective electrode) mechanism attributes the ISE potential generation to ion adsorption on to the ISE surface. Although the membrane potential generation mechanism is different from the ISE potential generation mechanism, both the membrane potential and the ISE potential exhibit quite similar characteristics. For instance, both become indifferent to the variation of the ion concentration in both the high and the low ion concentration environment. Our experimental and theoretical investigations suggest that such a characteristic membrane potential behavior could be explained by the ion adsorption mechanism called Ling's adsorption theory (LA theory) instead of by membrane theory. If the membrane potential generation mechanism is explained by the LA theory, then the significant similarity between the membrane potential and the ISE potential is understandable, since both the LA theory and Cheng's ISE mechanism rely on the ion adsorption process. Although the LA theory is not acknowledged as the mechanism for the membrane potential generation in the mainstream physiology community, it does not have any serious defect in principleas a membrane potential generation mechanism. Hence, it is worth investigating if the current membrane potential generation mechanism needs reevaluation in light of evidence presented here. We conclude that the LA theory is a quite plausible membrane potential generation mechanism, suggesting that it may contribute to it.

Characteristics of fragmented aurora-like emissions (FAEs) observed on Svalbard

Abstract. This study analyses the observations of a new type of small-scale aurora-like feature, which is further referred to as fragmented aurora-like emission(s) (FAEs). An all-sky camera captured these FAEs on three separate occasions in 2015 and 2017 at the Kjell Henriksen Observatory near the arctic town of Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway. A total of 305 FAE candidates were identified. They seem to appear in two categories – randomly occurring individual FAEs and wave-like structures with regular spacing between FAEs alongside auroral arcs. FAEs show horizontal sizes typically below 20 km, a lack of field-aligned emission extent, and short lifetimes of less than a minute. Emissions were observed at the 557.7 nm line of atomic oxygen and at 673.0 nm (N2; first positive band system) but not at the 427.8 nm emission of N2+ or the 777.4 nm line of atomic oxygen. This suggests an upper limit to the energy that can be produced by the generating mechanism. Their lack of field-aligned extent indicates a different generation mechanism than for aurorae, which are caused by particle precipitation. Instead, these FAEs could be the result of excitation by thermal ionospheric electrons. FAE observations are seemingly accompanied by elevated electron temperatures between 110–120 km and increased ion temperatures at F-region altitudes. One possible explanation for this is Farley–Buneman instabilities of strong local currents. In the present study, we provide an overview of the observations and discuss their characteristics and potential generation mechanisms.

Interpretation of Action Potential Generation Mechanism in Cardiomyocytes by Potassium Channel “Origami Windmill” Model

The study of the action potential of cardiomyocytes is as important as the study of nerve fiber cells. The theoretical basis of the action potential of cardiomyocytes is the ionic theory formed by nerve fiber cells. Its core point of view: the decline phase of the action potential of cells is dominated by K+ outflow. Applying the principle of the K+ channel “origami windmill” model, the mechanism of action potential generation of nerve fiber cells has been reasonably explained, and a point contrary to the ion theory has been drawn: the phase of the action potential decline is dominated by K+ influx. Similarly, applying the principle of the K+ channel “origami windmill” model can also give a reasonable explanation for the mechanism of action potential generation of cardiomyocytes. The difference between cardiomyocyte action potential and nerve fiber cell: In addition to K+, Cl-, Na+, the process of generating cardiomyocyte action potential also involves the participation of Ca2+. Ca2+ inflow in the rising phase will shorten the depolarization time; Ca2+ inflow in the falling phase will prolong the repolarization time. K+, Ca2+ space substitution proportion: rotate into 2 K+, squeeze out 3 Ca2+, and 4 extra negative charges in the cell, the proportion is 2: 3: 4; Conversely, squeeze out 2 K+, rotate into 3 Ca2+, 4 extra positive charges the cells, the proportion is 3: 2: 4. Na+, Ca2+ space substitution proportion: rotate into 1 Na+, squeeze out 1 Ca2+, and 1 extra negative charges in the cell, the proportion is 1: 1:1; Conversely, rotate into 1 Ca2+, squeeze out 1 Na+, there is 1 more positive charge in the cell, and the proportion is 1: 1: 1. Application of “origami windmill” model principle, can reasonably explain the cardiomyocytes action potential generation mechanism, further proveding “origami windmill” the model theory, “the theory of dove-like particles”“the theory of braincell activation” of science, also proved that the viewpoint of “action potential descending phase, dominated by K+ internal current” is correct. The scientific and rational interpretation of the action potential of cardiomyocytes has far-reaching impact and great significance to the basic theoretical research and clinical practice of the heart from now on.