Degradation Mechanism Research Articles

Comparison of Fenton-like catalytic activity of biochar by in-situ and ex-situ nitrogen doping: Role of carbon quantum dots

Nitrogen-doped biochar as Fenton-like catalysts has been widely used to remove emerging pollutants in wastewater. However, the effect of in-situ and ex-situ nitrogen doping on the Fenton-like catalytic activity of biochar is unclear. In this study, the nitrogen-doped biochar was prepared by in-situ (NBC) and ex-situ (BC-N) nitrogen doping, and the Fenton-like catalytic activity of NBC and BC-N was compared for activating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peroxydisulfate (PDS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The results showed that NBC had higher Fenton-like catalytic activity than BC-N, because the formation of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) significantly increased the adsorption capacity to H2O2, PDS and PMS. NBC could activate H2O2, PDS and PMS for degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), but showed different catalytic activity and degradation mechanism. In the systems of NBC/H2O2 and NBC/PDS, CQDs played a key role in the activation of H2O2 and PDS, and surface-bound reactive species were mainly responsible for SMX degradation. In the system of NBC/PMS, NBC acted as both electron mediator and activator, direct electron transfer between PMS and SMX and surface-bound reactive species contributed to SMX degradation. This study provides an insight into the catalytic activity of NBC for H2O2, PDS and PMS.

Unraveling degradation mechanism and reaction efficacy of sulfamethoxazole via reactive oxygen species dominated radical process

Herein, the Ti4O7 electrode was combined for the first time with various oxidants to generate reactive oxygen species for the removal of different organic pollutants in an electrochemical oxidation (EO) system. The removal efficiency of organic pollutants, reaction mechanism, and degradation pathway were evaluated by electrochemical tests, reaction kinetics, electron paramagnetic resonance, quantum chemical, and density functional theory calculations. As a result, nearly 100 % removal efficiency of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was achieved within 12 min with a high kinetic rate constant of 0.259 min−1, and the kinetic rate constant was strongly dependent on the electrostatic potential. The O2 site on the peroxymonosulfate (PMS) molecule dominated the radical generation for the removal of SMX via the radical and non−radical process. This current study offers a novel approach toward the electrochemical activation of PMS in the elimination and degradation of various organic pollutant from wastewater.

Visualization and Quantification of State of Charge-Dependent Young's Modulus of LiMn2O4 Nanosized Particles by Bimodal AFM.

Mechanical damage of LiMn2O4 active material caused by volume change, phase transition, and lithium diffusion-induced stress is the main degradation mechanism in lithium-ion batteries. Young's modulus is a key parameter of mechanical property, and its variation with lithium content x or state of charge (SOC) at the nanoscale is an important issue because such variation may have influences on the stress level and lithium-ion transport. In this study, we successfully developed bimodal atomic force microscopy (bimodal AFM) and related approaches to carry out surface topography imaging and Young's modulus mapping of LixMn2O4 nanosized particles. It was validated that the size of particles decreased with decreasing SOC due to delithiation during the charging cycle. The variation in Young's modulus with SOC was quantitatively determined using the silicon material as a reference, and the trend of the variation is consistent with the reported results of molecular dynamics simulation. Furthermore, spatially nonuniform distribution of Young's modulus on the nanosized particle surface was found even upon completion of charging. This phenomenon could be attributed to the coexistence of two phases during the charging process. Our experimental study reveals the correlation between Young's modulus of LiMn2O4 and SOC at the nanosized particle level, and we believe that the bimodal AFM will be widely used in the nanocharacterization of the electrode materials because lithium content- or SOC-dependent mechanical properties are common in battery electrode materials.

Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscopy of Black Phosphorus Composite Anodes: Electrode Destabilization and Degradation Mechanisms in Alkali-Ion Batteries.

Despite their higher capacity compared to common intercalation- and conversion-type anodes, black phosphorus (BP) based anodes suffer from significant capacity fading attributed to the large volume expansion (∼300%) during lithiation. Downsizing BP into nanosheets has been proposed to mitigate this issue, and various methods, particularly mechanical mixing with graphitic materials (BP-C), have been explored to enhance electrochemical performance. However, the understanding of BP-C hybridization is hindered by the lack of studies focusing on fundamental degradation mechanisms within operational battery environments. Here we address this challenge by employing electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) to study the morphological and mechanical evolution of BP-C composite anodes during lithiation. The results reveal that BP-C binding interactions alone are insufficient to withstand the structural reorganization of BP during its alloying reaction with lithium. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the critical role of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and BP-C interface evolution in determining the long-term performance of these composites, shedding light on the disparity in final electrode morphologies between binder-inclusive and binder-free BP-C composites. These findings provide crucial insights into the challenges associated with BP-based anodes and underscore the need for a deeper understanding of the dynamic behavior within operating cells for the development of stable and high-performance battery materials.

An experimental and theoretical study of photo-oxidation reaction of 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran with Cl atom under atmospheric conditions.

Temperature-dependent rate coefficients for the reactions of 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran (MTHF) with Cl atoms in the temperature range of 268-343K at atmospheric pressure were measured using the relative-rate method. Ethylene and propane were used as reference compounds. Quantitative analysis of the post-photolysis reaction mixture was conducted using a gas chromatograph paired with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). A gas chromatograph connected to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was employed for the purpose of qualitative analysis. In the experimental temperature range, the derived Arrhenius expression for the title reaction is represented by the equation cm3 molecule-1s-1. In addition to our experimental findings, we conducted computational calculations employing the CCSD(T)//BHandHLYP/6-31 + G(d,p) level of theory to complement our study. The canonical transition state theory (CTST) was utilized to compute the rate coefficients at 250-400K and 760Torr. The Arrhenius expression for the theoretically calculated "k" values is found to be cm3 molecule-1s-1. The local reactivity parameters, such as Fukui functions ( ), local softness ( ), and global softness ( ) were also calculated theoretically to understand the site-specific reactivity trend of MTHF towards Cl atoms. The atmospheric implications, branching ratios, degradation mechanism, and feasibility of the reaction are discussed in this study.

Degradation performance and mechanism of VOCs in asphalt by alkali metal-doped La2Ce2O7-based fluorite through pyroelectric and photocatalytic synergy

Under high-temperature construction conditions, the use of asphalt can release a large amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which has adverse effect on the environment and human health. Part of fluorite oxides show potential application in VOCs conversion due to their excellent photoresponse and chemical stability in addition to ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity properties. In this paper, La2Ce2O7-based fluorite was modified with alkali metal doping and its photo-thermal coupling catalytic effects on the degradation performance of VOCs in asphalt were investigated. The results show that the fluorite catalysts La1.85A0.15Ce2O7 (A=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) have efficient electron-hole pair separation ability. Among them, the Rb+ doped La2Ce2O7 sample not only has stronger pyroelectric effect due to increased lattice distortion and oxygen vacancies, but also has the best photogenerated charge transport property and more favorable valence band position for oxidation reaction. Under the photo-thermal synergistic effect, the catalytic degradation performance of VOCs in asphalt by Rb+ doped La2Ce2O7 catalyst can reach 82.61 % at 50 min. Additionally, dynamic shear rheological tests indicate that the addition of catalysts at this blending ratio can enhance the rutting resistance of the asphalt material. This study introduces an innovative approach to enhance the efficiency of multi-field coupled degradation processes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in asphalt.

What goes up must come down: off switches for regulatory RNAs.

Small RNAs base pair with and regulate mRNA translation and stability. For both bacterial small regulatory RNAs and eukaryotic microRNAs, association with partner proteins is critical for the stability and function of the regulatory RNAs. We review the mechanisms for degradation of these RNAs: displacement of the regulatory RNA from its protein partner (in bacteria) or destruction of the protein and its associated microRNAs (in eukaryotes). These mechanisms can allow specific destruction of a regulatory RNA via pairing with a decay trigger RNA or function as global off switches by disrupting the stability or function of the protein partner.

Oxic corrosion model for KAERI Reference disposal system via O2 consumption reactions and mixed-potential theory

The durability of copper (Cu) canisters against corrosion is critical for the licensing of deep geological repositories. Assessing oxic corrosion, a primary degradation mechanism, is essential for ensuring the reliability of such repositories. Due to the complex interactions influencing oxic corrosion, a comprehensive model is necessary for evaluating Cu canister corrosion. This study develops a model for the KAERI Reference Disposal System (KRS), incorporating mixed-potential theory with key O2 consumption reactions, including Cu corrosion, Cu(I) oxidation, FeS2 oxidation, aerobic microbial activity, and O2 dissolution and consumption. Simulation of 11 scenarios revealed that the representative KRS case would experience a maximum corrosion depth of 9.3 μm on the Cu canister after 2.3 years due to oxic corrosion, under conditions that are unfavorable for the initiation of pitting corrosion. These results suggest that oxic corrosion is not a threat to the isolation of spent nuclear fuels in KRS.

A review on photocatalytic degradation of aromatic organoarsenic compounds in aqueous environment using nanomaterials

AbstractAromatic organoarsenic compounds (AOCs) have proven to be both a boon and a curse by boosting profit maximization in livestock production and at the same time contributing to the pollution of water bodies, the chief cornerstone of the ecosystem. Interestingly, photocatalytic degradation using nanomaterials has emerged as an effective method to mitigate AOC pollution. Thus, this study aims to review and analyze original research works directed toward the photocatalytic degradation of AOC in the aqueous environment. In this study, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of various nanomaterials is investigated for different aromatic organoarsenic compounds. In addition, an empirical analysis was conducted on the impact of electron trapping and radical scavengers. Furthermore, photocatalytic degradation kinetics and mechanisms were pragmatically discussed. Also, recyclability, stability, and real‐life applicability were empirically evaluated. According to this review, most nanomaterial materials had maximal photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of >75% for most AOCs within an average time of 6–330 min. The radical scavenging study revealed that ●OH and O2● mechanistically play a major role in AOC degradation than electrons and holes. Additionally, it was shown that expended photocatalysts can be eluted mostly with H2O/NaOH and recycled up to 3–6 rounds with a degradation efficiency of >80% in most cases while maintaining their original structural integrity. This indicates that the method has the potential to be both environmentally friendly and industrially scalable. Ultimately, research gaps were highlighted, which can help researchers identify future research hotspots and open doors for technique advancement.

Thermodynamically spontaneously intercalated H3O+ enables LiMn2O4 with enhanced proton tolerance in aqueous batteries

LiMn2O4 (LMO) is an attractive positive electrode material for aqueous lithium-ion batteries (ALIBs), but its inferior cycle performance limits the practical application. The degradation mechanism of LMO in ALIBs is still unclear, resulting in inability to predictably improve its structural stability. The electrode/electrolyte interface is believed to play an important role in electrode degradation. However, the interactions of the water-containing electrode/electrolyte interface of LMO are underexplored. In this work, we demonstrate the insertion of H3O+ into LMO during cycling in aqueous electrolyte and elucidate the paradoxical effects of H3O+. The crystal H3O+ enhances the structural stability of LMO by forming a gradient Mn4+-rich protective shell, but an excess amount of crystal H3O+ leads to poor Li+ conductivity, resulting in rapid capacity fading. Combining electrochemical analyses, structural characterizations, and first-principles calculations, we reveal the intercalation of H3O+ into LMO and its associated mechanism on the structural evolution of LMO. Furthermore, we regulate the crystal H3O+ content in LMO by modifying the hydrogen bond networks of aqueous electrolyte to restrict H2O molecule activity. This approach utilizes an appropriate amount of crystal H3O+ to enhance the structural stability of LMO while maintaining sufficient Li+ diffusion.

Simultaneous 2D Projection and 3D Topographic Imaging of Gas-Dependent Dynamics of Catalytic Nanoparticles.

Catalyst deactivation through pathways such as sintering of nanoparticles and degradation of the support is a critical factor when designing high-performance catalysts. Here, structural changes of supported nanoparticle catalysts are investigated in controlled gas environments (O2, H2O, and H2) at different temperatures by imaging simultaneously the nanoparticle structures in 2D projection and the 3D surface-sensitive topography. Platinum nanoparticles on carbon support as a model system are imaged in an environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM), with concurrent acquisition of high-angle annular dark field scanning TEM (HAADF-STEM) and secondary electron (SE) images. Particle migration and coalescence occurs and shows gas-dependent kinetics, with nanoparticles moving across and through the support during and after coalescence. The temperature required for motion is lower in O2 than in H2O and H2, explained through the nature of the gas/nanoparticle interactions. In O2 and H2, the carbon support degrades by trench formation along migration pathways, and the particles move continuously, indicating a chemical reaction between gas and support. In H2O gas, motion is more discontinuous and oriented particle attachment occurs, as expected from theoretical predictions. These results suggest that multimodal imaging in ETEM that combines HAADF-STEM and SE data provides comprehensive information regarding catalyst dynamics and degradation mechanisms.

Biokinetic and microbial insights into regulatory mechanisms of long-chain fatty acid degradation during food waste-lipid co-digestion within anaerobic membrane bioreactor

This study investigated the effects of varying lipid ratios on the anaerobic co-digestion of high-lipid food waste (FW) in a mesophilic anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR). At a lipid concentration of 5 %, optimal biogas production (3.84 L/L/d) and lipid removal efficiency (78 %) were achieved; however, increasing lipid concentrations resulted in significant accumulations of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Batch tests further demonstrated the impact of various types of LCFAs, with stearic acid showing the slowest microbial growth rate (0.033d-1), confirming its role in the accumulation of acetate-dominated VFAs, potentially limiting the methanogenesis process at elevated lipid levels. Furthermore, at 8 % lipid content, the downregulation of key LCFA degradation enzymes and dominance of hydrogenotrophic methanogens indicated adverse conditions. The importance of the intricate interplay between LCFA degradation kinetics and microbial community for the system efficiency was evidenced, offering insights for optimizing and managing high-lipidic wastes.

Tailoring the geometry of visible and near-infrared light active CuSe nanostructure for enhanced photocatalytic activity

Semiconductor photocatalysts play a pivotal role in fostering a sustainable environment by harnessing solar energy directly into chemical energy to achieve various photocatalytic processes. Therefore, a visible-infrared active photocatalyst is the next level of demand for solving the alarming environmental issues. In this regard, the present article reports the investigations of crucial mechanisms and conditions leading to pure and defect-free hexagonal 2D CuSe nanosheets (NSs) and the influence of their structural architecture on visible-infrared active photocatalytic performance. Here, it was achieved by the conventional hydrothermal method by varying the pH of the reaction mixture. XRD analysis was used to examine the crystal structure and lattice parameters of CuSe NSs. The presence of H+ ions was suggested to significantly influence the observed anisotropic crystallite growth across different pH conditions. EDS and XPS analysis exhibited the purity and stoichiometry of 2D CuSe NSs, revealing that the obtained stoichiometry was consistent with CuSe composition. The morphological characteristics were investigated using FE-SEM as well as HR-TEM analyses, and the specific surface area was determined using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis in which a significant change occurred in response to the variation in reaction conditions. The optical properties of optimized 2D CuSe NSs show excellent absorption in the visible and near-infrared region utilizing full solar with a notable decrease in emission intensity, suggesting a reduction in recombination rates due to pH-induced changes in the nanoarchitecture. Herein, methylene blue, a well-established model dye, was used as a probe to assess the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized CuSe NSs. Notably, the CuSe NSs synthesized under neutral conditions demonstrate a remarkable methylene blue degradation efficiency, reaching approximately 98 % within approximately 45 minutes, indicating a high degradation rate. Finally, an in-depth exploration into the intricacies of photocatalytic performance, degradation mechanisms, and the recyclability test was conducted, accompanied by a thorough investigation into the feasibility of CuSe NSs for their practical application in photocatalytic wastewater treatment.

Drilling mud contamination effect on wellbore cement strength: An experimental investigation

Cementing is an essential downhole operation during the drilling of oil, gas, and geothermal wells, with the primary objective of providing structural support and a seal in the wellbore. It is important to attain adequate cement strength to preserve well integrity, inhibit fluid movement, enhance zonal isolation, and hold the wellbore casing in place. However, a significant challenge arises from the potential contamination of the cement by drilling mud (DM) during the placement process. This study aims to assess the impact of both water-based drilling mud (WBDM) and oil-based drilling mud (OBDM) contamination on the strength of API Class G wellbore cement by comprehensively investigating the underlying causes and the mechanism of strength degradation. Following a systematic methodological approach and the guidelines provided by API and ASTM, cement slurries were prepared and contaminated with DM at 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % concentrations by volume. Subsequently, both neat and contaminated samples were cured for 1, 3, 7, and 14 days, after which a series of uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted, and the results were further reinforced by microstructural and petrophysical property analysis. The results demonstrate that both WBDM and OBDM contamination significantly reduce cement strength, irrespective of curing time. Though the effect of OBDM contamination appears to be more pronounced, the effect of WBDM contamination is also remarkable. After final curing of 14 days, WBDM-contaminated cement samples exhibited an average strength reduction of 45.06 %, while OBDM contamination led to a 66.32 % reduction in strength compared to the neat cement with 30 % contamination. Additionally, for the same curing time and contamination percentage, porosity was found to be increased by 71.18 % and 91.33 %, respectively. The mechanism of neat and contaminated cement hydration is explained with the support of SEM-EDS tests, which confirmed the presence of contamination and revealed how two different drilling muds generate dissimilar pore structures within the cement sheath, affecting the hydration and ultimately contributing to the observed reduction in strength. The findings quantify the negative impact of WBDM and OBDM contamination on wellbore cement, emphasizing the importance of mitigating mud contamination during cementing operations.

Co3O4/CuO@C catalyst based on cobalt-doped HKUST-1 as an efficient peroxymonosulfate activator for pendimethalin degradation: Catalysis and mechanism

Pendimethalin (PM) is an organic pollutant (herbicide), and systematic studies on PM degradation are scarce. The efficient degradation of PM in water remains a challenge that requires to be addressed. Herein, for the first time, elemental Co was doped into HKUST-1 using a solvothermal method to generate Co3O4/CuO@C via pyrolysis. The as-prepared catalyst was used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for PM degradation, obtaining a PM degradation efficiency of 98.2% after 30min. The assessment of the effects of various factors on the degradation efficiency revealed that 1O2 dominated PM degradation, whereas the contribution of SO4•− was negligible. Although 3Co3O4/CuO@C exhibited a good degradation performance against other organic pollutants, its degradation performance in real water was poor. The carbon layer reduced metal-ion leaching (Co and Cu), and the synergistic interactions between Co3O4 and CuO promoted PMS activation. The roles of the components of 3Co3O4/CuO@C in PM degradation by activated PMS were investigated in the presence of CoIV and Co−OOSO3−. Two possible PM degradation pathways were systematically proposed, and the toxicity of the intermediates was analyzed. Finally, a mechanism for PM degradation by 3Co3O4/CuO@C-activated PMS was proposed.

Experimental and Simulation Study of Single-Event Leakage Current Degradation and Damage Mechanism in 4H-SiC PiN Diodes

Experimental and Simulation Study of Single-Event Leakage Current Degradation and Damage Mechanism in 4H-SiC PiN Diodes

Numerical Investigation of Critical Current and Magnetization Loss Effect for Twisted Stacked Tape Cable Considering Field-Angle Dependency and Mechanical Torsion Degradation

Numerical Investigation of Critical Current and Magnetization Loss Effect for Twisted Stacked Tape Cable Considering Field-Angle Dependency and Mechanical Torsion Degradation

Highly robust, self-adhesive, self-healing, pH-responsive, cytocompatible and degradable collagen/PVA/tannin-based conductive hydrogel sensor for motion-monitoring

It is the era of technological progress, contributing to the booming development in personalized smart wearable devices. As a representative of smart devices, flexible sensor devices are popular in many fields including electronic skin, tissue engineering, and soft robotics. Among them, hydrogel with high water-containing and stable structures is one of the most promising candidates for flexible sensor devices, attracting the attention of researchers. However, the topics of environmental protection and energy conservation are also currently unavoidable, so friendly materials and preparation strategies for the hydrogel are required for relieving the pressure on energy and the environment. In this work, the collagen-based multi-functional conductive hydrogel (PBTC) based on natural biomass materials, eco-friendly polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and “one pot” strategy had been prepared rationally for balancing the issues in the environment, energy, and multi-functional sensing hydrogel. The mechanical property, adhesive property, self-healing property, conductive property, degradability, and cytocompatibility of PBTC were tested in detail and confirmed. In particular, the excellent extensibility (strain over 1500%), rapid self-healing efficiency (over 90% within 90 s), stable and repeatable conductivity (fatigue testing for 1000 s and GF (gauge factor) of 2.66), and high cell viability (over 95%) of PBTC are further proved, which is favorable for its applications of human motion monitoring. Overall, this work provides further inspiration and understanding of the natural biomass materials for applications, as well as new ideas and methods for developing more efficient, reliable, multi-functional, and sustainable flexible sensing devices.

Investigating the mechanism of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YUAD7 degrading aflatoxin B1 in alfalfa silage using isotope tracing and nuclear magnetic resonance methods

BackgroundFungal toxins are highly toxic and widely distributed, presenting a considerable threat to global agricultural development. Addressing the issue of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in feed, it is crucial to ascertain the effectiveness and mechanisms of microbial strains in degradation.ResultsThis study used isotope tracing and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to investigate the degradation products of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YUAD7 in complex substrates. By tracing 14C34-AFB1 and utilizing NMR, ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC–Q-TOF/MS) purification and identification techniques, it was confirmed that AFB1 was degraded by YUAD7 into C12H14O4, C5H12N2O2, C10H14O2, and C4H12N2O, effectively removing 99.7% of AFB1 (100 μg/kg) from alfalfa silage. YUAD7 targeted the ester bond in the vanillin lactone ring structure, the ether bond in the furan ring structure, and the unsaturated carbon–carbon double bond in the furan ring structure during AFB1 degradation, disrupting the toxic sites responsible for AFB1's carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects and achieving biodegradation. Moreover, B. amyloliquefaciens YUAD7 transformed AFB1 through processes like hydrogenation, enzyme modification, and the loss of the -CO group while also being associated with metabolic pathways such as alanine, aspartate, glutamate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, and pentose and glucuronate interconversions.ConclusionsThe utilization of isotope tracing allowed for rapid identification of degradation products in complex substrates, while NMR elucidated the structures of these products. This deepens our understanding of AFB1 biodegradation mechanisms, providing technical support for the practical application of these bacteria in degradation, and new insights into studying the biological degradation mechanism. B. amyloliquefaciens YUAD7 can be used as a potential strain for degrading AFB1 in large-scale silage.Graphical

One-step synthesis of versatile PbMoO4@CdMoO4 microspheres hybrid for the enhanced photocatalytic dye degradation

In this work, we have demonstrated the productive synthesis of novel and versatile CdMoO4@PbMoO4 microspheres hybrid photocatalysts by a simple chemical reduction process. Fabricated CdMoO4@PbMoO4 hybrid microsphere characteristics were analyzed by various techniques to ascertain their structural and morphological properties. The photocatalytic degradation properties of CdMoO4@PbMoO4 hybrid microspheres were evaluated against methylene blue (MB) and congo red (CR) colorants under visible light. The hierarchical structure of CdMoO4@PbMoO4 along with the modulated bandgap, interfacial valence state electrons shift, and quick conversion of the Cd2+/Pb2+ cycle led to the display of the 98% and 97% degradations of CR and MB under visible light treatment, respectively which is superior to the corresponding pure structures degradation efficiency, signifying their boosted catalytic properties. Furthermore, the degradation mechanism endorsed excellent dye photodegradation under visible light illumination by the novel CdMoO4@PbMoO4 microspheres hybrid catalyst. The observations gave more insight into the progress of the advancement of CdMoO4@PbMoO4 microspheres hybrid to effectively detoxify perilous and toxic water effluents for industrial purposes.