Mechanical Properties Of Polyvinyl Chloride Research Articles

The Impact of Plasticizer Levels in Hardening PVC Plastic

This paper provides a detailed investigation into the effects of Trioctyl Trimellitate (TOTM) plasticizer levels on the hardness of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) materials. The study reveals an inverse correlation between the level of TOTM plasticizer and the hardness of PVC, with an increase in TOTM levels leading to a decrease in hardness. This trend is consistent across various PVC samples, despite minor variations. The role of plasticizers in determining the physical and mechanical properties of PVC is further explored, emphasizing their function in reducing PVC’s crystallinity, thereby producing a clearer and more flexible material. This research contributes to the understanding of how plasticizers can be used to tailor the properties of PVC, leading to the development of two distinct types of PVC: Flexible PVC, which contains a plasticizer, and Rigid PVC, which does not. The findings underscore the importance of plasticizers in material design and engineering, offering valuable insights for future applications.

Enhancing mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride: Novel organic‐modified cinnamate‐intercalated calcium aluminum hydrotalcite as a high‐efficiency thermal stabilizer

AbstractTo make the hydrotalcite uniformly dispersed in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and enhance its thermal stability, cinnamate‐intercalated calcium aluminum hydrotalcite (CaAl‐cinnamate‐LDHs) underwent organic modification with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide/sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyethylene glycol (CTAB/SDS/PEG). The structures of modified hydrotalcite were characterized using x‐ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, particle size analysis, and water contact angle test. The thermal stability was assessed through thermal aging oven experiment, Congo Red experiment, and thermogravimetric experiment, revealing their exceptional performance. Simultaneously, the synergistic effect of PEG‐LDHs with auxiliary thermal stabilizers was examined, with epoxy soybean oil proving to be the most effective, which made the PVC sample incompletely black within 120 min. Mechanical properties and dynamic thermomechanical analysis indicated that the overall mechanical characteristics of the PVC samples with modified hydrotalcite were significantly superior to the unmodified CaAl‐cinnamate‐LDHs. Additionally, the optical performance test demonstrated excellent transparency in the PEG‐LDHs/PVC sample. Through analyzing the thermal stability mechanism, it was indicated that hydrotalcite effectively absorbed HCl. Furthermore, the combination of PEG‐LDHs and ESO replaced unstable Cl atoms and reacted with conjugated double bonds, thereby reducing the aging and discoloration of PVC.Highlights The modified hydrotalcite preparation process was simple and easy to operate. The CTAB/SDS/PEG‐LDHs/PVC samples exhibited excellent thermal stability. Mechanical properties of the PVC samples with modified hydrotalcite were significantly superior to the unmodified CaAl‐cinnamate‐LDHs.

The Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression Performance of Polyvinyl Chloride Composites with an Efficient Flame Retardant System

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the most widely used general flame-retardant plastic worldwide; however, the large number of plasticizers added during processing significantly reduces its flame-retardant property. To prepare a new type of PVC material with highly efficient flame retardancy and smoke suppression, antimony trioxide (Sb2O3), talc powder, hydromagnesite, and zinc borate were added in different proportions to PVC to explore the flame-retardant properties, thermal weight, smoke density (Ds), and mechanical properties of the composite materials. Results showed that the limiting oxygen index value of each group was higher than 27% after adding talc powder, magnesite, and zinc borate to replace part of the Sb2O3. This value was within the refractory-grade level and indicated a good flame retardancy performance. The replacement effect was in line with the experimental expectation. The lowest Ds peak value was 656.4 when the flame retardants were added with 10 wt% Sb2O3, 50 wt% hydromagnesite, 20 wt% talc, and 20 wt% Zn3BO6. Compared with pure Sb2O3 as a flame retardant, the Ds peak value decreased by 46.7%. The thermogravimetric decomposition temperature of the composites in each group was generally higher than that of the group with pure Sb2O3 as a flame retardant, increasing by 45.3 °C. The thermal stability of the composites was improved, and the elongation at the break and tensile strength were 234.9% and 25.8 MPa, respectively, indicating good mechanical properties. The results showed that using compound flame retardants to replace most of the Sb2O3 is an effective technique for obtaining good flame retardancy and mechanical properties of PVC. This study, not only reduced the manufacturing cost of flame-retardant PVC, but also effectively reduced its smoke density and the time to reach the highest smoke density, which provided a research reference for the application and promotion of flame-retardant PVC.

Study on the Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride Reinforced with Snail Shells

Study on the Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride Reinforced with Snail Shells

Investigation of thermal and mechanical properties of new nitrogen-rich organic based heat stabilizers for poly (vinyl chloride)

Urea cyanurate, as a new nitrogen-rich organic-based heat stabilizer, for the enhancement to thermal properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is prepared via the simple precipitation method, in this study. Characterization, thermal and mechanical properties of the stabilized PVC were examined by means of fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements, discoloration test, congo red test and the weight-loss method, thermal aging test, and tensile analysis. Results showed that the thermal stability of PVC is improved after the addition of urea cyanurate in PVC formulation and weight loss related to HCl releasing in the normal PVC processing temperature (180°C) is less than 1%. Enhancement of the thermal properties and stability time of the PVC lead to decreased degradation tendency. Oven-aging test result showed that the color change during degradation process of PVC samples improved by adding the urea cyanurate. The tensile strength of stabilized samples were about 42%, higher as compared to the pure PVC. The optimum and best results for improving the thermal and mechanical properties of PVC were obtained by incorporating the 3 wt % of the urea cyanurate.

Mechanical properties of PVC geomembrane based on non-contact measurement

The mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) geomembrane (GM), particularly its elastic modulus, are of the utmost importance in engineering design and evaluation of performance. The existing test methods make it difficult to provide an accurate elastic modulus of PVC GM. This research presents the establishment of an improved method for analysing the true stress–strain by non-contact measurement technology to determine the elastic modulus. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used to measure the axial and transverse strain, and it was found to give measurements of strain with a high degree of accuracy. The variation of Poisson's ratio is discussed and the true cross-sectional area is determined, allowing the true stress to be calculated theoretically. In accordance with the true stress–strain curve, the elastic modulus and linear range are established, which can provide designers with the tools to evaluate the true performance of GM and help them to select anti-seepage materials in design.

Influence of Particle Size, Additive Ratio and Chemical Structure of Zinc Borate on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride

Zinc borate (ZB) is a flame retardant and smoke supressant compound of boron. It is widely used to achieve flame resistant polymer composites. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the commercially important polymers mostly used for cable insulating, pen and door, pipes, floorings, toys etc.. On the other hand, PVC relases toxic gases during fire as decomposition products. Zinc borate doping is thought to be a solution for this problem. However, this solution leads a new problem. Zinc borate effects the mechanical properties of PVC. Mechanical properties of composites were determined by tensile test, impact test, hardness test and thermomechanical behaviours were detected with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). In the present study, to optimize the contribution of zinc borate, the powder with different formulations (2ZnO·3B2O3·3.5H2O and 4ZnO·B2O3·H2O), with different additive ratios (1% and 5% by weight) and different particle sizes (nano‒sized and micro‒sized) were added to the PVC structure and the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of each composite were investigated.

Synthesis of Transition Metal Complexes and Their Effects on Combustion Properties of Semi-Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride.

Using introduction of MoO42− and Fe3+, Cu2+, or Zn2+ into amphiphilic polymers (DN) via an ion-exchange reaction, different transition metal complexes, as retardants and smoke suppressants, including (DN)Mo, Fe(DN)Mo, Cu(DN)Mo, and Zn(DN)Mo were synthesized. Combined with the results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), it could be determined that ionic bonding of these ions with DN occurred. Subsequently, the influence of flame-retardant, smoke-suppression, and mechanical properties of (DN)Mo, Fe(DN)Mo, Cu(DN)Mo, and Zn(DN)Mo on polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) were tested. It was demonstrated that transition metal complexes of three metal elements, Fe(DN)Mo, Cu(DN)Mo, and Zn(DN)Mo, showed better flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and thermal stability as confirmed by microcalorimetry, limiting oxygen index (LOI), smoke density, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) tests, in which Cu(DN)Mo worked best due to the Lewis acid mechanism and reductive coupling mechanism. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the addition of (DN)Mo, Fe(DN)Mo, Cu(DN)Mo, and Zn(DN)Mo promoted the formation of a dense carbon layer on the PVC surface during combustion, which could protect the interior PVC. The addition of these transition metal complexes hardly impaired the mechanical properties of PVC.

Mechanical properties of four types of PVC-coated woven fabrics at high-temperature and after exposure to high-temperature

In this paper, the mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-coated woven fabric at high-temperature and after exposure to high-temperature were studied using a uniaxial tensile test. The test temperature range is 20 °C to 170 °C. The high-temperature test shows that the maximum stress at 170 °C reduced to 57%−59% of that at 20 °C. The after exposure to high-temperature test of prestressing shows that the combined effect of high-temperature and constant external force enhanced the stiffness and reduced the material’s impact toughness. The experimental phenomena can be explained by polymer physics.

Static and Dynamic Tensile Mechanical Behavior of Polyvinyl Chloride Elastomers with Different Shore Hardness

An experiment on the static and dynamic tensile mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) elastomers is conducted using an Instron-5943 universal testing machine and an improved Split Hopkinson Tensile Bar to study the dynamic tensile mechanical properties of PVC elastomer materials. The stress-strain curves of PVC materials with three types of Shore hardness (57A, 52A, and 47A) under the strain rates of 0.1 s−1 and 400 ∼ 1800 s−1 are obtained. Results show that the mechanical behavior of PVC elastomer materials with different Shore hardness has remarkable linear elastic characteristics under the action of quasistatic tensile load. It has substantial sensitivity to strain rate and viscoelastic mechanical characteristics under the action of dynamic tensile load. The Zhu–Wang–Tang nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model is used to characterize the viscoelastic mechanical characteristics with small error. This paper can provide theoretical model and method support for the design, development, production, and reliability analysis of PVC elastomers and other soft polymer materials.

Compressive mechanical behavior and constitutive model of polyvinyl chloride elastomer under dynamic loading

The mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) elastomers under dynamic loading restrict the service life of PVC products, affecting the product life cycle cost. In order to elucidate the dynamic mechanical properties of PVC elastomers, quasi-static compression tests are conducted at three different strain rates (0.001 s−1, 0.01 s−1, and 0.1 s−1), along with compression relaxation tests at a strain of 0.35. Dynamic compression experiments are also conducted using a split Hopkinson pressure bar experimental device at three different strain rates (1510 s−1, 2260 s−1, and 3000 s−1). Then, a visco-hyperelastic constitutive model consisting of a Yeoh hyperelastic model and rate-dependent viscoelastic model is built based on the experimental data. The order of the relaxation function for the viscoelastic part is determined from the experimental relaxation data, while the model parameters are determined from the experimental quasi-static and dynamic compression data. The results revealed that the PVC elastomer is sensitive to the strain rate, showing obvious visco-hyperelastic behavior. The proposed model accurately describes the mechanical behavior of the PVC elastomer under dynamic loading. This model is expected to provide basic information to support the development and application of PVC elastomer materials.

In silico analysis of mechanical properties of polyvinylchloride and polymethyl methacrylate composite

In silico analysis of mechanical properties of polyvinylchloride and polymethyl methacrylate composite

Recycled PVC as Material for Natural Fiber Composite Manufacturing—study of Mechanical Performance and Durability

Manufacturing wood plastic composites from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) construction waste is one of the options for its continuously increasing scrap utilization. The aim of this study is to estimate the mechanical properties and durability of composites manufactured from recycled and commercially available PVC grades. The mechanical properties of PVC were reduced significantly after wood flour loading, showing weak compatibility between the matrix and the wood fibers. The composites from both PVC sources had weak durability, declining by up to 64% in tensile strength. The composite samples from recycled PVC displayed, however, better resistance to weathering compared to the composites from neat PVC. Chemical analysis of the composite surfaces by infrared spectroscopy and morphology study with a scan electron microscope before and after weathering confirmed the mechanical test results.

Activated carbon spheres@NiCo2(CO3)1.5(OH)3 hybrid material modified by ionic liquids and its effects on flame retardant and mechanical properties of PVC

In order to effectively reduce fire hazards while retaining excellent mechanical properties of flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a novel core-shell-structured flame retardant, i.e., activated carbon spheres-supported NiCo2(CO3)1·5(OH)3 hybrid material (ACS@BNCC), was synthesized and dry-modified by 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ionic liquids ([BMIM] PF6) before mixing with PVC. The results of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimeter test (CCT) showed that 2 phr ILs-ACS@BNCC could endow PVC with outstanding fire-resistant and smoke suppression properties. The synergistic effect of ACS@BNCC and [BMIM] PF6 increased the LOI to 29.1%, and reduced the peak heat release rate, peak smoke production rate, and total smoke production of pure PVC by 37.0%, 62.0%, and 45.1%, respectively. The flame retardant mechanism was proposed. The 2 phr ILs-ACS@BNCC mainly had physical barrier, catalytic carbonization, endothermic and dilution effects. In addition, since [BMIM] PF6 enhanced the interface compatibility between PVC and ACS@BNCC, the tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength of 2 phr ILs-ACS@BNCC/PVC were significantly improved compared with those of ACS@BNCC/PVC. This kind of PVC composite with outstanding flame retardant, smoke suppression and mechanical properties will substantially expand the application of PVC.

Effects of phosphorus-containing aromatic polyamide and organo-modified hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the thermal, combustion and mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride

A new aromatic polyamide (PA) containing α-amino phosphonate was synthesized and was used as an additive for improvement in the thermal, combustion and mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/organo-modified hydroxyapatite (MHA) nanocomposites. The structure and morphology as well as thermal, combustion and mechanical properties of the all thin PVC films were investigated. In the presence of the MHA, PA showed synergistic effect on improvement in the thermal and combustion properties of PVC. The temperature at 5 mass% loss (T5) was increased from 196 to 247 °C in PVC/HA-PA nanocomposite containing 3 mass% of PA and MHA (PHP6). The peak of heat release rate was decreased from 131.7 W/g for PVC to 49.5 W/g for PHP6. According to the tensile tests, compared to the pure thin PVC film, by adding 3 mass% of the MHA and PA into PVC matrix, the tensile strength was increased from 32.46 to 45.27 MPa.

Molecular dynamic simulation of the density and mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride(PVC)/high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites based on materials studio

Initial unit cell models of polyvinyl chloride(PVC)/high dnsity polyethylene (HDPE) composites and pure polyvinyl chloride were built using materials Studio, the stiffness matrix and mechanical parameters of the unit cells were achieved by molecular dynamic optimizations and calculations. Finally, the mechanical properties of pure PVC and the PVC/HDPE composites were compared. The result shows that the mechanical properties of PVC can be remarkably reinforced by being filled with HDPE, where the addition of 9.5%high density poly ethylene (HDPE) to poly vinyl chloride (PVC) the mechanical properties improved and the density degreases slightly.

Preparation of new PVC composite using green reduced graphene oxide and its effects in thermal and mechanical properties

In the present study, it was focused on developing mechanically stronger and thermally more stable polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composites by using green reduced graphene oxide (GRGO) filler to strengthen the negative features of PVC. For this purpose, GRGO reduced by vitamin C (ascorbic acid) with antibacterial properties was selected as filler. The PVC/GRGO composites were produced via colloidal blending method at different amounts of GRGO in PVC matrix (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1% by weight), while pure PVC was also produced for comparison. The XRD and FTIR results showed that GRGO incorporated in the polymer matrix; this finding was also evident in SEM analysis. TGA and DSC analyses showed that the composite with 1% loading content of GRGO provided an important improvement on the thermal stability. The tensile strength and hardness of the composite having 0.1% GRGO increased by 42% and 98%, respectively. SEM image of PVC/GRGO-0.1 composite showed the galleries of GRGO filled with PVC. As a consequence, thermal and mechanical properties of PVC can be altered by changing loading content of GRGO. Moreover, the GRGO may be a good candidate for substitution of harmful fillers for PVC-based products.

The effects of poly(amide-imide) coating on the thermal, combustion and mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride ZnO nanocomposites

The surface of new polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/ZnO nanocomposite films was coated using semi-aromatic synthesized poly(amide-imide) (PAI) by dip-coating process. ZnO nanoparticles were organo-modified with imide functionalized polyethyleneimine (PEI) and were used for preparation of PVC nanocomposite films by solution casting method. The effect of PAI coating along with PEI surface modified ZnO nanoparticles (PSZN) on the morphology, thermal stability, combustion and mechanical properties of PVC were investigated. The uniform dispersion of ZnO nanoparticles and PAI coating manner on surface of the PVC films were confirmed by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray and elemental mapping. From thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA) results, the 10 mass% loss temperature (T10) increased from 229 °C to 244 °C in PVC-coated with PAI containing 2 mass% of PSZN and also char residue of PVC increase from 10.5 to 28.9% in PVC-coated contaning 5 mass% of PSZN. According to microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) and tensile test results, the peak of heat release rate decreased from 129.8 W/g to 81.2 W/g and the tensile strength increased from 28.7 to 43.6 MPa for PVC-coated containing 5 mass% of PSZN compared to the neat PVC.

Multiple enhancement of PVC cable insulation using functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles based nanocomposites

Manufacturing of a new insulation material for power cables has become necessary in order to withstand electrical and mechanical stresses. The current study aims to enhance the dielectric and mechanical properties of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), one of the wide used power cable insulation, by the insertion of chemically modified silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) nanoparticles. The surface functionalization of the inserted SiO2 nanoparticles was performed using amino silane coupling agent, and the PVC/SiO2 nanocomposites were synthesized with different concentrations of nanoparticles. The surface morphology and chemical structure of the prepared samples were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The mechanical properties of the obtained nanocomposites showed that the insertion of functionalized nanoparticles is able to increase the tensile strength and the Young’s modulus of samples, however it decreases their elongation. In addition, the dielectric properties of PVC/SiO2 nanocomposites, such as relative permittivity (εr) and dielectric loss (tan δ), were also measured in a frequency range of 20Hz–1MHz. Moreover, AC breakdown voltage of the prepared samples was measured under uniform and non-uniform field, and AC dielectric strength was evaluated using finite element method (FEM) for non-uniform and uniform field. For further evaluation, DC dielectric strength was also measured under uniform field. The obtained data revealed that PVC/SiO2 nanocomposites with functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles exhibited better dielectric properties compared to that with un-functionalized one or that of neat PVC. The physical mechanisms behind the obtained enhancements have been discussed.

An Experimental Study of Torsional Properties of Polyvinylchloride

In this research, an experimental study has been performed to investigate the mechanical properties through torsion testing of polyvinylchloride (PVC) polymer specimens. For the purpose of the experimentation, specimens of PVC round bars have been prepared. Torsion testing machine apparatus of 200 Nm motor driven was used to evaluate the torsion properties of the tested bars. The apparatus provides four deformation speeds of 50°/min, 100°/min, 200°/min and 500 °/min. The tests conducted under different conditions in a room temperature and cooling of the samples and tested at different deformation speeds given by the torsion apparatus. Various tests produce the torsional moment- angle of rotation diagrams and thereafter both of torsional fracture resistance and shear modulus have been calculated. The results showed the effect of temperature change on the mechanical properties of PVC by making the material harder and can resist higher value of the applied torque where the range is from 2.9 N.m for the cooled sample to 2 N.m for the received samples tested at room temperature. Moreover the results showed an increase of shear modulus to 282 MPa for the cooled samples in compare to 140 MPa for as received samples. Finally the results provide a guideline for designers on how to use parts made of PVC in different applications where the range of both the maximum torque and failure torque with their mechanical properties of rigidity and torsional resistance were recorded.