Mechanical Properties Of Bricks Research Articles

УТИЛИЗАЦИЯ ШЛАМОВЫХ ПРОДУКТОВ ПРОМЫВКИ ОТСЕВОВ ШАРХИНСКОГО КАРЬЕРА В ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ СТЕНОВЫХ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ

Abstract. The effect of semi-dry pressing on the strength of samples has been studied. It is shown that the optimal specific pressure for pressing samples from molding mixtures containing 10, 20, 30% slag-portland cement is 30Mpa. With the help of RCCP, static processing of experimental results was carried out and a regression equation was obtained for the dependence of the strength of the samples on the pressing pressure and the content of slag-portland cement in the molding mixture.
 When examining the microstructure of the samples, it was found that the resulting material is a homogeneous and durable conglomerate, the crystals of neoplasms are evenly distributed over the mass and bind the sludge particles. A pilot test of the semi-dry pressing process of products has established the possibility of obtaining high-quality hollow bricks of the M100-M300 grades with a content of slag-portland cement in the mixture in the range of 10-30% (wt.).
 The subject of the study: sludge products of flushing the screenings of the Sharkhinsky quarry in the production of wall building materials.
 Materials and methods: sludge from the Sharkhinsky quarry and slag-portland cement from the Bakhchisarai cement Plant were used in the work. The structure of the samples was studied using electron scanning microscopy on a REM-106 SELMI microscope. Experimental and industrial tests were carried out on the equipment of the Aggregate company. The physical and mechanical properties of bricks and paving slabs were studied in accordance with the norms and standards established in GOST 6133-2019.
 Results: The microstructure of the samples was investigated and it was found that the resulting material is a homogeneous and durable conglomerate, the crystals of neoplasms are evenly distributed over the mass and bind the sludge particles. Experimental and industrial testing of the semi-dry pressing process of products from molding mixtures based on the sludge of the Sharkhinsky quarry was carried out. It was confirmed that it is possible to produce high-quality hollow bricks marked M100-M300 using slag-portland cement in a mixture in the range of 10-30% (by weight), which fully meets the requirements set out in GOST 6133-2019
 Conclusions: Sludge products from the flushing of the Sharkhinsky quarry screenings can be successfully used in the production of wall building materials, which contributes to waste disposal and improvement of the ecological state of the environment. Effective methods of disposal of sludge products make it possible to obtain high-quality building materials with high physical and mechanical properties and durability.

RETRACTED: Enhancement of the mechanical properties of green concrete bricks modified with nanomaterials from cement kiln dust and red brick dust

This study presents a methodology for investigating the effect of adding nano cement kiln dust (NCKD) and nano red brick dust (NRBD) on the mechanical properties of concrete bricks. Cement kiln dust and red brick dust were processed into nanomaterials and incorporated into concrete brick mixes as partial replacements for cement at varying percentages: 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. The research evaluated the fresh and hardened properties of the brick mixes. The workability of the fresh mixes was assessed using the slump test. The hardened properties, which included compressive strength, flexural strength and shrinkage, were measured after 28 days. Results indicated that replacing up to 10% of the cement with NCKD and NRBD led to improvements in the mechanical properties of the bricks. Higher replacement levels of 20% and 30% exhibited a slight increased effect on these properties. In particular, the replacement level of 10% resulted in a 21.6% increase in compressive strength and a 37.8% increase in flexural strength compared with the control bricks (with 0% replacement). In addition, the use of nano additives contributed to reduced shrinkage and improved microstructure by filling voids in the bricks. The findings of this research support the development of ‘green’ concrete bricks with enhanced mechanical properties, reduced environmental effects, and increased sustainability in the construction industry.

Mechanical Properties of Brick Using Rice Husk Ash

Rice husk waste is very much produced because Indonesia is an agricultural country. This waste is freely burned around the factory and produces ash. This study used rice husk ash as an additive in bricks. This research aims to describe: (1) the compressive strength of brick with various percentages of RHA (0% - 15%), (2) the water absorption of brick with various percentages of RHA (0% - 15%), and (3) quality level of compressive strength and water absorption based on Indonesian Standard SNI 15-2094-2000. The methods are: (1) preparation of clay and rice husk ash, (2) produce brick with different percentages of RHA, (3) Drying with direct sunlight and furnacing with rice husk on an industrial site, (4) examining compressive strength and water absorption, and(5) analyzing data to find out compressive strength and water absorption, and quality of brick. The results showed that the use of RHA added to bricks caused a decrease in compressive strength. Meanwhile, the water absorption value of the bricks increases significantly. The RHA brick did not meet the requirements based on the compressive strength. However, according to water absorption, 5% RHA and 10% RHA meet the requirements.

Variation of Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Old and New Clay Bricks

Clay bricks are a popular building material, especially in historical structures. Understanding the chemical and mechanical properties of bricks is vital in historical structure rehabilitation attempts, because discrepancies in the material could lead to accelerated degradation and structural failure. This research focuses on understanding the mechanical and chemical properties of clay bricks used in the world heritage city of Kandy, Sri Lanka, over the chronological period of the 18th to the 21st centuries. Chronological analysis of brick properties reveals that optimal mechanical properties in bricks are closely related to the water absorption rate and are found to be between 10% and 18% in the analyzed specimens. Further, regional mineralogical properties, such as high concentration of calcium and inclusion of barium (Ba), potassium (K), strontium (Sr), and titanium (Ti) as trace elements, were visible in most samples regardless of the year the brick was produced. The analysis also identified revealed that the inclusion of ferrous (Fe) increases performance. Assuring similar chemical characteristics in restoration material is important to avoid chemical imbalances leading to accelerated deterioration due to the presence of reactive metals in the brick composition.

Brick Masonry Components Exposed to Aggressive Environment: Mechanical Behavior and Properties - An Experimental Investigation

Deterioration of porous materials lead to severe damage in buildings. Salt weathering being the most common deterioration mechanism in porous materials which is related with the growth of crystal and pressure inside the pores of the materials associated with masonry. However the study on effect of salts on behavior of masonry as a whole unit and their individual components have not been elucidated for Indian conditions and only limited knowledge is available on deterioration of mortars which is the binder of brick masonry. This paper presents primary investigational study on components of masonry made of burnt clay bricks and cement mortar at joints in order to assess the damage induced by salts (sulphate and chloride). With this as aim, specimens were prepared in laboratory and were subjected to accelerated weathering conditions of different durations in sodium chloride and magnesium sulphate solutions which are the most common salts of attack in brick masonries when the environmental ambiance is strongly aggressive, either acidic or alkaline or in presence of sulphate and chloride produces physicochemical external attack and alterations in their integrity. Relevant studies have also been performed in the field by other authors, but in the study, conventional mortar mixes are manufactured and their behavior in aggressive environments. Certain mortar properties related to their behavior such as density, compressive strength, water absorption and porosity are analyzed for their disruptive effects. The paper presents the results obtained by the exposure of brick masonry and its components for a total duration of 14 weeks exposed to aggressive environment. Variation in mechanical properties of brick and its components were observed as the concentration of salts increased in the simulated environment created artificially in laboratory.

Immobilization of Metals in Fired Clay Brick Incorporated with Aluminium-Rich Electroplating Sludge: Properties and Leaching Analysis

Electroplating sludge is the hazardous waste discarded from the plating and extractive metallurgical process which can only be disposed of at a secured landfill. In this study, the physical and mechanical properties, as well as metal leaching analysis, of fired clay brick incorporated with electroplating sludge (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) were determined. The physical and mechanical properties of bricks, such as firing shrinkage, dry density, initial rate of absorption, water absorption and compressive strength, were tested according to British standard 3921:1985 and British standard EN772:1. Furthermore, the metal leachability was determined by using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) method 1311. The results show that the utilization of an electroplating-sludge brick up to 4% could enhance physical and mechanical properties, such as reducing the water absorption from 18.3% to 16.1% and increasing the compressive strength from 25.6 MPa to 41.6 MPa. The result also show that 4% of aluminium-rich electroplating sludge incorporated into the brick is the most suitable amount, as it leached less metal concentration and complied with USEPA standards. The metals which were most present in the electroplating sludge (aluminium and iron) drastically reduced from 193,000 ppm to 0.1372 ppm and from 4160 ppm to 0.144 ppm, respectively. Therefore, the electroplating sludge could be fully utilized in the fired clay brick as an alternative to producing low-cost building materials whilst decreasing the levels of disposal of metal sludge on the secured landfill.

Study on the properties of innovative green brick subjected to varying temperature and time

ABSTRACT The masonry construction plays a key role in all the sorts of buildings, in those, brick units occupy a major role. The main downside of the conventional bricks is temperature and fire resistance; to overcome such issues, the green composites bricks enhance their robustness like the temperature, chemical resistance, and minimizing the water absorbing capacity for this green brick with increased durability. The innovative green brick is manufactured by incorporating the by-products as M-sand, eco-sand, fly ash, coal ash, gypsum, and lime that are blended together to make the green bricks. The research article deals with the green brick prepared by using by-products as chief source materials. The innovative green brick is subjected at constant time and varying temperature and also constant temperature and varying time. In each cycle, the qualities of the bricks are examined, and the results are compared to the fly ash bricks. The mechanical properties of brick and several index properties are studied. The chemical resistances for the innovative green bricks also analyzed by immersing the specimen in NaCl, seawater, and Na2SO4. When compared to traditional brick, the mechanical qualities of the innovative green brick are determined to be superior, thus promoting effective utilization of industrial by-products.

The Potential Use of Brick Wastes in the Generation of New Materials for Construction through Geopolymerization Processes

The calcined clay bricks are the second most used materials in construction that, after the demolition processes, tends to become rubble, generating a negative visual and environmental impact, in addition to the fact that the brick-making process has not been industrialized in Ecuador, for that, its properties are deficient; in this way, the present research aims to study the physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of brick waste from the Southern part of ​​this country, for the elaboration of ecological bricks through geopolymerization processes, using as alkaline activator Sodium Hydroxide at temperature ranged between 90 °C and 200 °C, obtaining an optimal mixture at the combination 12.5 M, 26 wt% Cs, 150 °C. The mechanical properties of bricks as simple compression and flexural strength, respectively, applying the experimental Griffith criterion method by finite element simulation method. These ecological bricks obtained are suitable for use in construction.

Study on properties of bio-bricks

In the age of sustainability, it is necessary to prevent the depletion of natural resources to maintain needs and ecology. Hence, in the process of manufacturing mud and fly ash bio-bricks, materials like fly ash and bacterial solutions (Bacillus Megaterium and Bacillus Subtilis) are widely used. The experiment was carried out at various pH levels (basic, acidic, neutral) and at different temperatures (4, 31, 60 °C) with two different kinds of water (lab grade, groundwater) to find the optimum mix proportion of a brick. Bricks were cast by the MICP method where bio-mineralization (a process that converts CaCl2, urea, and bacteria into CaCO3) takes place. An experimental program has been carried out at various ages of bricks in order to determine the physical and mechanical properties of bricks, such as compressive strength, water absorption, hardness, size, shape, and color. The experiment results are used to determine the effect of bacterial solutions and fly ash content on the unburnt brick’s properties. The bricks tested showed comparatively better properties than the conventional and hence they are good to be used in temporary construction.

An Application of Blended Palm Oil Waste in Brick Production

Cement brick is an essential construction component, which uses cement as the primary binder. The cement industry was identified as the major contributor to carbon dioxide emission, which is a greenhouse gas. The application of agro-industrial waste as partial cement replacement can reduce the negative impacts on the environment. In this study, the palm oil wastes, namely Palm Oil Clinker Powder (POCP) and Palm Oil Boiler Ash (POBA), were used as partial cement replacement. A total of 60 specimens were prepared with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% cement replacement by POCP and POBA. The physical and mechanical properties of bricks, such as density, water absorption, voids, and compressive strength, were investigated. The results show that the brick with 20% CP and BA could be used as a severe weathering brick.

New hybrid basalt/E-glass FRP jacketing for enhanced confinement of recycled aggregate concrete with clay brick aggregate

Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) is more sustainable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective as compared to natural aggregate concrete (NAC). Among recycled aggregates (RAs), clay brick aggregate (CBA) has the potential of being the most widely used RAs because of the considerable amount of clay brick waste generated in many countries. The compressive behavior and mechanical properties of RAC with CBA are highly influenced by the mechanical properties of bricks. The stiffness and compressive strength of RAC with CBA are reported marginally lower than the natural aggregate concrete (NAC). In the past, different types of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites such as carbon FRP, glass FRP, and aramid FRP have been investigated to enhance the strength and stiffness of the RAC with CBA. However, the behavior of hybrid FRP confined RAC with CBA is not yet clear. In this study, the performance of a new, low-cost and high-performance hybrid composite to enhance the strength and stiffness of the RAC with CBA is investigated. Hybrid composite is developed by using natural Basalt fiber and E-glass fibers (Chopped Strand Mat) along with the use of high-performance polyester resin. Three types of bricks (having different strength and water absorption) were used to produce CBA. Other research parameters included were the strength of RAC with CBA and the number of layers of hybrid basalt/E-glass fiber reinforced polymer (BE-FRP) composite. A total number of 36 concrete cylinders (12 un-confined and 24 confined with BE-FRP) were tested under pure axial compressions. The results indicate that the BE-FRP composites are highly suitable to enhance strength, stiffness, and ductility of the RAC with CBA. Also, there was found a significant increase in strength and ductility with an increase in the confinement level. In the end, the efficiency of existing strength and stain models was assessed to predict the ultimate strength and strain of the BE-FRP confined RAC with BAC.

Environmentally friendly unburnt bricks using raw rice husk and bottom ash as fine aggregates: Physical and mechanical properties

In order to reduce the serious impacts of industrial and agricultural wastes on the environment, raw rice husk and bottom ash were used as fine aggregates, while fly ash was utilized as a binder material in the production of unburnt building bricks. Two group mixtures were designed with water-to-binder (W/B) ratios of 0.30 and 0.35. The rice husk was used to replace 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% of bottom ash content by mass. An experimental program was carried out on the brick samples at different ages from 3-day to 28-day to determine the main physical and mechanical properties of brick, such as unit weight, compressive strength, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity and thermal conductivity. The microstructure of brick material was captured using scanning electron microscope technique. The experimental results allow to identify the effects of rice husk, bottom ash content as well as W/B ratio on the properties of bricks. Brick samples produced in this study had a proper compressive strength meeting the practice requirement and were classified as Grade M3.5 and 5.0 based on TCVN 6477:2016. At the use of 9% rice husk, the unit weight and thermal conductivity of bricks were really low (1.06÷1.08 T/m3 and 0.201÷0.216 W/m.K), they are conformed to be used in temporary construction and insulation structures.
 Keywords:
 rice husk; bottom ash; fly ash; unburnt brick; ultrasonic pulse velocity; thermal conductivity.

Physical and mechanical properties of clay sludge brick

There are approximately 450 water treatment plants in Malaysia which produce potable water to consumers. During coagulation process, huge volume of sludge was produced particularly when turbid water was treated. The main objective of this work is to study the physical and mechanical properties of clay sludge brick. In this research, the sludge from the water treatment plant was used as clay replacement material in brick production. Several design mixtures of sludge and clay with different moisture content were used to prepare the brick. These bricks were fired at two different temperature (500°C and 900°C) before being tested for its physical and mechanical properties. Result shows that the presence of sludge in brick would increase the water absorption capacity of the brick. The water absorption was increased from 5.5% to 51% when the 60% (w/w) of sludge was incorporated into the mix. In term of burning temperature, higher temperature would improve the physical and mechanical properties of the brick. Based on the results, sludge from the water treatment plant shows huge potential as clay replacement in brick making process. Recycling the sludge from water treatment plants could solve the sludge disposal problem face by most of the plant operators.

Investigation of the Effect of the Mortar Thickness in Masonry Minarets by Using Anisotropic Model

As is known, the masonry structures, together with the main structural materials, such as stone or brick, consist of mortar material which serves as the adhesive between these materials. In general, the mechanical properties of brick, stone and mortar materials are different. However, they have been used throughout history and have been the unchanging materials used in masonry structures. The structural walls are formed by the heterogeneous joining of two materials with different mechanical properties. However, these heterogeneous structural elements are generally considered homogeneous for ease of calculation. In this study, the effects of different joint thicknesses on masonry structures on minarets structure were investigated. Changes in structure behaviour were investigated by using different material properties to a masonry minaret structure. By examining these differences, the effect of isotropic or anisotropic modelling on the result, the effect of mortar thickness on the result was compared and the results were interpreted.

Effects of waste glass addition on the physical and mechanical properties of brick

The use of industrial and municipal wastes to develop sustainable construction and building materials plays a significant role to improve the environment and economy by preserving natural resources and reducing waste management costs. Recycling also helps to reduce land, water, and air pollution as well as waste landfilling issues. The present work has been done to explore the prospect of partial replacement of natural soil for brick manufacturing with municipal waste, which is soda-lime glass. In this study, the effect of waste glass additives on the physical and mechanical properties of brick has been investigated. Bricks were manufactured using 2%, 4%, 10%, 16%, 30%, and 40% of waste glass replacing natural clay. Compressive strength, water absorption, and other tests were carried out to determine the mechanical performance and durability of the prepared brick specimens. An increase in compressive strength and decrease in water absorption of the samples were observed with the addition of waste glass. It was found that the developed bricks have been satisfying the parameters of the Grade-A and Grade-S brick in accordance with the Bangladeshi standard for conventional building clay brick (BDS 208). Results obtained from this study indicated that partial replacement of natural clay in brick with waste soda-lime glass makes the brick production sustainable and eco-friendly.

Recycling of Steel-Making Plant Waste into Heavy Clay Ceramic- Industrial Test

This work has as its objective to evaluate the effect of incorporation of 10 wt% of a powder waste from the sintering stage of an integrated steel-making plant in the physical and mechanical properties of bricks produced in industrial scale. Environmental tests of leaching and solubilization were performed. The results indicated that the waste slightly increased the water absorption of the ceramic and also increased in 35% its compressive strength. The sulfate parameter was above the maximum limit established by the norm for solubilization test. It was observed a strong efflorescence in the massive bricks and a smooth efflorescence in the perforated bricks.

The Mechanical Properties of Brick Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate and Crumb Rubber as Sand Replacement

Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) and crumb rubber are one of the recyclable building wastes. This would be the good candidate to replace the natural aggregate in concrete, since we know these material’s physical properties are strong and ductile. In concrete production, demand for sand has increased which has led to problems in the industry. As a result, the sand price rose, which in effect influenced the cement and sand brick prices. This research focuses on sand cement brick performance, containing recycled concrete aggregate and crumb rubber. This study aims to determine the mechanical properties of sand cement brick containing recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and crumb rubber (CR) wastes, such as compressive strength and water absorption. The brick specimens were prepared using 100 % natural sand, they were then replaced by RCA at 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% with proportions of CR consisting of 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0% by weight of natural sand. Just RCA 60 percent with 6.0 percent CR achieves lower strength than normal bricks based on the compressive strength tests whereas others display a high strength. Nevertheless, as predicted, all design mix reaches strength greater than 7N/mm2. Besides that, 30 per cent of RCA with 3.0 per cent CR is the most desirable mix design that achieves high compressive power.

EDX/XRD-based identification of micrometer-sized domains in scanning electron micrographs of fired clay

The thermal and mechanical properties of bricks are strongly dependent on both the chemical composition and the microstructural features of the used fired clay material. Focussing on the latter, we here identify, in terms of volume fraction, shape, and orientation characteristics, one-to-several micrometer-sized subdomains (“material phases”) within the SEM-imaged microstructure of two raw clays fired at 880 and 1100 centigrades: (1) quartz grains, (2) muscovite, (3) Fe–Mg mica, (4) feldspar grains, (5) decarbonated dolomite, (6) pores, or (7) binding matrix. This identification rests on the simultaneous use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), with correspondingly obtained data entering statistical analyses based on the Otsu algorithm, and complemented by minimum grain size and grain shape requirements, as well as by logical exclusion criteria. Crystalline and amorphous phase shares were additionally confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction measurements (PXRD). As for the investigated clays, an increased firing temperature results in dehydroxylation of muscovite, and in a reduced appearance of feldspar grains.

Experimental Analysis of Mechanical Properties of the Unconventional Sand-Plastic Bricks Using Statistical Method

Plastic wastes found in high percentage in the municipal solid wastes (MSW) have attracted consideration recently due to environmental safety issues. The plastic-wastes used as one of the raw-materials in the processing of construction related products, bricks in particular, is a new way of waste utilisation. Plastics are in use in several ways, right from the drinking bottles to household items, which in turn converts to waste once the functionality ends. Since the plastics, thermoplastics in particular are not biodegradable, one optimum way of using these plastic-wastes are essential for solving this problem of their increase in number. The main aim of this investigation is to comprehend the effects of plastic wastes (polyethylene terephthalate and high-density polyethylene) on the mechanical properties of bricks. The preparation of the brick had 10%, 25% and 40% of plastic wastes. The mixture of sand and plastic wastes, as per their percentage by weights, were placed in the preheated mould with 700 °C temperature, holding them at the peak temperature for 15 minutes. The molten mixture was poured in the fabricated mould and allowed to cool down. The prediction from the optimized response plot along with the real-time fabricating and testing of sand-plastic brick infers that the brick comprising 25% by weight of plastic yields the best sand plastic brick, exhibiting an average compressive strength of 133 MPa, which implies that it can withstand 72.59% more compressive stress than the commercially available Indian FCBs

Physico Mechanical Properties of Bricks Manufactured using Cement Kiln Dust

the actual increase in global industrial production and manufacturing, produces a continuous increase in amount of industrial waste and continues to emit an all-time high amount of air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. To fight and mitigate these phenomena, proper Waste Management became the pillar of most environmental strategies worldwide. By reduction of consumption, re-use of goods and recycling of products, waste management aims to preserve the resources and to protect the environment. The Cement industry is one of the most important industrial sectors for society development; however it also has significant negative environmental impacts due to its emissions and production of waste. Cement kiln dust (CKD) is an industrial waste or by product which results from cement manufacturing. CKD is fine grained, solid, highly alkaline particulate material chiefly composed of oxidized, anhydrous, micron-sized particles collected from electrostatic precipitators during the production of cement clinker. This research examines the effects of using large amounts of CKD to replace the cement content in the fabrication of solid cement bricks. It is triggered by the quadruple objectives of reducing the amount of cement consumption, disposing efficiently of its industrial waste and producing economic bricks with safe strength. The purpose of this paper is to assess the properties of solid cement bricks containing different amounts of CKD. Cement bricks produced using different amounts of CKD were tested to find their properties and final comparison has been made to identify the effect of using different CKD/Cement ratio on the performance of bricks compared to the reference specimen produced using cement only with no CKD. For the brick mixes, Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), with two cement content of 200kg/m3 and 250kg/m3 were used throughout this investigation. The physical properties; unit weight, water absorption and mechanical properties; compressive strength, flexural strength, of the produced bricks were determined. Results showed that partial replacement of OPC with CKD reduces the brick compressive strength by 18% to 23% for CKD/OPC ratio of 30% and by 36% for CKD/OPC ratio of 50% and in all cases the strength remains largely higher than the standard limit for load bearing bricks.