Mechanism Of Pain Sensation Research Articles

CITICOLINE AS A SUGGESTED NOVEL ADJUVANT FOR PAINFUL DIABETIC POLYNEUROPATHY

The purpose of this paper is to review the effectiveness of citicoline as suggested adjuvant therapy for painful diabetic polyneuropathy based on evidences. Pain is one of the most common symptoms that make patients consult with a doctor, especially chronic pain. One of the examples is painful diabetic polyneuropathy, which prevalence is increasing by global development. Diabetic polyneuropathy is the most common cause of neuropathic pain caused by long-term complications of microangiopathy. Affect not only individual socioeconomic status but also the psychological aspect of the patient. Neuropathic pain is one of the most common causes of long-term disability. Some medicines already recommended as the drug of choice, but not all of them give maximum results. Adjuvant neuroprotector therapy is often considered to help manage painful diabetic polyneuropathy, such as citicoline, which has been proven in some studies. Painful diabetic polyneuropathy is very challenging because of its pathophysiology, which has not fully understood. The different mechanism of pain sensation is still unknown but it is thought that the oxidative stress after microangiopathy triggers the discharge of abnormal load from damaged neurons. Some analgetics have not given the expected result. Conclusion. Citicoline may be suggested as adjuvant therapy based on evidences with animal subject, but further studies with human subject are still needed.

Structural remodeling and reorganization of spinal cord in chronic pain

Background Chronic pain, which involves unclarified pathophysiologic mechanism, is not simply a continuum of acute pain. Studies on functional modification in central nervous system of chronic pain have provided various modulatory factors and evidences of changing in perception and behavior. Objective The present review aims to summarize the modifications occur in the context of structural remodeling and reorganization of nociceptive pathway in the process of forming chronic pain. Content In spinal cord, long-term nociceptive inputs may be associated with modifications in synapses, cells and circuits. It can induce remodeling of these micro anatomy structure and potentially contribute to the sustaining status of chronic pain. Trend The structural remodeling of central nerve system in chronic pain may lie the pathological mechanism of pain sensation after the relieving of nociceptive input and provide a more effective treatment method for chronic pain. Key words: Chronic pain; Spinal cord; Structural modification

Mechanism of pain sensation development

Pain, as subjective content of consciousness, is an essential attention-calling sign that helps to survive. Pain relieve is obligatory for every physician, thus, its individual appearance can make the analgesia difficult to carry out. The improving neuroimaging techniques allow understanding the development of pain sensation. Through the 24 articles on the PubMed found with keywords ‘pain’ and ‘neuroimaging’, we review here the parts of the pain neuron matrix, their tasks and the assumed mechanism of the acute pain sensation. The mechanism of the individual pain sensation is illustrated by the view of the modular function of the medial part of the pain matrix. Experimental results of empathic pain suggest that pain sensation may occur without real damage of the tissues, as well. The pain network plays main role in chronic pain.

The Principles in the Use of Opioids in Cancer Pain Management

Cancer has been the top one cause of death in Taiwan for more than 20 years since 1982. Pain is one of the most prevalent and dreadful complications in these patients. Although there were many available analgesics of different mechanisms, the control of cancer pain still has room for improvement. Pain sensation is transduced, transmitted, modulated, and integrated through complex system. Opioid receptors are one of the major players in the complex system and opioids, therefore, are the most commonly prescribed agents in cancer pain management. This article introduces the mechanism of pain sensation, the types of cancer pain, the principles in managing cancer pain through opioids, and the approaches to relieve the commonly seen adverse effects.

Sexual pain in women: Etiology, management, and directions for future research

Sexual pain disorders are particularly prevalent in women. Because many causes of sexual pain exist, a variety of presentations and treatment options are available. Our understanding of these disorders is very limited, especially when no anatomic or behavioral explanations for the pain can be found. Sexual pain is a significant source of morbidity, and problems stemming from it may affect a woman’s sexual functioning, her psychological well-being, and her relationship with her partner. This paper discusses the basic mechanisms of pain sensation, the prevalence and causes of sexual pain in women, and the existing literature on the treatment of these conditions.