Mechanical Properties Of Ternary Blends Research Articles

Response Surface Analysis of PS/EPDM/PA6 Ternary Blends: Effect of Mixing Sequence, Composition, and Viscosity Ratio on the Mechanical Properties

In this work, effect of three factors on the phase morphology and mechanical properties of ternary blends based on polystyrene (PS)/ethylene‐propylene‐diene terpolymer (EPDM)/polyamide6 (PA6) was investigated by response surface methodology (RSM). Results indicated that among the studied factors (i.e., mixing sequence, composition, and viscosity ratio of the minor phases), the first two have the greatest effect on the impact strength (75.6%) and tensile properties (tensile modulus (84.9%) and yield stress (88.9%); while EPDM/PA6 viscosity ratio has the least effect (≤ 2.1%) on the final mechanical properties. These achievements are, in fact, arising from the considerable changes in the phase morphology and the contribution share predicted by experimental design outputs. However, mixing sequences just affected on the size of dispersed particles, but samples with different compositions presented different morphology types. According to the mechanical characterization of PS/EPDM/PA6 blends, the maximum impact strength and tensile properties were not obtained simultaneously. Optimal levels of input factors, aimed to balance impact strength and tensile properties, are M1 simultaneous mixing sequence, C1 composition (70/10/20), and V1 viscosity ratio (PA6 with low viscosity). J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 26:282–290, 2020. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers

Study on a high strength ternary blend containing calcium sulfoaluminate cement/calcium aluminate cement/ordinary Portland cement

Repair mortars containing calcium sulfoaluminate cement (CSA), calcium aluminate cement (CAC) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was prepared. The effects of binder proportion on the mechanical properties of ternary blends were researched. Moreover, the hydration products and microstructure of that were observed by XRD, TG, and SEM. Results showed that the addition of CAC-OPC can accelerate the setting of CSA and enhance its early strength, which is mainly contributed to the rapid formation of massive ettringite. The strength of ternary blends continues to increase with time resulted from the decrease of porosity. Moreover, the microstructure of ettringite in CSA is significantly affected by the presence of CAC and OPC.

Nanocomposites of HDPE/LDPE/Nylon 6 reinforced with MWCNT, Kenaf fiber, nano Mg(OH)2, and PEPA with enhanced mechanical, thermal, and flammability characteristics

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combination of magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) and Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) on the thermal, flammable, and mechanical properties of ternary blends (High density polyethylene/Low density polyethylene/Nylon). Kenaf fiber has also been added for reinforcement. For ternary blend it is found that the tensile strength value was increased by 50% at 0.5/0.5 wt% loading of Mg(OH)2/MWCNT as compared to composite without filler. The improvement in tensile strength was also significant from scanning electron microscope micrographs and also assessed using predictive theories. The cone calorimeter studies showed lowered peak heat release rate with addition of MWCNT/Mg(OH)2. It also promoted char formation and thus improved flame retardancy of the nanocomposites. These composites have a potential for application as high performance fire retardant composites by recycling mixed plastic waste. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E1474–E1486, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

Toughening effect of liquid natural rubber on the morphology and thermo-mechanical properties of the poly(lactic acid) ternary blend

In this work, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was melt blended with liquid natural rubber (LNR) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) to fabricate a PLA–LNR–LLDPE ternary blend. The torque rheology demonstrates the melt mixing behavior of PLA–LLDPE binary and PLA–LNR–LLDPE ternary blends. Mechanical properties of ternary blend illustrate the highest toughness as compared to neat PLA and PLA–LLDPE binary blend. Fracture morphology reveals the plastic deformation behavior in the ternary blend which is illustrated in TEM micrograph. The cold crystallization temperature of the ternary blend appears at a lower temperature as compared to the binary blend. The thermal stability of PLA is improved due to blending with LLDPE and LNR. The ternary blend exhibits greater storage modulus in the glassy state as well as in the rubbery state as compared to neat PLA and binary blend. Finally, LNR performed as an effective compatibilizer between PLA and LLDPE.

Investigation on the morphological and mechanical properties of (polyamide 6)/(poly[styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile])/(poly[styrene‐b‐{ethylene‐co‐butylene}‐b‐styrene]) ternary blends

In this work, ternary polymer blends based on (polyamide 6)/(poly[styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile])/(poly[styrene‐b‐{ethylene‐co‐butylene}‐b‐styrene]) (SEBS) triblock copolymer and a varying concentration of the reactive (maleic anhydride)‐grafted SEBS were prepared by using a melt‐blending process. The effects of the material parameters (composition of ternary blends and SEBS/[{maleic anhydride}‐grafted SEBS] concentration ratio) and blending sequence on the morphological and mechanical properties of ternary blends were studied. Taguchi experimental design methodology was employed to design the experiments and select the material and processing parameters for the optimized mechanical properties. Tensile properties (Young's modulus and yield stress) and impact strength were considered as the response variables. It was demonstrated that there is a meaningful relationship between the composition of blends, processing parameters, observed phase structure, and obtained mechanical properties. The mechanical tests showed that the highest impact strength was achieved as the dispersion of the rubbery phase achieved an optimum size of about 1 μm. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 23:329–337, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

Effect of the core-forming polymer on phase morphology and mechanical properties of PA6/EPDM-g-MA/HDPE ternary blends

In this work, phase morphology and mechanical properties of ternary blends of PA6 (Polyamide 6), EPDM-g-MA (Ethylene-propylene-diene rubber grafted with maleic anhydride) and different HDPEs (high-density polyethylene) have been studied. Although HDPEs of various viscosity and contents are used, the binary (EPDM-g-MA/HDPE) dispersed phase is of a core–shell structure, in which HDPE forms the core. When low viscosity HDPE is used, the blends consist of single-core core–shell structure. While, the application of high viscosity HDPE plays an important role in forming a multinuclear core–shell structure. Furthermore, the notched Izod impact strength of PA6/EPDM-g-MA/H-HDPE blends 70/15/15 reaches the highest, which is 2 times higher than PA6/EPDM-g-MA 70/30 binary blends. The study of the toughening mechanism of PA6 ternary blends with core–shell structure suggest that the fibrillation of core–shell particles in PA6/EPDM-g-MA/HDPEs ternary blends can absorb fracture impact energy and prevent micro-crack further propagating, and thus obtain higher notched Izod impact strength.

Effect of Maleated Styrene/Ethylene-co-Butylene/Styrene on the Dispersed Particles Size and Mechanical Properties of Polyamide 6/Poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)/Poly(styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) Ternary Blends

In this study, the effect of several parameters, including composition, order of mixing, viscosity, and interfacial tension, on the phase structure and size of dispersed particles of polyamide 6 (PA6)/poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) SAN/poly(styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) (SEBS) ternary blends was investigated. Moreover, the effect of addition of different ratios of reactive SEBS (maleic anhydride grafted-SEBS) and non-reactive SEBS at a fixed order of mixing and composition of 70/15/15 (PA6/SAN/SEBS + SEBS-g-MAH) on the mechanical properties of ternary blends was examined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that among the studied parameters, interfacial tension and viscosity of dispersed phases were the leading factors in the formation of morphology and size of dispersed droplets. Mechanical results revealed that in contrast to the expectation, formation of core/shell structure of PA6/SAN/SEBS ternary blends did not result in a significant increasing of impact strength. The highest impact strength was achieved when a 50/50 weight ratio of SEBS/SEBS-g-MAH was used.

Study of rheological and mechanical properties of ternary blends of iPP/LDPE/EPDM

Abstract Compatible blends of isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) were prepared by reactive blending in the presence of dicumyl peroxide (DCP). The blends were characterized using different techniques: dynamical rheological analysis (DRA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamical mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), viscosity and impact strength, to evaluate their properties. Results revealed that the presence of the peroxide in LDPE/EPDM blends gives rise to crosslinking reactions, as is the case in iPP/LDPE/EPDM blends. However, in the latter case, scission reactions of the iPP component also take place. As a consequence of the whole process, morphological changes arise mainly in the amorphous regions, without affecting the degree of crystallinity of the components. The mechanical properties of the blends are consequently improved, due to the crosslinked network thus formed in the blends.

Efeito da sequência de mistura nas propriedades de blendas PA6/ABS compatibilizadas com o copolímero SMA

Blendas de poliamida 6 (PA6) com acrilonitrila-butadieno-estireno (ABS) foram preparadas em uma extrusora de rosca dupla, utilizando-se o copolímero estireno-anidrido maleico (SMA), com 7% de anidrido maleico, como compatibilizante. O efeito de três sequências de mistura na microestrutura e propriedades das blendas foi estudado. A morfologia e as propriedades mecânicas dos materiais foram caracterizadas por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) e testes de resistência ao impacto e módulo de elasticidade, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que a morfologia e propriedades mecânicas das blendas ternárias foram bastante diferentes e dependem da sequência de mistura. A blenda preparada pela mistura simultânea de todos os componentes, em uma única extrusão, apresentou melhor tenacidade. Por outro lado, quando o ABS e o SMA foram misturados juntos em uma primeira extrusão, antes da incorporação da PA6 em uma segunda extrusão, o valor da resistência ao impacto encontrado foi menor que o da matriz PA6 e da blenda sem compatibilizante PA6/ABS. Evidências de reações químicas entre o compatibilizante SMA e a matriz PA6 também foram investigadas através de reometria de torque.

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Poly(Trimethylene Terephthalate)/Maleic Anhydride Grafted Poly(Ethylene-octene)/Polypropylene Blends

A range of blends based on 70 wt% of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) PTT with 30 wt% dispersed phase were produced via melt blending. The dispersed phase composition was varied from pure maleic anhydride grafted poly(ethylene-octene) (POE-g-MA) over a range of POE-g-MA:polypropylene (PP) ratios. The micromorphology and mechanical properties of the ternary blends were investigated. The results indicated that the domains of the POE-g-MA are dispersed in the PTT matrix, and at the same time the POE-g-MA encapsulate the PP domains. The interfacial reaction between the hydroxyl-end group of PTT and maleic anhydride (MA) during melt blending changes the formation from “isolated formation” to “capsule formation,” where the PP domains are encapsulated by POE-g-MA. Compared to the PTT/POE-g-MA blends, mechanical properties of ternary blends, such as tensile strength and Young's modulus, were improved significantly.

Effect of blending sequence on the mechanical properties of ternary blends prepared from recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Effect of blending sequence on the mechanical properties of ternary blends prepared from recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Effect of mixing on dynamic mechanical properties of ternary blends of carbon black, polypropylene, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of mixing on dynamic mechanical properties of ternary blends of carbon black (CB), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polypropylene (PP). PP/EVA/CB blends were made by compounding a 70/30 wt% EVA/CB blend with PP to maintain a constant ratio between EVA and CB, using a Brabender twin screw extruder. Three blends with CB concentration 3, 5 and 7.5 wt% were studied in a dynamic rheometer. Both dynamic moduli and dynamic viscosity increased when the concentration of EVA/CB increased. The storage modulus and loss modulus of 5 and 7.5 wt% CB blends increased with the increasing number of passes in extrusion. The ratio of increase diminished when the frequency of the dynamic test increased. Multiple passes in the extruder decreased the phase size of the blends and accounted for the change of modulus. Frequency dependency was explained as the result of the slippage between the interface of EVA/CB and PP phases.

Ternary polymer blend with core–shell dispersed phases: effect of the core-forming polymer on phase morphology and mechanical properties

Phase morphology and mechanical properties of ternary blends consisting of PS (polystyrene), SBR (styrene butadiene rubber) and different polyolefins (POs) have been studied. PS, systematically forms the matrix, SBR and PO being combined in the dispersed phase. Although POs of various melt viscosity and stiffness are used, the binary (SBR/PO) dispersed phase is of a core–shell structure, in which PO forms the core. Upon increasing the viscosity of PO, the average size of the cores and the SBR domains including them increases. Comparison of the experimental shear storage modulus of the blends with theoretical predictions indicates that the stress transfer from the PS matrix to the PO core through the SBR shell depends on the modulus of the SBR envelope. The ultimate mechanical properties of the ternary blends are sensitive to the stiffness of the PO core.

Structural, rheological, and mechanical properties of ternary blends of PEN, PET, and liquid crystalline polymer

AbstractStructural, rheological, and mechanical properties of ternary blends of a liquid crystalline copolyester (LCP) composed of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid and 2,6‐hydroxynaphthoic acid, poly(ehtylene naphthalate)(PEN), and poly(ethylene terephtalate) (PET) were investigated using capillary rheometry, tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Viscosity‐shear rate behavior of the ternary blends is very similar to that of pure polymers and their binary blends. The activation energy of flows of the ternary blends was smaller than those of PEN and PET. Tensile modulus and strength of extruded strands of the blends increased with increasing LCP content. The extruded strands of the blends consist of a crystalline and oriented LCP phase and an amorphous and unoriented PEN/PET blended phase. Tensile mechanical properties and structures of the ternary blends were discussed.

Miscibility, phase behavior, and mechanical properties of ternary blends of poly(vinyl chloride)/polystyrene/chlorinated polyethylene-graft-polystyrene

The effectiveness of chlorinated polyethylene-graft-polystyrene (CPE-g-PS) as a polymeric compatibilizer for immiscible poly(vinyl chloride)/polystyrene (PVC/PS) blends was investigated. The miscibility, phase behavior, and mechanical properties were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), Izod impact tests, tensile tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DSC and DMA studies showed that PVC is immiscible with chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) in CPE-g-PS, whereas the PS homopolymer is miscible with PS in CPE-g-PS. The PVC/PS/CPE-g-PS ternary blends exhibit a three-phase structure: PVC phase, CPE phase, and PS phase that consisted of a PS homopolymer and PS in CPE-g-PS. The mechanical properties showed that CPE-g-PS interacts well with both PVC and PS and can be used as a polymeric compatibilizer for PVC/PS blends. CPE-g-PS can also be used as an impact modifier for both PVC and PS. SEM observations confirmed, after the addition of CPE-g-PS, improvement of the interfacial adhesion between the phases of the PVC/PS blends. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 995–1003, 1998

Morphology, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of PA1O1O/PP-g-ATBS/PP Blends

The modification of polypropylene (more precisely, a propylene/ethylene random copolymer containing 10% ethylene) has been accomplished by melt grafting of acrylamide tertiary butyl sulfonic acid(ATBS) initiated with a radical initiator. The resulting PP-g-ATBS was used to prepare ternary blends of PA1O1O/PP-g-ATBS/PP and binary blends of PA1010/PP. The size of domains of PP in ternary blends is much smaller than that in binary blends. It was found that mechanical properties of ternary blends obviously surpassed that of binary blends. These behavior could be contributed to chemical interactions between sulfonic acid groups of PP-g-ATBS and end amino group of PA1010. Thermal and rheological analysis were performed to confirm the possible chemical reactions taken place during the blending process.

Toughening of poly(butylene terephthalate) with core-shell impact modifiers dispersed with the aid of polycarbonate

Commercial emulsion-made impact modifiers with a shell of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) chains grafted onto a rubber core, either acrylate or butadiene based, cannot be adequately dispersed in a matrix of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) to achieve useful toughening. However, it is known that tough materials can be achieved when these blends also contain polycarbonate (PC). It is demonstrated here that 10 wt% or less of PC greatly facilitates the dispersal of such core-shell impact modifiers in a PBT matrix and leads to tough blends even at low temperatures. It is known that PC wets PBT and PMMA better than PBT and PMMA wet each other, which allows the PC to act as a dispersing agent for these impact modifier particles in the PBT matrix. The morphology and mechanical properties of ternary blends where PC is a major matrix component rather than simply a dispersing agent are also examined.

Mechanical properties of ternary blends of poly(butylene terephthalate), bisphenol-a-polycarbonate and poly(hydroxyether of bisphenol-A)

Ternary poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/bisphenol-A-polycarbonate (PC)/poly(hydroxyether of bisphenol-A) (phenoxy) blends, with PBT contents from 0 to 30% were obtained by melt-mixing. The presence of PBT clearly increases the ductility of the already rather ductile PC/phenoxy blends. The increase of ductility was accompanied by a slight synergism in the yield stress and by a very small change of the modulus of elasticity of the blends with PBT as compared to those without PBT. The observed fracture surface shows a ductile fracture with two phases without signs of debonding between them. It is established that a third polymeric component present in both phases of an immiscible blend may have a beneficial effect on the mechanical properties of the blend.

The effect of composition, processing and morphology on mechanical properties of polypropylene/ethylene‐propylene rubber/polyethylene blends

AbstractThe effect of the content and type of linear polyethylene, of the type of EPDM rubber and of the preparation procedure on the mechanical properties of ternary blends polypropylene/EPDM rubber/polyethylene was investigated. Mixtures of EPDM rubber with polyethylene raise the impact strength of polypropylene more than pure EPDM rubber. The impact strength of the blends is affected by the procedure employed in the preparation, but not by the type of polyethylene used.

Rheological and mechanical properties of ternary blends of linear‐low‐density polyethylene/polypropylene/ethylene‐propylene block polymers

AbstractThe effect of addition of an ethylene‐propylene block polymer on rheological and mechanical properties of a linear‐low‐density polyethylene/polypropylene blend was examined. The samples were prepared by melt blending in a twin‐screw extruder followed by injection molding. The single‐, two‐ and three‐component systems were treated the same way. The mechanical behavior of the blends was evaluated by means of tensile, and flexural, tests at 23 and −40°C. The capillary, elongational, and dynamic‐flow measurements were performed at 190°C.