Mechanical Properties Of Mild Steel Research Articles

Effect of Welding Heat Input on the Mechanical Properties of Mild Steel at Coarse Grain Heat Affected Zone (CGHAZ)

Effect of Welding Heat Input on the Mechanical Properties of Mild Steel at Coarse Grain Heat Affected Zone (CGHAZ)

Effect of carbonization on the mechanical properties of mild steel utilizing oak charcoal as a carbon source

Effect of carbonization on the mechanical properties of mild steel utilizing oak charcoal as a carbon source

Analysis of the mechanical characteristics of mild steel using different heat treatment

The specimen used in this study to test various mechanical properties is mild steel. Analyzed are the effects of heat treatment (annealing, hardening, and tempering) on a particular specimen's mechanical characteristics. The most significant heat treatment procedures frequently employed to alter the mechanical properties of engineering materials are annealing, hardening, and tempering. Heat treatment is used to examine the mechanical characteristics of iron, which are typically ductility, hardness, yield strength, tensile strength, and impact resistance. Heat treatment increases mechanical qualities like tensile strength, yield strength, ductility, corrosion resistance, and creep rupture in addition to developing hardness and softness. These procedures also increase the effectiveness of the machining and increase their adaptability. Utilizing universal tensile testing equipment for the tensile test, a compression test, and a Rockwell hardness tester for the hardness test, the mechanical behavior of the samples is examined. Heat treating makes it simple to alter the mechanical properties to meet a specific design objective. To examine the impact of various tempering temperatures on the mechanical properties of mild steel, selected samples are heated to various temperatures above the austenitic area, quenched, and then tempered. Tensile strength variations are used to describe the changes in mechanical behavior compared to unquenched samples. Mild steel is used to create tensile test specimens, which are then heated through a variety of processes, including annealing, hardening, and tempering. The results demonstrated that different heat treatments for a specific application can alter and enhance the mechanical properties of mild steel.

Determination of Optimum Ratio of Selected Carbonaceous Materials on Mechanical and Corrosion Behavior of Carburized Mild Steel

This work is centred on the determination of optimum ratio of selected carbonaceous materials of A(40% Snail shell + 40% Animal bone), B(60% Snail shell + 20% Animal Bone), C(20% Snail shell + 60% Animal bone), D(50 Snail shell + 30 Animal bone) and E(30 Snail shell + 50% Animal bone), the mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of carburized mild steel. Which were carburized at single austenitic temperatures of 1000°C, soaked at single carburizing time of 5hr, at the treatment temperature and samples were then quenched in water. Before the carburization process, standard test specimens were prepared from the received sample for testing hardness, tensile strength, wear, and microstructure analysis. After the carburization process, the test samples are subjected to standard testing to generate data on the ultimate tensile strength and wear rate of the carburized samples. Research shows that the mechanical properties of mild steel are strongly influenced by each of the mixed ratios of the carbonaceous material (Such as Snail shell and Animal Bone). An improved hardness values in all the samples were observed, with sample A having the highest hardness value of 59.05 RHC while sample B and sample C have the highest wear resistance value of 0.090. The samples were immersed in 0.3M H2SO4 solution for potentiodynamic studies. There results show that sample E had the least corrosion rate of 8.1809 mpy hence is less prone to corrosion attack in acidic environment than others. These samples are found to be useful in automobile industry.

Enhancing the bend angle and mechanical properties of mild steel using fiber laser bending technique under the influence of electromagnetic force

The aim of present research work is to develop an electromagnetic-force-assisted laser bending setup and to enhance the laser forming characteristics of mild steel. In present research work, mild steel strips having 2 mm thickness are used for forming operation with the variation of input parameters i.e., laser power (400, 600, 800, 1000 W), beam diameter (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mm) and scan speed (1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 mm/min). Results indicated that laser bending of mild steel with the electromagnetic attraction significantly enriches the performance parameters i.e., bend angle, micro-hardness and microstructure. Furthermore, it is revealed that the high value of bend angle (20.37 0) is obtained at laser power and scanning speed of 1000 W and 1000 mm/min respectively. In addition, the high micro-hardness (179 HV) and fine grain structure is obtained at laser power of 1000 W and scanning speed of 1000 mm/min. Results of high hardness are mainly attributed due to the fine grain structure and heat absorption at irradiated zone. In addition, beam diameter, air gap and applied current have also a significant effect on laser bending. The laser characteristics significantly improved at beam diameter of 4 mm, air gap of 20 mm and applied current 6 amp during the fiber based electromagnetic force assisted laser bending.

English

Molybdenum coatings on mild steel have been extensively used and studied due to their excellent mechanical and corrosion-resistant properties. We provide an overview of recent changes in the preparation, characterization, and electrochemical behavior of molybdenum coatings on mild steel. Several techniques have been used employed in order to prepare molybdenum coatings, comprising physical vapour deposition, chemical vapour deposition, electroless plating, and electroplating. The morphology, composition, and thickness of the deposited coatings have been characterised by a number of analytical methods, such as energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical behavior of the molybdenum-coated mild steel has been studied using techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that Coatings made of molybdenum can greatly reduce corrosion. Resistance and mechanical properties of mild steel. The review provides insights into the synthesis, characterization, and application of molybdenum coatings on mild steel and highlights future research directions in this area

A Study on Optimization of CO<sub>2</sub> Welding Process Parameters on Structural Steel by Using Taguchi Method

The goal of this study is to improve several welding parameters that affect the mechanical properties of mild steel, including YS, UTS, toughness, and Vicker hardness (VHN). The welding parameters were optimized using the Taguchi technique, and fracture mode characterization was investigated. There have been numerous experiments done. Applying for it was the L9 orthogonal array (3xx3). To find out how different welding factors, including wire feed speed, welding current, and gas flow rate, affect mechanical qualities, statistical methods of signal to noise ratio (SNR) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. To investigate the weld quality of MS, tensile strength, toughness, Vicker hardness (VHN), and mode of fracture were examined. It was noted from the results that the welding voltage has significant effect whereas gas flow rate has insignificant effect on tensile strength of the weldment, and the ideal process parameters were found to be 21 V, 330 IPM travel speed of wire, and 23 l/min gas flow rate.

Effect of GTAW on the Mechanical Properties of Mild Steel

Tungsten metal arc welding (GTAW) is a highly popular welding technique in manufacturing. The welding factors such as welding current, voltage, speed, and gas flow rate play a significant role in determining the welding quality. This study discusses the effect of GTAW factors on the mechanical properties of commercial steel welding. Base metal thickness, welding speed, and current are the factors to be optimised for maximum tensile strength and hardness by Taguchi design (TD). The analysis showed that higher tensile strength welding has higher hardness. The increased tensile strength is obtained at increased base metal thickness, higher welding speed and lower welding current. In addition, higher tensile strength has been shown to obtain higher hardness—the higher hardness demonstrated at welding exposed to increased heat input that caused higher internal stresses. The higher base metal thickness obtained higher tensile strength due to the increased welding sample cross-section area and due to the phenomenon of the heat sink that minimised the effect of heat input and, thus, internal stresses. The welding made at 10 mm base metal thickness affected the results the most and obtained higher means, followed by samples fabricated at 150 A, while welding speed variation did not have much difference on the results. To obtain higher tensile strength, it is recommended to go for more increased base metal thickness, lower welding current, and faster welding speed when welding mild steel by GTAW.

Effect of Epoxy-Egg Shell Nanoparticle Composite Coating on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mild Steel

Effect of Epoxy-Egg Shell Nanoparticle Composite Coating on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mild Steel

Study Experimental the Effect of Normalizing Treatment and Galvanic Pack Carburizing Process on Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Steel

Steel is the type of metal most often used in engineering. This study aimed to improve the mechanical properties of mild steel in terms of hardness, ductility, and other mechanical properties and to compare the hardness of carburized steel by galvanic treatment with non-galvanic carburizing of the steel. This research was carried out by varying the heat treatment process, namely carburizing with galvanic heat treatment and carburizing without galvanic, where the carburizing process uses activated carbon coconut shell charcoal with a weight percentage of 80% and 20% of K2CO3 (Potassium Carbonate) at a temperature of 9000C with a holding time of 60 minutes, 120 minutes and 180 minutes. The results obtained from this study indicate that the mechanical properties (hardness) of carbon steel increase at a temperature of 9000C with a holding time of 1 hour on the galvanic heating method with a better hardness value than the hardness of steel on the non-galvanic method. The hardness value obtained in the galvanic method is 94.06 HRB, while in the non-galvanic method, it is 76.4 HRB. And the pearlite phase is formed, increasing the hardness value on the surface of the specimen.

Improvement in Mechanical Properties of Mild Steel by Zn-Co-Ni Coating at Different Co Concentrations

Zn-Co-Ni alloy was deposited on mild steel substrate prepared by electrochemical deposition method using sulfate bath. The effect of Co concentration on the surface morphology, microstructure, crystal structure, Vicker’s hardness and mechanical properties were studies. Deposition was carried out at suitable working parameters such as temperature, current density, pH and deposition time. Magnetic field was used for coating smoothness and enhancing deposition rate. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and mechanical properties were used to investigate the crystal structure, surface morphology and microhardness respectively. The result shows that, when increasing the Co concentration, the microhardness, ultimate tensile strength, yield stress and elastic modulus increased and elongation of Zn-Co-Ni alloy is decreased. Micrographs shows that, globular like morphology change into smooth morphology by increasing the Co concentration. The lattice parameter is decreased by increasing Co concentration. Result also shows that substrate become more applicable by deposition.

Effect of Microstructure on Electrochemical Properties of the EN S275 Mild Steel under Chlorine-Rich and Chlorine-Free Media at Different pHs

This study examines microstructural modification as an effective strategy for reducing corrosion and its impact on the mechanical properties of mild steel. The effect of heat treatment on morphology, strength, toughness, and ductility was studied using optical microscopy, SEM, Scherrer equation, Vickers’s hardness test, and tensile-strength measurement. The heat treatment changed the microstructures, grain sizes, and particle sizes of the samples. It also increased the material strength by 56% and 25% for the quenched and tempered samples, respectively. The hardness was increased to 95% by quenching. The effect of the microstructural changes on the corrosion rate in chlorine-rich and chlorine-free media at different pH was studied using linear-polarization-resistance and dynamic-polarization-resistance methods. In both media, the quenched samples showed a lower corrosion rate compared to the original and tempered samples. The heat treatment resulted in the formation of homogenous martensite with coarse grains and small particle sizes that seemed to reduce the corrosion rate significantly. It also had an impact on the corrosion mechanism of these materials. The original and tempered samples showed pitting-corrosion behavior with high corrosion rates, while the quenched samples were more susceptible to intergranular corrosion. The rate of corrosion was investigated further at different pH, and it was shown to decrease when the pH was raised. This study confirms the impact of microstructural changes on the corrosion behavior of S275 structural steel.

Investigation of Various Coating Resins for Optimal Anticorrosion and Mechanical Properties of Mild Steel Surface in NaCl Solution

The primary objective of the research was to investigate the ideal resin coating on the mild steel surface among various resin coatings which are in use. These resin coatings are used as an anti-corrosive material for mild steel surfaces with enhanced mechanical properties. The resins (epoxy, polyurethane, polyester, and phenolic) on mild steel surface were applied by the pneumatic spray coating method. In addition, immersion test and salt spray test methods were followed using sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. Furthermore, the rate of corrosion and mechanical properties of mild steel coated with different resins was evaluated by conducting various experiments (immersion test, salt spray test, tensile strength test, and scratch hardness test) and was compared with a bare mild steel surface. The results of the current research showed that the mild steel surface coated with epoxy resin was found to be the most effective corrosion resistance material with better mechanical properties compared to other tested mild steel resin-coated surfaces.

Experimental and theoretical study on mechanical properties of mild steel after corrosion

Corrosion seriously affects the strength and stability of steel structures and it has attracted extensive attention in engineering. In this study, the accelerated corrosion testing is performed to investigate the influence of corrosion on mechanical properties of mild steel (i.e., Q235 and Q355 steel). A power function for the relation between the corrosion rate and the corrosion time is found, and the corrosion rate of Q355 steel is relative small in the initial stage but it speeds up after exposed at the salt-spray chamber for 2880 h. Q235 and Q355 steel have similar corrosion products, but Q235 steel has flower-like microstructure while Q355 steel shows honey-comb type microstructure. The results show that the yield strength, the ultimate strength, the elongation, the elastic modulus, and the fracture strain of Q235 steel decrease linearly as the corrosion rate increases. The elongation and the elastic modulus of Q355 steel decrease obviously as the corrosion rate increase, but the effect of corrosion on the yield strength and the ultimate strength of Q355 steel is not obvious. Existing experimental results of material properties for corroded Q235 steel are also collected. More accurate models are developed for estimating mechanical properties (i.e. the yield strength, the ultimate strength, the elongation, the elastic modulus, and the fracture strain) of mild steel. Constitutive models modified from the Hollomon's model are proposed to predict the stress-strain curves of corroded Q235 and Q355 steel, and they are more accurate than existing models.

Mechanical properties of mild steel under combined effects of pre-damage and elevated temperatures in post-earthquake fire scenarios

The earthquake-fire sequence is one of the most significant combinations of hazards, and exploring the cascading effects is essential for enhancing the multi-hazard resilience of structures. However, at the material level, the combined effects of the pre-damage and elevated temperatures on the mechanical properties remain unclear due to the lack of related research. Based on that, this study focuses on the material properties of mild steel with different pre-strain (including the extremely large strain of 0.15 mm/mm) at elevated temperatures (up to 750 °C). Twenty-eight Q235 steel specimens were subjected to two-stage test procedures, including the phase of inducing damage by monotonic loading at ambient temperature and then followed by the stage for tensile tests of damaged samples at elevated temperatures. According to the test results, stress-strain responses were derived and crucial mechanical characteristics, such as elastic modulus, yield and ultimate strengths, and fracture elongation, were analysed and compared between different combinations of pre-strain and temperature. Bivariate polynomial fitting equations were proposed to predict the mechanical properties of pre-damaged mild steel at elevated temperatures. Moreover, the whole stress-strain relationships with each combination of pre-strain and temperature were calibrated by a multi-coefficient explicit model. The findings highlight the necessity for considering both the impacts of pre-damage and elevated temperatures on the mechanical properties of mild steel, and in the meantime, provide practical methods to predict the material behaviour and facilitate further application in post-earthquake fire scenarios.

Effects of Alchornea cordifolia leaf extract on the mechanical properties of mild steel in acidic medium

The effect of Alchornea Cordifolia leaf extract on the mechanical properties of mild steel in acidic medium was studied using weight loss method. The first sample was not introduced to any medium. It served as the control1 sample. The second sample was introduced to a medium containing 0.2M Sulphuric acid solution in the absence of the Alchornea Cordifolia leaves extract for 21 days, while the third sample was immersed in a vessel containing 0.2M sulphuric2 acid and 0.5g/L of Alchornea Cordifolia leaves extract as an inhibitor for 21 days. Results obtained showed a substantial improvement on the mechanical properties of mild steel exposed to the medium with the inhibitor.
 Keywords: Mechanical Properties, Corrosion, Inhibition, Alchornea Cordifolia, Sulphuric acid

Improvement in Mechanical Properties of Mild Steel by Magnetically Induced Electrodeposition of Ni-Zn Alloy

Improvement in Mechanical Properties of Mild Steel by Magnetically Induced Electrodeposition of Ni-Zn Alloy

Structural and FEM analysis of heat treatment effects on mild steel

The objective of this research is to determine the effect of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of mild steel. Annealing, normalizing, and hardening are the most important heat treatment processes often used to improve the mechanical properties of engineering materials. The main reason behind heat treating materials is to determine the mechanical properties such as ductility, hardness, yield strength, tensile strength, and toughness and to improve the machining to make them more versatile. In this experiment, the specimens were first machined according to ASTM standard and then were heat-treated at a certain temperature above the austenitic region and were hardened in both salt solution and tap water. Tensile Test, Rockwell Hardness Test, and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) were performed on the heat-treated specimens to determine the final results. The maximum hardness and tensile strength were obtained in hardening process as compared to annealing and normalizing.

Characterization of tool wear in similar and dissimilar joints of MS and SS using EAFSW

Abstract Friction Stir Welding (FSW) faces many issues while joining high strength material. In this study an external secondary heat source from a DC source kept at 4 V supply has been used to in between the tool and the workpiece to give an external heat source to FSW and use the method as Electrically Assisted Friction Stir Welding (EAFSW) process. This study represents analysis of mechanical properties of Mild steel (MS) and Stainless-Steel (SS) joint, made by both FSW and EAFSW. An effect of the secondary heat source of electric energy on the mechanical property of the joint and to the tool wear while joining similar and dissimilar material of MS and SS has also been studied. The study represented the effect of the addition of a secondary heat source of an electric current heating to FSW and the impact of various process parameters like tool rpm and feed on the tool wear. The results have been shown to express an expected tool life of WC tool material for joining mild steel and stainless steel. Th experimentation has proved the suitability of Tungsten Carbide as tool material for joining high strength material such as MS and SS. It has also been observed that with suitable utilization of process parameters and secondary heat sources, the heat at the nugget zone increases causing better mixing of the nugget zone. Due to a generation of higher heat at the nugget zone, less tangential and radial load occurs at the tool pin resulting less tool wear and better tool life.

Effect of heat treatment on properties and microstructure of steels

Abstract In this study EN 31, EN 24 and EN 8 (alloy steel) are selected as specimens for testing various mechanical properties and microstructure change. The effects of heat treatment on the mechanical properties and microstructure characteristics change of selected specimen are analyzed. Annealing, normalizing and hardening are the most important heat treatment processes often used to change mechanical properties of engineering materials. The purpose of heat treating is to analyze the mechanical properties of the steel, usually ductility, hardness, Yield strength, tensile strength and impact resistance. The heat treatment develops hardness, softness, and improves the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, ductility, corrosion resistance and creep rupture. These processes also help to improve machining effect, and make them versatile. The mechanical properties can easily be modified by heat treating to suit a particular design purpose. In the present study, selected samples are heat-treated at certain temperature above the austenitic region and quenched in order to investigate the effect on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the steel. The changes in mechanical behavior and microstructure as compared with unquenched samples are explained in terms of changes in tensile strength. Results showed that the mechanical properties of mild steel can be changed and improved by various heat treatments for a particular application. It was also found that the annealed samples with mainly ferrite structure gave the lowest tensile strength and hardness value and highest ductility and toughness value while hardened sample which comprise martensite gave the highest tensile strength and hardness value and lowest ductility and toughness value.