Mechanical Properties Of Cotton Fabrics Research Articles

Influence of weave structure on mechanical properties of cotton fabrics reinforced with unsaturated polyester

Influence of weave structure on mechanical properties of cotton fabrics reinforced with unsaturated polyester

Optimization of flame retardancy and mechanical properties of cotton fabrics with d-glucosamine hydrochloride and phosphorus-containing polyol coating

This study investigates the utilization of d-glucosamine hydrochloride (DGH) as a carbon donor in intumescent coating systems and as a nitrogen-based flame retardant, leveraging its ability to release ammonia under elevated temperatures to inhibit combustion. The use of phosphorus-containing polyol (PPO) complements the formulation by promoting the formation of char and further inhibiting combustion. The flame retardancy and thermal stability were assessed by using the Vertical Flame Test (ASTM D6413), Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) Test and Cone Calorimeter Test. A substantial improvement in the treated fabric was reported when a ratio of 1:2 wt/wt. (DGH:PPO) was used in the coating formulation, reporting an LOI value of 30 % and a reduction in the peak heat release rate (p-HRR) of around 88 % compared to the control sample. Additionally, an improvement in the fabric flexibility was attained when concentrations between 5 wt% to 7.5 wt% of DGH were added.

Fabrication of an Eco-Friendly Clay-Based Coating for Enhancing Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Cotton Fabrics via LbL Assembly.

An eco-friendly clay-based synergistic flame-retardant coating was established on cotton fabrics via facile layer-by-layer assembly derived from polyethyleneimine (PEI), attapulgite clay (ATP), and phytic acid (PA). The fabricated flame-retardant (FR) cotton fabrics demonstrated improved thermal stability. Compared to untreated cotton fabrics, the limiting oxygen index of Cotton-8TL was improved to 27.0%. The peak heat release rates of the prepared FR cotton fabrics were lower than that of the pristine cotton fabrics, showing a maximum reduction of 41%. The deposition coating system improved the amount of char residue effectively. The intumescent flame-retardant mechanism was proposed through the analysis of char residue and the suppression properties of volatile gases. Furthermore, compared with those of the untreated cotton fabrics, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the FR cotton fabrics in the warp direction were improved by 20% and 47% remarkably, respectively. A feasible surface modification strategy was provided for the flame-retardant treatment of cotton fabrics with the improvement of mechanical properties.

High-efficiency and durable glycerol-based reactive flame retardants for cotton fabric

A novel efficient and durable glycerol-based reactive flame retardant, ammonium triphosphoric acid glycerol ester, was successfully synthesized. Ammonium triphosphoric acid glycerol ester was grafted onto cotton fabrics through dip-pad-dry-cure technology, and cotton fabrics with excellent and durable flame retardancy were prepared. The limiting oxygen index value of the cotton fabric treated with 20% ammonium triphosphoric acid glycerol ester reached 37.3%, which was maintained at 26.5% after 50 laundry cycles. The treated cotton fabrics were not ignited in the vertical burning tests, much char formed, and still kept their fiber shapes after combustion. The results of X-ray diffraction patterns and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the treatment had little detrimental effect on the original structure of the cotton fabrics. Ammonium triphosphoric acid glycerol ester can effectively promote cellulose dehydration into char, and play a flame retardant role in both condensed phase and gas phase. Mechanical property testing shows that the mechanical properties of cotton fabrics treated with 20% ammonium triphosphoric acid glycerol ester are maintained well, and can serve as clothing fabrics and decorative supplies.

Microbiologically Pure Cotton Fabrics Treated with Tetrabutylammonium OXONE as Mild Disinfection Agent.

The microbiological purity of textiles plays a pivotal role in the use of textiles, especially in hospitals and other medical facilities. Microbiological purity of cotton fabric was achieved by a new disinfection method using tetrabutyloammonium OXONE (TBA-OXONE) before washing. As a result of the disinfection, the cotton fabric became microbiologically pure, despite the markedly decreased washing time with respect to the widely used standard procedure. Shortening of the washing time allowed for significant energy savings. In addition, the effect of the number of disinfection and washing cycles on the tensile properties and tearing force of the fabric was examined. After 120 disinfection and washing cycles the mechanical properties of cotton fabric were only slightly worsened.

Effect of in situ deposition of calcium carbonate in cotton fiber on its mechanical properties

AbstractIn this study, in order to improve mechanical properties of cotton fabrics, nano‐micro sized calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was deposited in situ on cotton fabrics. The mechanical properties, surface morphology, crystalline index, infrared spectrum, thermal property, and wettability of the deposited fabrics were measured and discussed. The results showed that the breaking strength of cotton fabric increased by about 10% after in situ deposition of nano‐micro calcium carbonate. After ultrasonic washing, the strength of cotton fabric deposited CaCO3 was still increased by about 10%. The crystallinity of the cotton fabric deposited with calcium carbonate increased from 76% to 84%. The hydrogen bond between cellulose molecules and calcium carbonate was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The hydrophilicity and thermal properties of cotton fabric were not significantly influenced by calcium carbonate deposition. This provides a new idea for improving the mechanical properties of cotton fabric.

Durable Flame-retardant Finishing of Cotton with a Reactive Phosphorus-based Environmental Flame Retardant

ABSTRACT A mannitol (MNT) – based reactive halogen-free flame retardant, FR-MNT, was synthesized and used for the flame-retardant finishing of cotton. FR-MNT was covalently grafted onto cotton fiber through -P = O(O−NH4 +) groups, which endowed cotton fabric superior flame retardancy. Phosphorous acid was used instead of all phosphoric acid for esterification with mannitol, which reduced the amount of the -P = O(O−NH4 +) groups, thus reducing the effect of metal ions on the flame-retardant fabric during soaping. Vertical combustion and LOI tests showed that treated cotton fabrics had excellent washing resistance. The thermal stability and combustion behavior of cotton fabric were evaluated by thermogravimetry (TG) and cone calorimetry tests. The mechanical properties of cotton fabrics changed only slightly after flame-retardant treatment.

Investigation on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cotton Fabrics after Laundering with the Aqueous Extract of Vietnamese Soapnuts

In this paper, the aqueous extraction of saponins from Vietnamese soapnuts and evaluation of its washing effectiveness for cotton fabrics have been presented. The saponin content in soapnut extract was 40.82 g/l. The functional groups of saponin compounds refined from soapnut extract were confirmed by FTIR analysis. The washing performance of this natural surfactant has been evaluated by a bleached cotton woven fabric and 10 fabric samples of K’s closet joint-stock company. Two washing options were designed: washing with soapnut solution and washing with soapnut solution then softening. The laundry effects were evaluated by performing the shrinkage (TCVN 1755:1986), the drape (NF G07-109), the horizontal wicking (AATCC 198-2011) and the whiteness of the fabric (TCVN 5236:2002). The analysis results showed the washed fabrics using the first washing option had the shrinkage, drape coefficient and horizontal wicking values higher than those of the washed fabrics using the second washing option. The whiteness and yellowness of the washed fabrics were lightly influenced by the natural deep brown color of saponin in the soapnut extract. The successful application of the saponin extracted from Vietnamese soapnuts as a green laundry agent for washing fabrics could make it very promising in the textile sustainable development.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ СТИРОЛ-АКРИЛОВИХ ПОЛІМЕРІВ НА ФІЗИКО-МЕХАНІЧНІ І ГІГІЄНІЧНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ БАВОВНЯНОЇ ТКАНИНИ

The purpose of the work is to study the effect of styrene-acrylic polymer coatings on the change in physical, mechanical and hygienic properties of cotton fabric. Aqueous dispersions of styrene-acrylic polymers (Lacrytex 640, Akratam AS 02.1, Tubifast AS 4010) were selected as the object of study. The processing of cotton fabric was carried out by the method of impregnation with varying a concentration of the studied polymers in finishing bath from 50 g/l to 150 g/l, followed by drying and heat setting. Standardized methods for studying the properties of textile materials were applied. The effect of polymer coatings on the physical and mechanical properties of cotton fabric was evaluated by the indicators of weight gain, thickness and rigidity. The hygienic properties of treated cotton fabric were characterized by hygroscopicity and breathability. The paper presents the results of a study of the dependence of physical, mechanical and hygienic properties of cotton fabric on the type and concentration of styrene-acrylic dispersions used. According to the results of the experiment, it was found that the acrylic copolymer Lacrytex 640 increases the elastic properties of treated fabric in the entire concentration range studied. It was determined that the greatest decrease in air permeability is typical for fabric samples coated on the basis of Akratam AS 02.1 dispersion. The hygroscopicity of cotton textile material with an increase in a concentration of the studied styrene-acrylic polymer dispersions from 50 g/l to 100 g/l decreases slightly (by 2%). It is proved that the styrene-acrylic copolymer Tubifast AS 4010 due to the formation of highly elastic film provides a soft handle and high hygienic properties of cotton fabric. The obtained experimental results are of practical value in the development of new finishing compositions for textile materials.

Bio-synthesis of itaconic acid as an anti-crease finish for cellulosic fiber fabric.

Itaconic acid is an organic acid with a wide range of applications in the fields of polymer chemistry, pharmacy, agriculture, textile industry, etc. A bio-synthetic process of itaconic acid production in this study was carried out with Aspergillus terreus K17 having empty palm oil fruit bunches as a feedstock. Bio-synthesis of itaconic acid was compared with commercial maleic acid, itaconic acid and 1, 2, 3, 4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) as anti-crease agents with sodium hypophosphate (SHP) as an esterification catalyst for cotton fabric finishing. The results showed that mechanical properties of cotton fabrics treated with bio-synthesized itaconic acid were better than those treated with the commercial ones whereas their whiteness index was lower. The best conditions for crease recovery were obtained from 8% w/v itaconic acid with 8% w/v SHP applied on cotton fabrics with a technique of 2-dip-2-nip, dried at 85 °C for 3 min and cured at 180 °C for 2 min. Even though the anti-crease properties of cotton fabrics treated with bio-synthesized itaconic acid were still lower than those treated with commercial maleic acid and BTCA, the finished cotton fibers retain the mechanical properties of cotton fabric. This study would be beneficial in producing itaconic acid as an eco-friendly anti-crease agent for cotton fabrics from waste empty palm oil fruit bunches by a bio-synthesis process.

Integrated Researches of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cotton Fabric During its Final Finishing

Integrated Researches of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cotton Fabric During its Final Finishing

Development of biodegradable composites and investigation of mechanical behaviour

In this study, the paper will show an investigation based on the mechanical properties of cotton fabric and Coconut Husk composites and develop a biodegradable composite material. Mechanical tests such as Tensile, Compression, and Three-point flexural. Furthermore, they will be compared to the E- Glass sandwich composite based on the acquired physical properties. The reason why cotton fabric and coconut husk were chosen is due to the advantage of being environment friendly, low cost and low weight. This gives an advantage to both structural application and maintaining a green environment. Recently composite materials have been brought up in the aeronautical industry, as there has been a wide utilization of synthetic fibres and non-biodegradable plastics at the same time creating a threat to the environment, mainly because of the disposal problems, bad recycling and non-biodegradability characteristics. Natural fibres have been found as a solution to this problem. Mechanical investigation of the biodegradable composite was conducted by performing flexural, compression and tensile tests. The analysis showed that the strength to weight ratio for the composites increased by the inclusion of natural fibres. This property of better strength to weight ratio could be used to obtain better material for industries such as marine, aviation, and space.

Integrated studies of the physical and mechanical properties of cotton fabric

The nature of the adhesive forces of the K-4 preparation is manifested in the occurrence of hydrogen bonds between molecules, as a substance with a sufficiently developed ability to form hydrogen bonds with cellulose. By the method of a one-factor experiment, the regularities of the influence of the concentration of the preparation alkaline-hydrolyzed PAN product on shrinkage, the total opening angle and weight gain of the fabric were revealed. It was found that the concentration of the preparation, equal to 75 g/l, provides the minimum shrinkage and rinsability of the sizing, as well as at the same time the largest value of TOA.

Effect of the coating of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles with binder on the functional and mechanical properties of cotton fabric

In present study the effect of nano ZnO coating on cotton fabric has been investigated and the results are compared with uncoated fabric. ZnO nanoparticles are embedded on the fabric surface by mechanical thermo-fixation technique with an acrylic-based binder and without binder. Synthesized nanoparticles are examined by XRD analysis and found about 65 nm in size. The coated fabric surface is characterized by SEM and EDS which confirms the nano ZnO deposition and distribution on the fabric surface. Antimicrobial activity, Ultra Violate (UV) protection power, and crease resistance are measured to investigate the functional properties. The important mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tearing strength, bending length, and frictional resistance are measured and analyzed. The results show that binder has a significant role on nanoparticle deposition as well as functional and mechanical properties. The coated fabric with binder shows high performance against microorganisms. It provides about 92% bacterial reduction against Staphylococcus aureus and 86% against Escherichia coli. This fabric also shows high UV protection ability by blocking 90% of UV rays. The crease resistance power is also found good for the treated fabric. By comparison of results, it can be found that the binder helps to fix more nanoparticles and hence high improvements of functional properties are achieved. Also, degradation of some mechanical properties can be observed by the application of binder.

Investigation of cotton fabric composites as a natural radar-absorbing material

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate cotton fabric behavior that is exposed to radar waves between selected operation frequencies as an alternative radar-absorbing material (RAM) response. Cotton fabric biocomposite materials were compared with carbon fabric composite materials, which are good absorbers, in terms of mechanical and electromagnetic (EM) properties for that purpose.Design/methodology/approachThe laminated composite plates were manufactured by using a vacuum infusion process. The EM tests were experimentally performed with a vector network analyzer to measure reflection, transmission and absorption ability of cotton fabric, carbon fabric and cotton–carbon fabric (side by side) composite plates between 3 and 18 GHz. The tensile and low-velocity impact tests were carried out to compare the mechanical properties of cotton fabric and carbon fabric composite plates. A scanning electron microscope was used for viewing the topographical features of fracture surfaces.FindingsThe cotton fabric composite plate exhibits low mechanical values, but it gives higher EM wave absorption values than the carbon fabric composite plate in certain frequency ranges. Comparing the EM absorption properties of the combination of cotton and carbon composites with those of the carbon composite alone, it appears that the cotton–carbon combination can be considered as a better absorber than the carbon composite in a frequency range from 12 to 18 GHz at Ku band.Originality/valueThis paper shows how cotton, which is a natural and easily supplied low-cost raw material, can be evaluated as a RAM.

The use of statistical techniques to study the machine parameters affecting the properties of 3D printed cotton/polylactic acid fabrics

Textile materials have been combined with polymers using 3D printing technology, thus producing structures with novel properties. The aim of this study was to use statistical methods to determine the effect of 3D printing machine parameters on the mechanical properties of cotton fabrics combined with polylactic acid. Polylactic acid was printed on a cotton fabric using an Athena Fused Deposition Modelling 3D printer. The effect of extrusion temperature, printing speed, fill density and model height on adhesion force before and after washing was investigated. A study of the tensile strength was also undertaken using a central composite rotatable design and regression analysis. The experimental data were used to develop regression models to predict the properties of the cotton/ polylactic acid structures. The model for adhesion force before washing yielded a coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.75 and an optimum adhesion force of 50.06 N/cm. The model for adhesion force had an R2 value of 0.84 and an optimum adhesion force of 42.91 N/cm and showed that adhesion force reduced after washing. Adhesion forces before and after washing were both positively correlated to extrusion temperature. However, they reduced with an increase in printing speed and model height. A positive correlation exists between tensile strength and temperature, while a negative correlation exists between tensile strength and printing speed and model height. From the results of this study, it was concluded that 3D printing parameters have an effect on the properties of the structures.

One-step fabrication of flexible, durable and fluorine-free superhydrophobic cotton fabrics for efficient oil/water separation

Fabrication of superhydrophobic cotton fabrics commonly suffers from disadvantages such as extensive usage of toxic and expensive fluorinated adhesives, tedious and time-consuming treatment processes, poor durability and compromised mechanical properties. Herein, this work offers a one-step approach for fabricating eco-friendly, fluorine-free, flexible and robust functional cotton fabrics by immersion in composite coatings containing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and calcite particles. Results demonstrate that the PDMS/calcite coatings not only enhance mechanical properties of cotton fabrics, but also impart cotton fabrics with excellent superhydrophobic and tunable comfort properties in comparison with the reference materials. Notably, the cotton fabrics treated with the PDMS/calcite coatings also show excellent oil/water separation efficiency of up to 99% after 10 cycles, robust water laundering stability and self-cleaning ability. Therefore, this novel straightforward, cost-efficient, eco-friendly and durable PDMS/calcite composite coating for cotton fabric has great potential in diverse applications including self-cleaning apparel, water-proof wall covering and continuous oil clean-up.

Investigation of Thermo-Physiological Comfort and Mechanical Properties of Fine Cotton Fabrics for Ladies’ Summer Apparel

ABSTRACT Fine cotton fabrics such as “Lawns” for ladies’ apparel are extremely popular in the subcontinent and all those parts of the world where summers are scorching and the subsequent rainy seasons quite hot and humid. The required fabrics should neither be too thin to be weak nor too thick to be uncomfortable. The main objective of this study was to investigate thermo-physiological comfort and mechanical properties of cotton fabrics ranging from approx. 50 to 80 g/m2 areal densities (GSM) using 80, 70, 60, and 50 Ne yarn counts and to determine optimum fabric parameters for good fabric comfort and strength. Fabric of a specific areal density could be developed either by using coarser yarn counts with lower number of ends and picks per inch or by using finer yarn counts with higher number of ends and picks per inch. Results show that fabric of a specific areal density produced from coarser yarns with lower number of ends and picks results in better fabric air permeability and better tear strength, as compared to that made from finer yarns with higher number of ends and picks per inch. However, fabric thermal and water vapor resistance are not significantly affected by either approach used for the range of fabrics produced in this study. Based on response surface optimization, the optimum fabric parameters were found to be 60 Ne warp count, 50 Ne weft count, 90 ends/inch and 50 picks/inch for simultaneously achieving good fabric air permeability and strength properties.

An efficient anti-flaming phosphorus-containing guanazole derivative for cotton fabric

A high-efficiency, halogen-free flame retardant: ammonium salt of guanazole-penta-(methylphosphonic acid) (AGPMPA) was synthesized in water solution under a mild reaction condition. The chemical structure of AGPMPA was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 31P NMR spectra. Vertical burning tests showed that cotton fabrics treated with 20%, 25% and 30% AGPMPA cannot be ignited, and the shortest carbon length reaches 2.9 cm for 30% treated cotton. The limiting oxygen indices of the treated cottons go up to 43.7–47.9% with the increases of AGPMPA concentrations and are still beyond 26.8% even after 50 laundering cycles, indicating that AGPMPA is a superior, durable flame retardant. Simultaneously, cone calorimeter data indicate that the heat release rate and the total heat release of treated cotton was remarkably decreased compared with those of control cotton. The TG-IR results indicate that the amounts of volatile products are prominently reduced, and the degradation temperature of treated cotton is lower than that of control cotton. The residual amounts of 46.1% in N2 gas and 31.6% in air for treated cotton fabric were attained, respectively. No noteworthy change for the surface of treated cotton fiber was observed by SEM. The mechanical properties of cotton fabrics before and after treatment have barely changed. These results proved that eco-friendly AGPMPA is an effective anti-flaming agent and has excellent durability.

Effect of softener in home laundering of cotton fabric: a study of low-stress mechanical properties

This paper examines the effect of softener in home laundering in terms of low-stress mechanical properties of cotton fabric. Three commercially available softeners (A, B and C) were used with different buffering agents (Softener A—Sodium Carbonate; Softener B—Citric acid and Softener C—Formic acid). The washing process was based on commonly used home laundering machine with general laundering powder. The cotton fabrics were washed 1, 3 and 5 times and in each washing cycle, softener was added according to the softener manufacturer’s recommendation. After washing and drying in the home laundering cycle, low-stress mechanical properties, i.e. tensile, shearing, bending and compression, of the cotton fabric were evaluated. Experimental results revealed that different softeners affect low-stress mechanical properties differently. In addition, the factors involved in the home laundering process that may affect the low-stress mechanical properties of cotton fabric are discussed.