Mechanical Injection System Research Articles

Injection system modification and optimization for performance enhancement and emission reduction in a light-duty diesel engine fuelled by biodiesel-water emulsion

In conventional diesel engines, adding water to carbon–neutral biodiesel simultaneously reduces nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke emissions whilst improving engine performance. However, such investigations reported in the literature are conducted with engines equipped with a mechanically actuated fuel supply system lacking flexibility in the injection schedule. The present investigation aims at modifying and optimizing an existing mechanical fuel injection system to an electronic common rail injection (CRDi) system for utilizing biodiesel-water emulsion. A light-duty diesel engine's performance and emission characteristics with the modified CRDi system operated with biodiesel-water emulsion is compared with the mechanical injection system. The formulated Karanja biodiesel and water emulsion contained 18 % water, and 2 % of the raw oil was utilized as the stabilizer for the emulsion. The results show that the CRDi system results in lower peak cylinder pressure, higher heat release rates, and retarded combustion phasing for all the tested fuels compared to the mechanical injection counterpart. Compared to diesel with the mechanical injection system, biodiesel-water emulsion with CRDi system reduced fuel consumption and increased thermal efficiency by 30 % and 14 %, respectively, at 5.08 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). The NOx emissions for the emulsion were similar to diesel with the mechanical injection system, whereas a decrease of 29, 30 and 10 % was observed for emissions of smoke, unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO), respectively. The current investigation reveals that utilizing biodiesel-water emulsion with a flexible injection system reduces engine exhaust emissions while simultaneously improving the performance characteristics.

Organization of Six-Cylinder Tractor Diesel Working Process

The purpose of the work is to consider the organization of the working process of six-cylinder diesel engines with a power of 116 and 156 kW and exhaust gas recirculation. The following systems and components were used in the experimental configurations of the engine: Common Rail BOSСH accumulator fuel injection system with an injection pressure of 140 MPa, equipped with electro-hydraulic injectors with seven-hole nozzle and a 500 mm3 hydraulic flow; direct fuel injection system with MOTORPAL fuel pump with a maximum injection pressure of 100 MPa, equipped with MOTORPAL and AZPI five-hole nozzle injectors; two combustion chambers with volumes of 55 and 56 cm3 and bowl diameters of 55.0 and 67.5 mm, respectively; cylinder heads providing a 3.0–4.0 swirl ratio for Common Rail system, 3.5–4.5 for mechanical injection system. The recirculation rate was set by gas throttling before the turbine using a rotary valve of an original design. The tests have been conducted at characteristic points of the NRSC cycle: minimum idle speed 800 rpm, maximum torque speed 1600 rpm, rated power speed 2100 rpm. It has been established that it is possible to achieve the standards of emissions of harmful substances: on the 116 kW diesel engine using of direct-action fuel equipment and a semi-open combustion chamber; on the 156 kW diesel using Common Rail fuel supply system of the Low Cost type and an open combustion chamber.

Organization of the Six-Cylinder Tractor Diesel Working Process

The purpose of the work is the organization of the six-cylinder diesel engines (with a power of 116 and 156 kW) working process with exhaust gas recirculation. The following systems and components were used in the experimental configuration of the engine: Common Rail BOSСH accumulator fuel injection system with an injection pressure of 140 MPa equipped with electro-hydraulic injectors with 7-hole nozzle and a 500 mm3 hydraulic flow; direct fuel injection system with MOTORPAL fuel pump with a maximum injection pressure of 100 MPa, equipped with MOTORPAL and AZPI five-hole nozzle injectors; two combustion chambers with volumes of 55 and 56 cm3 and bowl diameters of 55 and 67.5 mm; cylinder heads providing a 3-4 swirl ratio for Common Rail system, 3.5-4.5 for mechanical injection system; recirculation rate was set by gas throttling before the turbine using original design rotary valve. The tests were conducted at characteristic points of the NRSC cycle: minimum idle speed 800 rpm, maximum torque speed 1600 rpm, rated power speed 2100 rpm. It is established: achievement of emission standards for the 116 kW diesel engine is possible with the use of direct-acting fuel equipment and a semi-open combustion chamber; on the 156 kW diesel - using the Low Cost type common Rail fuel supply system and an open combustion chamber.

Numerical Study of the Effects of Twin-Fluid Atomization on the Suspension Plasma Spraying Process

Suspension plasma spraying (SPS) is an effective technique to enhance the quality of the thermal barrier, wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, and superhydrophobic coatings. To create the suspension in the SPS technique, nano and sub-micron solid particles are added to a base liquid (typically water or ethanol). Subsequently, by using either a mechanical injection system with a plain orifice or a twin-fluid atomizer (e.g., air-blast or effervescent), the suspension is injected into the high-velocity high-temperature plasma flow. In the present work, we simulate the interactions between the air-blast suspension spray and the plasma crossflow by using a three-dimensional two-way coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian model. Here, the suspension consists of ethanol (85 wt.%) and nickel (15 wt.%). Furthermore, at the standoff distance of 40 mm, a flat substrate is placed. To model the turbulence and the droplet breakup, Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) and Kelvin-Helmholtz Rayleigh-Taylor breakup model are used, respectively. Tracking of the fine particles is continued after suspension’s fragmentation and evaporation, until their deposition on the substrate. In addition, the effects of several parameters such as suspension mass flow rate, spray angle, and injector location on the in-flight behavior of droplets/particles as well as the particle velocity and temperature upon impact are investigated. It is shown that the injector location and the spray angle have a significant influence on the droplet/particle in-flight behavior. If the injector is far from the plasma or the spray angle is too wide, the particle temperature and velocity upon impact decrease considerably.

Modeling of the Automatic Mechanical Injection System

In many industrial fields, there is an ever growing market demand for highly profitable engines. This fact encouraged to produce very developed engine parts, namely sophisticated injection systems. Consequently, the electronically enhanced injection systems are becoming very widespread for their high efficiency and cause the mechanical automatic systems to be neglected without enough studies. However, the electronically commanded injection is difficult to maintain because of the risks of short-circuits, and it is also difficult and expensive to repair since its captors are in high pressure and temperature areas. This paper aims to introduce a mathematical study of the basic direct injection operation by proving formulas representing forces, velocities and the energy involved in the injection mechanical mechanism without any electronic or computational complications. This theoretical mathematical modeling is useful for the efficiency experimental studies in order to improve the manufacturing and maintenance of all direct injection systems.

Influence of Injection Strategy on B20MOME Fueled CRDI Engine with Toroid Shaped Piston Cavity

New technologies in the fuel injection system have improved the performance of the CI engine. Even though the biodiesel is universally accepted as a suitable alternate fuel for the CI (compression ignition) engine, there have been limited study reported on its utilization for single cylinder CRDI (common rail direct injection) engine. Use of biodiesel with diesel in a CRDI engine reduces proportionate consumption of diesel. In the present study, performance and combustion tests were carried out with the CRDI engine using the B20 blend of mahua methyl ester in diesel on volume basis called (B20 MOME). This study was conducted on a CRDI converted variable compression ratio engine with toroidal shaped cavity in the piston adopted. The tests were carried out at three injection pressures of 400 bar, 600 bar and 800 bar and for three injection timings of 15° BTDC, 20°BTDC and 25°BTDC, respectively. The results of the combustion and performance tests with the CRDI engine were compared with the performance of a CI engine at specified operating conditions with mechanical injection system using diesel as the fuel. The results indicated significant increase in the performance of the engine with increase of injection pressure. At 800 bar injection pressure, brake thermal efficiency of 29.98%, 27.61%, and 26.98% was attained at 15BTDC, 20BTDC and 25BTDC, injection timing respectively using B20 MOME.

Análisis Y Diagnóstico Del Sistema De Control Electrónico De Inyección De Combustible Diesel HEUI CAT-3126

Los motores Diesel 3126 HEUI para camiones utilizan un sistema de combustible deinyectores unitarios electrónicos activados hidráulicamente. La bomba de inyección, la tubería decombustible y los inyectores que se usaban en los motores con sistema de inyección mecánicahan sido remplazados con un inyector unitario electrónico hidráulico en cada cilindro. El sistemaHEUI es un sistema de combustible de inyección directa a alta presión de rendimientodemostrado. Dicho sistema vigila electrónicamente los mandos del operador y la máquina paramejorar el rendimiento del motor. El sistema HEUI es exclusivo en lo que se refiere a sucapacidad de controlar independientemente la presión de inyección en toda la gama de operacióndel motor. Esto permite un control completo de la sincronización, duración, rendimiento yeficiencia de la inyección. Dispone de una tecnología de control de inyección que modifica lascaracterísticas de desprendimiento de calor del proceso de combustión para disminuirsignificativamente los niveles de ruido y emisiones. El humo de escape se reduceconsiderablemente mediante un control electrónico preciso de los límites de inyección decombustible y de la sincronización de inyección del sistema HEUI. Los motores implementadoscon el Sistema HEUI presentan las siguientes características. Rendimiento superior. - Una nuevaclase de camiones para conseguir alta producción y bajo costo por tonelada en aplicaciones detransportes en minas y canteras. Funcionamiento fiable y duradero. - Su construcción robusta yfacilidad de mantenimiento garantiza una larga vida útil con bajos costos de operación.

VLIV POUŽÍVÁNÍ BIOPALIV NA PROVOZNÍ PARAMETRY SPALOVACÍCH MOTORŮ TRAKTORŮ

Application of alternative fuels brings the social benefits in terms of reducing dependence on oil industry and its products as well as decreasing of damage of the environment together with using of na­tu­ral resources, especially in field of renewable energy resources. The use of biofuels is the most important part of energy strategy in European Union, whose member states have agreed the content of biofuels will achieve 5.75% of the total energy sum of fuel for transport purposes in 2010. Operation of internal combustion engine fueled by RME brings environmental benefits as described several authors in analysis of the life cycle. The contribution deals with technical difficulties of the RME usage in internal combustion engine used in agricultural tractors. Different fuel causes different process of combustion which means changes in output power and pollution. The aim of this experiment was to determine these effects. Experimental work was divided into two parts according to various fuel systems. The first tractor was equipped with mechanical injection system, the second one was provided with common-rail fuel system. The test procedures consisted of measurement of power- torque curves where the engine load was created by Eddy current dynamometer. Exhaust gas analyzer sampled the pollution of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons as the most important indicators of combustion process.

PLC controlled single cylinder diesel-LPG engine

The main purpose of this work is to convert the mechanical injection system of a single cylinder diesel engine to an electronically controlled dual-fuel system. The new system consist two different injectors. First injector supplies the LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) , the other one supplies the diesel. LPG is supplied via a port fuel injection system located in the intake port of the engine and the diesel injected directly into the combustion chamber before top dead center (TDC). All injectors were controlled by Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). After the adaptation and tests, the single cylinder Lombardini LDA 450type diesel engine was modified to a high pressured PLC controlled dual-fuel research engine.

Experimental Study of the Injection System for CO2 Geologic Storage Demonstration

The worldwide issue of greenhouse gas reduction has recently drawn great attention to carbon capture and storage (CCS). Almost CCS studies have been focused in the capture technology of carbon dioxide and the geological investigation for underground storage. The study of mechanical injection system for carbon dioxide has not implemented nearly. We are intended to develop a ground system for underground injection of carbon dioxide. In this study, we made lab-scale underground injection system and implemented injection simulation test experimentally. The 10,000 ton/year pilot plant for geological storage of carbon dioxide will be designed on the base of these test results. Major components of the lab-scale underground injection system include a pressure pump and an in-line heater to bring liquid carbon dioxide into its supercritical state. Test results assure that this system readily achieves the designed injection pressure and temperature, showing satisfactory control performance.

Single Cylinder Testing of a High-Pressure Electronic Pilot Fuel Injector for Low NOx Emission Dual Fuel Engines: Part I—Baseline, Feasibility, and Comparative Testing

Current dual fuel engines utilizing standard mechanical (Bosch type) fuel injection systems set to 5–6 percent pilot delivery do not appear capable of reducing NOx emissions much below the current minimum of 4 g/bhp-h without incurring substantial penalties in efficiency and operability. A prototype Electronic Pilot Fuel Injector (EPFI) was designed that overcomes the shortcomings of the mechanical injection system, consistently delivering 3 percent or less pilot at pressures as high as 20,000 psi. The EPFI was installed and tested in one cylinder of a standard production dual fuel engine operating at a waste water treatment facility. A feasibility test confirmed that the engine would indeed operate satisfactorily at 2.9 percent pilot. Comparisons with baseline data revealed the EPFI yielded a 45 percent reduction in NOx emissions with a 3 percent or greater improvement in efficiency. Further optimization of the system, discussed in Part II, indicates that even greater reductions in NOx emissions can be obtained without incurring a penalty in fuel consumption.

Multichannel Toxicant Injection System for Flow-Through Bioassays

A mechanical injection system needing little maintenance is described which offers a dependable and flexible method for maintaining multiple toxicant concentrations in flow-through bioassays. Falling water from a series of water-metering cells similar to those of a proportional diluter, activates a series of mechanical syringe injectors. The system dispenses equal amounts of toxicant dispersants (solvents, wetting agents, or additives) to all toxicant concentrations and to a dispersant control and allows changing unlimited toxicant concentrations independently of each other.

Advanced techniques for fluorescein angiography.

THE USE of fluorescent angiophotography is becoming increasingly widespread in the investigation of both clinical and research problems. It is therefore pertinent to reevaluate and improve existing technical methods in order to obtain better results. The purpose of this paper is to describe the modifications of the fundus camera (Zeiss) for rapid serial photography and to discuss the use of an improved filter system and a new mechanical injection system. The utilization of the phenomenon of fluorescent emission in fluorescein angiography of human ocular tissues presents many technical difficulties.¹There is, in addition, the problem of ensuring the safety and reliability which is essential to any clinical procedure. The method to be described is presented as one which shows technical improvement without detriment to the well being of the patient. <h3>Camera System</h3> It is particularly important in dynamic studies of the retinal circulation to have a high initial dye