Mechanism Of Ciliary Movement Research Articles

Mechanism of Ciliary Movement - What's New?

The basic structure of cilia and flagella is highly conserved in eukaryotes from protozoa to humans, but the motions they perform may be strikingly different. Combined electron microscopic and biochemical studies have led to a unifying hypothesis about how movement is generated that may explain the different behaviors.

The mechanism of ciliary movement. 3. Theory of suppression of reversal by electrical potential of cilia reversed by barium ions.

AbstractIt is well known that Paramecium (1) is cathodally galvanotactic in mixtures of sodium and calcium salts because of ciliary reversal at the cathodal end, and that (2) the cilia also may be reversed in solutions rich in monovalent cations or in barium or manganese ions, and (3) the organisms swim backward in these solutions.It also is well known (Kamada, '31) that Paramecium in solutions of barium salts (4) is anodally galvanotactic at low electric potentials, (5) is cathodally galvanotactic at higher potentials, and (6) again becomes anodally galvanotactic if the potential is lowered, but these results have never been explained.However, they can be explained if the membrane is assumed to act as an ion exchanger. Cilia are reversed by barium because barium replaces some of the calcium on the membrane. When a low cathodal potential is applied, the barium, because of its high electrophoretic velocity (Ba++> Ca++> Na+) is removed, thereby causing a suppression of the reversal. If the potential is increased, calcium is also removed, leaving mostly sodium on the membrane, and this causes a return of the reversal. Lowering the potential again causes a suppression of the reversal. Changes at the anodal end can be explained in a comparable manner.

Experimental studies on the ciliary activity in the trachea

Recently, air pollution has become an increasing problem for the industrialized countries, since it is thought to be one of the causes of chronic bronchitis and bronchial carcinoma.The ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract plays a very important role for the elimination and resorption of inhaled harmful materials. Many studies of cilia have been carried out both anatomically and physiologically. However, the mechanism of ciliary movement, the neural control of ciliary activity and the relationship between the ciliary activity and resorption activity are not well known yet. It is therefore the purpose of this study to elucidate above mentioned problems by means of a new method. The ciliary activity in the trachea in living rabbits was examined.The ciliary movements were observed by the microscope specially constructed for vertical light.They were observed as the variations in the light reflexes on the mucous membrane.These light reflexes were then transfered to the phototube where the variations in light intensity were changed to those in current intensity and these were recorded on an oscilloscope or an ink writer via an integrating circuit.The velocity of mucous flow was estimated by measuring the time when the India ink on the trachea mucosa moved 2mm distance.Following results were obtained:1) The rate of ciliary beat in the normal rabbit was 1140 beats/min. The velocity of mucous flow was 9.0mm/min.2) Both the ciliary movement and mucous flow were hardly affected by the atmospheric temperature between 25a and 35a, however, a low relative humidity brought about remarkable reduction of the ciliary activity.3) The rate of ciliary beat did not change after electrical stimulation for the vagul nerve or injection of autonomimetic drugs. The velocity of mucous flow, however, increased slightly at the parasympathicotonic condition.4) The ciliary activity decreased with the exposure of 10p.p.m. sulphur dioxide for 20 days and the absorption of radioisotope (Nal131) from the lower respiratory mucosa was increased. With increasing of the concentration of SO2 gas, the ciliary activity tremendously decreaseed within a short time. 5) The ciliary activity reduced after the local administration of 0.5% nicotine solution or 1% 3-4 benzpyrene solution to the trachea mucosa.6) The ciliary activity increased after the local administration of 0.1% lysozyme solution or saponin solution to the trachea mucosa.

The mechanism of ciliary movement. II. Ion antagonism and ciliary reversal.

The mechanism of ciliary movement. II. Ion antagonism and ciliary reversal.

The Mechanism of Ciliary Movement. I. Ciliary Reversal and Activation by Electric Current; the Ludloff Phenomenon in Terms of Core and Volume Conductors.*

In Paramecium there is no known correlation between the direction of electric current through the membrane and of ciliary beat. One reason is that the Ludloff phenomenon, an anodal shift in the limit of the area of reversal with increased current strength, has seemed contradictory to most other data. However, by assuming Paramecium to be a core conductor immersed in a volume conductor and by applying the laws of polarizing currents it is possible to explain all existing data on reversal of normal ciliary action, and also on activation of cilia in immobilized specimens by electrical current. It is assumed that a threshold degree of depolarization of the normal membrane potential or of current density causes reversal. The Ludloff phenomenon is caused by anodal progression of this degree of depolarization with increasing membranecurrent. If it is also assumed that an increase in the membrane potential of immobilized specimens causes activation in the normal direction, one can predict anodal activation, progression of reversal with decrement in velocity, time course of development of excitation, ancdal stimulation upon “break.” stimulation by linearly rising currents, relative refractory and supernormal periods, effect of angle of orientation, and effect of acetylcholine and antiacetylchoiine esterase. Assumption of a neuromotor system is not needed. However, if available data are interpreted in the manner commonly used for nerve it can be concluded that an active accommodative process exists and possibly also a local excitatory state. A recent “dipolar” theory of galvanotaxis is not acceptable because it does not include ciliary reversal.

The mechanism of ciliary movement.—VI. Photographic and stroboscopic analysis of ciliary movement

The mechanism of ciliary movement.—VI. Photographic and stroboscopic analysis of ciliary movement

The Mechanism of Ciliary Movement

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Mechanism of Ciliary MovementJames GrayJames Gray Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 63, Number 684Jan. - Feb., 1929 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/280237 Views: 13Total views on this site Citations: 22Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Debashish Chowdhury Stochastic mechano-chemical kinetics of molecular motors: A multidisciplinary enterprise from a physicist’s perspective, Physics Reports 529, no.11 (Aug 2013): 1–197.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2013.03.005Mark Burkitt, Dawn Walker, Daniela M. Romano, Alireza Fazeli Computational modelling of maternal interactions with spermatozoa: potentials and prospects, Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no.88 (Jan 2011): 976.https://doi.org/10.1071/RD11032J. Marshall Clark, Sean J. Edman, Scott R. Nagy, Alfredo Canhoto, Frank Hecht, Judith Van Houten Insecticidal action on calcium channels of Paramecium tetraurelia, Pesticide Science 44, no.11 (May 2006): 79–81.https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780440113C. Barker Jørgensen Water Processing in Filter-Feeding Bivalves, (Jan 1990): 615–636.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75118-9_30C.Barker Jørgensen Water processing in ciliary feeders, with special reference to the bivalve filter pump, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 94, no.22 (Jan 1989): 383–394.https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(89)90562-8Anthony A. Paparo Ciliary activity on the ctenidium of bivalve molluscs, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology 91, no.11 (Jan 1988): 99–110.https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(88)90175-2Anthony A. Paparo Salinity induced cytosomal morphogenesis in the oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 85, no.33 (Jan 1986): 513–522.https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(86)90439-1Anthony A. Paparo The role of the cerebral and visceral ganglia in ciliary activity, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 81, no.33 (Jan 1985): 647–651.https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(85)91042-4C. Barker J�rgensen Feeding and cleaning mechanisms in the suspension feeding bivalve Mytilus edulis, Marine Biology 65, no.22 (Jan 1981): 159–163.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00397081Hans Werner Lissmann James Gray, 14 October 1891 - 14 December 1975, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 24 (Jan 1997): 55–70.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1978.0004Anthony A. Paparo, Martin D. Hamburg, Elliot Morris Pharmacological modification of unit activity of the cerebral ganglion of the mussel, Mytilus edulis and the control of ciliary movement, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology 54, no.22 (Jan 1976): 81–87.https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4492(76)90068-XC. Barker Jørgensen On gill function in the mussel Mytilus Edulis L., Ophelia 13, no.1-21-2 (Dec 1974): 187–232.https://doi.org/10.1080/00785326.1974.10430595R. Beutler Vergleichende Physiologische Chemie, (Jan 1966): 659–970.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-37018-6_2Waltraut Rose Versuchsfreie Beobachtungen des Verhaltens von Paramecium aurelia1,2,, Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 21, no.33 (Apr 2010): 257–278.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1964.tb01194.xPar E. Faure-Fremiet CILS VIBRATILES ET FLAGELLES, Biological Reviews 36, no.44 (Nov 1961): 464–533.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1961.tb01598.x Edward Lawrence Aiello Factors Affecting Ciliary Activity on the Gill of the Mussel Mytilus edulis, Physiological Zoology 33, no.22 (Sep 2015): 120–135.https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.33.2.30152299Arne Lindroth Gibt es bei den Polychäten intestinale Atmung per anum ?, Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 25, no.33 (Jan 1938): 283–291.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00339639Bruno M. 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On Permanent Natural Reversal of the Frontal Cilia on the Gill Filaments of Mytilus edulis, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 16, no.33 (Oct 2009): 919–970.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400073148 Report of the Council, 1929, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 16, no.33 (Oct 2009): 987–1002.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400073161Ruth Beutler Liefert das Glykogen die Energie f�r den Flimmerschlag?, Zeitschrift f�r Vergleichende Physiologie 10, no.33 (Jan 1929): 440–444.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00339267

The mechanism of ciliary movement. —V. The effect ions the duration of beat

In a previous paper (Gray, 1924) it was shown that the whole series of events which accompany continuous ciliary movement is divisible into at least three phases: (i) A reaction which is sensitive to monovalent cations (particularly the hydrogen-ion); any interference with this mechanism involves a change in the rate of beat of the cilia, and ultimately leads to a corresponding change in the oxygen consumption of the cells, (ii) A mechanism which is brought into operation by the presence of an activating acid substance, (iii) A reaction of an oxidative nature which removes some factor which is the direct result of activity and which, if allowed to accumulate, will inhibit the activity of the whole ciliary apparatus. The present paper deals primarily with the first of these processes. For this purpose the lateral epithelium on the gills of Mytilusedulis form a convenient material, since under appropriate conditions the cilia of these cells can (for many hours after excision of the gill) either be maintained in an active state of movement or be kept quite motionless. If the gills of a healthy animal be excised and examined at once under the microscope, the lateral cilia are seen to be in active movement, and exhibit a very beautiful metachronial rhythm which passes up and down the two sides of the gill-filaments. If these gills are now thoroughly washed with sea-water the lateral cilia sooner or later come to rest; the period which elapses before quiescence varies considerably with different individuals. It is usually about 15 mins., but it may be considerably longer in the case of well-fed mussels. It is to be concluded that the amount of available energy in the lateral epithelium is usually sufficient to maintain activity in sea-water for a strictly limited period. This is in marked contrast to the frontal epithelium, which remains active in sea-water for very long periods; in this case it may be assumed that the supply of energy is still being maintained from the glycoprotein (Gray 1924).

The mechanism of ciliary movement.—IV. The relation of ciliary activity to oxygen consumption

Engelmann (5) showed that the cells of the ciliated epithelium of the frog’s œsophagus remain active for as much as two hours after the tissue is exposed to an atmosphere of hydrogen. From this he concluded that the cells contained a considerable store of intramolecular oxygen, on which they could draw in the total absence of atmospheric oxygen. This experiment is, however, not conclusive. In the case of the cilia on the gills ofMytilus edulis, the absolute time required for cessation of movement in hydrogen depends very largely on the amount of water in contact with the tissue. Oxygen dissolved in an undisturbed drop of water is only slowly removed by a current of hydrogen; in a large drop of water there is, therefore, more oxygen available for the use of the tissue than is the case when the experiment is performed with tissue simply moistened with water. If a piece of gill, kept moist but not immersed in sea-water, is placed on a coverslip in an Engelmann gas chamber and exposed to an atmosphere of hydrogen, active movement persists for 30 to 45 minutes; the speed of the beat gradually falls, and after 60 to 75 minutes all movement ceases. If air be admitted when the movement has begun to slow down partial recovery takes place at once, and is soon complete. If, however, the cilia have become almost inactive in hydrogen, recovery in air is much slower, and may not be complete for about half an hour. In pure oxygen recovery is much more rapid. In order to determine to what extent the prolonged activity of the cells in an atmosphere of hydrogen is due to free oxygen in the water or tissue, the experiments were repeated with hæmoglobin in sea-water. A solution of hæmoglobin was used of such a strength as would enable a film of liquid in contact with the tissue to give a well-marked spectrum with a Zeiss microspectroscope. The following table gives the details of a typical experiment.

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The mechanism of ciliary movement. III.—The effect of temperature

The general effect of temperature on the rate of ciliary movement has been known for many years. In 1858, Calliburcés(1) determined the rate of movement of the cilia on the frog’s œsophagus, by observing the speed of rotation of a small glass cylinder laid in contact with the ciliated surface; he found that an increase in temperature caused a marked increase in the speed of rotation. Similar results, obtained by various methods, were recorded by Roth (11), Engelmann (2), and Rossbach (10), but in no case were the observations sufficient for quantitative analysis. Owing to the fact that ciliated surfaces are liable to be contaminated by strands of mucus, data based on the speed imparted by the cilia to a revolving drum are liable to considerable experimental error; this error is also increased by the mechanical friction involved by such instruments. The only satisfactory method of estimating the speed of the cilia on the gills of Mytilus appears to be by a determination of the rate of transportation of fine particles over the surface of the tissue; such particles can be watched under the low power of the microscope, and any irregularities due to the presence of mucus can be detected.The method adopted in the following experiments was to determine the time required to move at a uniform rate a very small circular plate of platinum over a distance of 1 cm. The tissue was fixed by glass weights to the bottom of a small glass dish, across the base of which were marked two lines 1 cm. apart. The relative speed at different temperatures was recorded, using the speed at 15° as an arbitrary unit of 100.

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The mechanism of ciliary movement

The mechanism of ciliary movement has been extensively studied from the morphological point of view, and although there is a general consensus of opinion as to the structure of the “ciliary apparatus,” there is no adequate account of the functions of the various parts of the mechanism. The material used for this work has been the gills ofMytilus edulis, and has already been described (Orton, 27). It is entirely due to the movement of the cilia that an efficient stream of water is kept passing on to the face of the gill, and that the food is moved up to the mouth of the animal. By means of carmine particles the existence of these currents is easily detected by the naked eye.

The mechanism of ciliary movement. II.—The effect ions on the cell membrane

In 1906 R. S. Lillie (7) published an account of the effects of various pure sodium salts upon the ciliated epithelium of Mytilus edulis . He found that the ions could be arranged in the following order of “toxicity,” Cl' <NO 3 ' < Br' < I' <SCN'. Lillie also referred to the effect which various anions have upon the amount of water taken up by the cells from their external medium, and arranged the ions in the following order of efficiency in causing an absorption of water by the cells. CH 3 COO' < Cl' < NO 3 ' < C10 3 ' < Br' < I' < SCN' < BrO 3 ' < OH'.