Mechanical Flexure Research Articles

Effect of High Fiber Content on Properties and Performance of CFRTP Composites

Continuously reinforced thermoplastic composites are widely used in structural applications due to their toughness, light weight, and shorter process cycle. Moreover, they provide flexibility in design and material selection. Unlike thermoset composites, continuous fiber content to maximize mechanical properties in thermoplastic composites has not been well investigated. In this paper, three thermoplastic systems are investigated to study the optimum content of continuous fiber reinforcement. These systems include carbon fiber/polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), glass fiber/PPS, and glass fiber/high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Tapes were made at several fiber contents, and samples were compression molded and tested using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile, 3-point flexure, and short-beam shear tests. Results revealed that higher fiber content led to an increase in the glass transition and melt transition temperatures of the polymer. Some mechanical properties increased with fiber content and then began to decrease upon further addition of fibers, while other properties, such as ductility and interfacial bond strength, decreased with more reinforcement. Furthermore, the optimum fiber contents to maximize mechanical properties are different for different properties and different materials.

Mechanical, electrical and self-healing properties of carbon fibre-reinforced ultra-lightweight ECC

The hybrid mixes of carbon fibres (CF), fly ash cenosphere and polyethylene fibre could be used to develop smart ultra-lightweight engineered cementitious composites (ULW-ECCs). In this study, the effects of CF length (1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 20 mm) with different volume fractions (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 vol%) on the fundamental mechanical (compression, tension and flexure) and electrical properties of CF-reinforced ULW-ECCs were evaluated. Pseudo-strain-hardening indices, multiple micro-cracking behaviours and self-healing properties were also tested. The experimental results reveal that, except for the 1 mm particle CF, incorporating CF could improve the strength (compression, tension and flexure) of ULW-ECCs but decrease the strain ductility properties under tension; and CF lengths of 9- and 12-mm show better results. The electrical conductivity of ULW-ECCs was improved by CF, and the higher dosage further increased the conductivity. The conductivity increased first and then decreased with the increase in CF length and the 9 mm CF (1.0 vol%) shows higher conductivity. The conductive network was affected by the volume fraction, length, count under the same content, and possible fracture of CF. Long CFs work well at low content in forming conductive networks, while short CFs are more effective at high content. The conductivity decreased with the increase of curing age and reached a constant value after 90 d. Incorporating CF and increasing its length/content negatively impacted crack number and width. CF-reinforced ULW-ECCs exhibit excellent self-healing, with reduced ability as wet-dry cycles and curing age increase.

Amplification Ratio of a Recycled Plastics-Compliant Mechanism Flexure Hinge

This research focuses on the fabrication of plastic flexure hinges from diverse plastics such as ABS, PP, HDPE, and LDPE. To enhance hinge efficiency, the recycling ratios are also investigated. The amplification ratio of different recycle ratios and plastic types are measured. The results show that the input and output displacements of all PP, ABS, and HDPE hinges are linear. The presence of recycled plastics has no impact on this basis. The pure PP, ABS, and HDPE flexure hinges achieve the highest amplification ratios of 5.728, 8.249, and 5.668. The addition of recycled plastics reduces the amplification ratio. This decrease in the amplification ratio, however, is small. At a 25% recycle ratio, the PP, ABS, and HDPE flexure hinges have 12%, 13.3%, and 21.7% lower amplification ratios than the pure plastic hinges. Furthermore, the utilization of recycled plastics may lessen the need for new plastic made from raw materials. With the PP flexure hinge, a maximum input value of 157 µm could result in an output value of 886 µm. At a maximum input value of 115 µm, the ABS flexure hinge could achieve an output value of 833 µm. Finally, a maximum input value of 175 µm might result in an output value of 857 µm when using the HDPE flexure hinge. The average amplification ratio values for all recycling ratios for PP, ABS, and HDPE flexure hinges are, respectively, 5.35, 7.60, and 5.02. The ABS flexure hinge frequently outperforms the PP and HDPE flexure hinge in terms of amplification ratios. Among these plastics, HDPE flexure hinges have the lowest amplification ratio. In general, increasing the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) content of the LDPE/TPU blend increases the amplification ratio. The cause could be the TPU’s high compatibility with the LDPE polymer. The LDPE/TPU blend hinge offers a broader range of the amplification ratio of 2.85–10.504 than the PP, ABS, and HDPE flexure hinges. It is interesting that changing the blend percentage has a much greater impact on the amplification ratio than changing the recycling ratio. The findings broaden the range of applications for plastic flexure hinges by identifying optimal plastic types. The impact of the hinge shape on the performance of the injected plastic flexure hinge might be studied in further research.

Motion capture based calibration for industrial robots

Path accuracy of industrial robotic systems is of paramount importance for manufacturing applications. Many robot vendors provide guarantees of locational repeatability for robot arms down to 0.01 mm, however, this level of precision is meaningless if the system is not well calibrated. In many cases, where an offline programming environment is used, the physical system needs to match the behavior of the digital twin with minimal error. Calibration is thus required to ensure that the position and motion of the robot matches that of what was programmed. One approach is to use relative coordinate systems to offset the programmed path to account for any consistent deviations across the path. These offset coordinate systems can be created using techniques such as touch-based, laser-based, and/or vision-based systems. The offset coordinate system approach is used by major robot manufacturers and NC machines to arrive at a well-defined path. However, this approach assumes that the workspace is uniformly shifted, which is not always the case for industrial robots. Such systems can suffer from distortion in their coordinate space due to mechanical flexure, gearing backlash, and other factors that distort their workspace. To correct this distortion, we propose the use of a commercially available motion capture system that precisely monitors and reports the location of a Yaskawa industrial robotic arm. The positional and rotational information of the robot end-effector can be captured using this motion capture system and compared with that of the expected TCP (Tool Center Point) location derived from the forward kinematics model. The difference between these coordinates can then be used to determine and correct offsets from paths created using the digital twin. With motion capture driven path corrections, the accuracy of offline programed robots can be greatly improved without the need for exhaustively complex calibration processes.

Hybrid Perovskite‐Based Flexible and Stable Memristor by Complete Solution Process for Neuromorphic Computing

AbstractThe limits of transistor scaling and digital architectures are encouraging research into new electronic materials, devices, and systems to meet growing computing demands. In the realm of artificial intelligence, mimicking brain activity for neuromorphic computing is a promising approach. Herein, Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) perovskite‐based flexible and environmentally stable memristors are presented that achieve on‐demand resistive switching between several nonvolatile states by controlling the number of layers and compliance current (CC). The optimal flexible perovskite device based on n = 5 composition, fabricated by complete solution process and measured under ambient conditions without any encapsulation, shows excellent ON/OFF ratio ≈7 × 103, endurance performance (2500 cycles), and robustness to mechanical flexure up to 5 mm bending radii. The role of the physical/chemical reaction at the perovskite–electrode interface is investigated to reveal the origin of the resistive switching in these devices. The primary probing on synaptic characteristics shows stable learning (potentiation and depression) behavior measured up to 19 000 pulses. The invariant paired pulse facilitation index on flat and 5 mm bending radii demonstrates their feasibility for neuromorphic computing applications. The in‐depth analysis also validates the potential of RP‐based memristor devices for applications that require real‐time synaptic processing under extreme mechanical states such as electronic skins.

Mechanical Control of the Optical Bandgap in One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals.

Over the last several years, two-photon polymerization has been a popular fabrication approach for photonic crystals due to its high spatial resolution. One-dimensional photonic crystals with photonic bandgap reflectivities over 90% have been demonstrated for the infrared spectral range. With the success of these structures, methods which can provide tunability of the photonic bandgap are being explored. In this study, we demonstrate the use of mechanical flexures in the design of one-dimensional photonic crystals fabricated by two-photon polymerization for the first time. Experimental results show that these photonic crystals provide active mechanically induced spectral control of the photonic bandgap. An analysis of the mechanical behavior of the photonic crystal is presented and elastic behavior is observed. These results suggest that one-dimensional photonic crystals with mechanical flexures can successfully function as opto-mechanical structures.

The mechanical and blast resistance properties of polyvinyl chloride/calcium carbonate (PVC/CaCO3) nanocomposites

This paper discusses the advantages of the use of a novel construction nanocomposite material such as polyvinyl chloride/calcium carbonate (PVC/CaCO3) used for the structural retrofit of building structures. The research herein compares its mechanical (tension and flexure) and blast resistance properties to typical cementitious composites and polymer composites commonly used in the industry. Typical cementitious composites include high performance fiber reinforced concrete (HPFRC) while polymer composites include fiber reinforced polymers (FRP). This material is produced by mixing powdered recyclable polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic resins with calcium carbonate fillers. It is thermo-formable, recyclable, fire/water proof resistant, durable and maintenance free. It is easier to handle than other composites and has no major construction-related shortcomings. The material tensile strengths ranging between 27 MPa and 14 MPa are lower than that of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) and close to that of cementitious composites while the tensile rupture strains between 0.01 and 0.02 are higher than other composites. Its flexural strength reached values up to 100 MPa which is close to that of FRP and higher than cementitious composites. Expected damages due to blast are lower than other composites due to its high flexural stresses and flexural modulus with low fundamental frequencies at 3.76 Hz. Thus this material might have great potential in structural repair, retrofit, and new construction that requires ductility and ease of applicability in the field.

Optimal Design for Compliant Mechanism Flexure Hinges: Bridge-Type.

Compliant mechanisms’ design aims to create a larger workspace and simple structural shapes because these mechanical systems usually have small dimensions, reduced friction, and less bending. From that request, we designed optimal bridge-type compliant mechanism flexure hinges with a high magnification ratio, low stress by using a flexure joint, and especially no friction and no bending. This joint was designed with optimal dimensions for the studied mechanism by using the method of grey relational analysis (GRA), which is based on the Taguchi method (TM), and finite element analysis (FEA). Grey relational grade (GRG) has been estimated by an artificial neural network (ANN). The optimal values were in good agreement with the predicted value of the Taguchi method and regression analysis. The finite element analysis, signal-to-noise analysis, surface plot, and analysis of variance demonstrated that the design dimensions significantly affected the equivalent stress and displacement. The optimal values of displacement were also verified by the experiment. The outcomes were in good agreement with a deviation lower than 6%. Specifically, the displacement amplification ratio was obtained as 65.36 times compared with initial design.

Impact of Addition of Banana Fibres at Varying Fibre Length and Content on Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Concrete

This experimental study aimed at investigating the impact of addition of banana fibres on the mechanical (compression, splitting tension, and flexure) and microstructural (microscopic morphology and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) properties of concrete. Concrete mixes comprising of banana fibres of varying fibre lengths (40, 50, and 60 mm) and fibre contents (0.1, 0.2, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.5%) were assessed. Addition of banana fibres to concrete was observed to significantly impact on compressive strength only at lower fibre contents of up to 0.25% for all fibre lengths. Fibre length had no significant impact on compressive strength at lower fibre contents of up to 0.25%, but shorter fibres were observed to perform better than longer ones at higher dosages more than 0.25%. Increase in fibre content positively impacted on tensile strength of concrete at relatively lower fibre dosages of up to 1%. Similarly, fibre length impacted on tensile strength of concrete at lower fibre contents of up to 1% and, longer fibres were observed to be more effective than shorter ones. Addition of banana fibres generally did not greatly contribute to flexural strength of concrete but had a marginal impact only when shorter fibres were used at lower fibre dosages. Also, microstructure of concrete was improved through better bonding between the fibres and the matrix and reduction in porosity of the matrix, which resulted in improved mechanical properties of the composite. Banana fibres further contributed to changes in phases of the composite structure of Banana fibre-reinforced concrete (BFRC) through a reduction in its interplanar spacing and lattice structure. For optimal purposes, addition of banana fibres should be limited to a maximum of 1% fibre content preferably using shorter fibre lengths. Further research to improve flexural strength of BFRC to meet minimum technical requirements is required before it can be considered for structural applications.

Effects of core grain orientation on the mechanical properties of wood sandwich composite

Utilization of sandwich composite during recent year has been driven by the fact that compositematerial has ultimately high strength and stiffness by weight than any other materials. The skins ofsandwich composites technically bear most of the applied loads, however, the core materials alsoplay an important role as it functions in providing continuous support to resist the shear stress.Hence, proper selection of core materials is required to establish a sturdy sandwich compositestructure. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the sandwich structure consists offibreglass/epoxy face skins and a mahang wood core. Sandwich composite with core grain orientedin parallel and perpendicular to the flat plane direction were tested for mechanical performance intension, compression and flexure. The results indicate that sandwich composite with grain orientedin parallel direction performed better in tensile properties with strength of 201.98 MPa whereassandwich composite with perpendicular core grain produced a higher value of compressionproperties with strength of 70.11 MPa. However, no significant effect of grain orientation wasobserved in flexural strength. The strength of sandwich composite is dependent on the grainalignment of the wood core as it functions exclusively as mechanical supporting cells to supportthe wood structure.

Application of Grey Relational Approach and Artificial Neural Network to Optimise Design Parameters of Bridge-Type Compliant Mechanism Flexure Hinge

The investigation proposed a hybrid Grey-artificial neural network to optimise the design parameters of a two degree of freedom (2-DOF) bridge-type compliant mechanism flexure hinge (BTCMFH). The design variables play a vital role in determining the deformation and stress of the mechanism. The investigation is different from the previous studies where the hybrid method is a combination of grey relational analysis and artificial neural network based on finite element method (FEM) in ANSYS to maximise output displacement (DI) and minimise the stress (ST) of the mechanism. The simulation and ANOVA results identified the design variables have significantly affected the output displacement and stress by their contribution. The grey relational analysis and artificial neural network predicted values are in agreement with the simulation results at optimal combination parameters with a deviation error displacement and stress being 0.57% and 2.1%, respectively. The optimal combination parameters with a deviation error of displacement and stress of 0.52% and 2.1%, respectively. The optimal values of DI and ST were obtained as 0.957 mm and 104.74 MPa, respectively. The optimal value of displacement amplification ratio gained is 95.7.

Alternative stabilised rammed earth materials incorporating recycled waste and industrial by-products: A study of mechanical properties, flexure and bond strength

Developing low-embodied energy building materials can significantly contribute to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. However, these new building materials must be properly understood before they can or will be adopted by the construction industry. Rammed earth materials with low greenhouse gas emissions have been developed based on the principles of alkali-activated stabilisation as replacements for conventional construction materials.In previous work by the authors, the strength development, durability and sustainability, via life cycle assessment, of these new materials have already been studied. However, how these materials interact with and affect embedded reinforcement is poorly understood, as are methods to test these properties. Their applicability in modern construction is therefore currently limited. This paper extends the understanding of these materials through flexural and push-out testing of specimens reinforced with steel and glass-fibre reinforced polymer bars. We determine mechanical properties of the alternatively-stabilised rammed earth materials and study the composite behaviour of the reinforced materials. The suitability of current testing standards for elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and indirect tensile, bond, shear and flexural strengths, originally designed for concrete specimens, were evaluated for RE materials. These were compared with design rules and predictions made using concrete standard AS 3600 and rammed earth standards (NZS 4297-4299), handbook (HB 195) and rammed earth and concrete literature.Results showed that existing testing procedures specified for concrete specimens were appropriate for estimating Poisson’s ratio and shear modulus as well as for determining flexural and shear strengths for rammed earth. Existing rammed earth recommendations given in NZS 4297 for estimating elastic modulus should continue to be followed. An alternative compressive reinforcement bond test, similar to RILEM AAC 8.2 push-out standard for autoclaved aerated concrete, was proposed; however, more work is required to establish a better prediction model for bond strength. Results indicated that current expressions to relate indirect tensile to unconfined compressive strength are suitable for compressive strengths up to 20 MPa.

3D printed magnetically-actuating micro-gripper operates in air and water

The emerging trend towards miniaturization of robotic grippers is motivated by the needs for precise manipulation of smaller objects within confined spaces. However, it faces a multitude of challenges in micro-fabricating, assembling, and actuating the grippers with increasingly smaller dimensions. To overcome these challenges, we report here a method to 3D print a magnetically-driven triple-finger micro-gripper for robust micro-manipulation in air and water. Magnetic actuation was chosen for its advantage of untethered operation in complex surroundings. Mitigating the trade-off between mechanical compliance and magnetic actuation forces, the monolithic micro-gripper design comprising compliant mechanical flexures and magnetic force actuation units was rapidly fabricated using micro-continuous liquid interface production (μCLIP) process. Finally, we attached the 3D printed gripper to a robotic arm and demonstrated its ability to manipulate micro objects both air and water. This work may enable potential biological and biomedical applications such as operation of live cells and soft tissues.

Soft Actuated Hybrid Hydrogel with Bioinspired Complexity to Control Mechanical Flexure Behavior for Tissue Engineering.

Hydrogels exhibit excellent properties that enable them as nanostructured scaffolds for soft tissue engineering. However, single-component hydrogels have significant limitations due to the low versatility of the single component. To achieve this goal, we have designed and characterized different multi-component hydrogels composed of gelatin, alginate, hydroxyapatite, and a protein (BSA and fibrinogen). First, we describe the surface morphology of the samples and the main characteristics of the physiological interplay by using fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and confocal Raman microscopy. Then, their degradation and swelling were studied and mechanical properties were determined by rheology measurements. Experimental data were carefully collected and quantitatively analyzed by developing specific approaches and different theoretical models to determining the most important parameters. Finally, we determine how the nanoscale of the system influences its macroscopic properties and characterize the extent to which degree each component maintains its own functionality, demonstrating that with the optimal components, in the right proportion, multifunctional hydrogels can be developed.

Effect of Nano-Reinforcement Topologies on the Viscoelastic Performance of Carbon Nanotube/Carbon Fiber Hybrid Composites.

In this investigation, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were grown over carbon fiber fabrics via a relatively nondestructive synthesis technique. The MWCNTs patches were grown into three different topologies: uniform, fine patterned and coarse patterned. Hybrid carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) were fabricated based on the patterned reinforcements. Tensile tests, dynamic mechanical thermal analyses (DMTA) and flexure load relaxation tests were carried out to investigate the effect of the patterned nano-reinforcement on the static, dynamic, glass transition, and viscoelastic performance of the hybrid composites. Results revealed that the hybrid composite based on fine-patterned topology achieved better performance over all other configurations as it exhibited about 19% improvement in both the strength and modulus over the reference composite with no MWCNTs. Additionally, the increase in glass transition for this composite was as high as 13%. The damping parameter (tan δ) was improved by 46%. The stress relaxation results underlined the importance of patterned MWCNTs in minimizing the stress decay at elevated temperatures and loading conditions. Utilizing patterned MWCNTs topology significantly reduced the stress decay percentage at the thermomechanical conditions 60 MPa and 75 °C from 16.7% to 7.8%. These improvements are attributed to both the enhanced adhesion and large interface area by placing MWCNTs and by inducing an interlocking mechanism that allows the interaction of the three constituents in load transfer, crack deflection and hindering undesired viscoelastic deformations under different thermomechanical loadings.

Characterization of the ASTRONIRCAM Spectral Mode

The algorithm for the reduction of spectroscopic observations with the ASTRONIRCAM camera-spectrograph installed at the 2.5-m telescope of the Sternberg Astronomical Institute of the Moscow State University is described. The instrument allows spectra of astronomical objects with long ( $$280^{\prime\prime}$$ ) and short ( $$10^{\prime\prime}$$ ) slits to be taken in the wavelength range from 1 to 2.5 $$\mu$$ m. The measured resolution reaches $$R=1270$$ for a $$0\overset{{}^{\prime\prime}}{.}9$$ slit; the light efficiency of the system changes from 6 to $$14\%$$ in the working wavelength range in the long-slit mode and from 1 to $$2\%$$ in the cross-dispersion mode. The transmission is limited by the quality of the grisms used. We have estimated the fraction of scattered light and studied the mechanical flexures and temperature drifts of the structure.

Experimental Study of Utilizing Recycled Fine Aggregate for the Preparation of High Ductility Cementitious Composites.

Waste concrete was recycled and crushed into fine aggregate to prepare a high ductility cementitious composite (HDCC) in this study, for helping dispose the massive amount of construction waste and for reserving natural resources. Firstly, the features of recycled fine aggregate (RFA) were analyzed in detail and compared with natural fine aggregate (NFA). After that, the mechanical properties, including compression, flexure, bending and tension, and the microstructure of high ductility cementitious composite (HDCC) prepared with RFA were systematically investigated and compared with that of HDCC prepared with NFA. The results show that, since RFA has a higher water absorption rate and contains 4.86 times as much crush dust as NFA, HDCC with RFA forms a denser matrix and a higher bond between fiber and matrix than HDCC with NFA. Thus, HDCC with RFA has higher compressive, flexural, bending and tensile strength. Meanwhile, the higher bond between the fiber and matrix of HDCC with RFA and the finer particle sizes of RFA can greatly promote the development of multiple cracking. As a result, HDCC with RFA exhibits more remarkable stain hardening, and presents 182.73% higher peak deflection in bending and 183.33% higher peak strain in tension than HDCC with NFA. Finally, with the consideration of fiber volume fraction, the prediction models for the peak strengths of HDCC with RFA were proposed. The prediction results show a good agreement with the test results.

Structure and controller design of a piezo-driven orientation stage for space antenna pointing

Space antenna pointing is key to establishing inter-satellite and earth-satellite communication links. Compared with the traditional electromagnetic driven mechanism for antenna pointing, the piezo-driven orientation stage (POS) is more compact in structure and has higher pointing accuracy. However, the main difficulties of designing a POS include the compromise between workspace and structural stiffness, as well as devising a controller that can compensate the hysteresis behavior of the piezo-driven unit and coupled motion between axes. This paper presents a 2-DOF POS in which the rhombic mechanism and 2D flexure hinge are used to enlarge the workspace and decouple the motion between axes. To improve the mechanical modeling efficiency, support vector regression (SVR) and finite element analysis (FEA) are employed in combination. Subsequently, the trade-off between the workspace and structural stiffness is achieved by implementing the structure optimization design. To compensate the hysteresis and remaining coupling motion between axes, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) adaptive control is used to improve the control accuracy, where the real-time nonlinear model of the controlled plant with hysteresis property is approached by the controlled auto regression and moving average (CARMA) model.

Mechanical behaviour and characterization of reinforced CNSL composite material

Abstract The natural fibers are cheap and easily available in India. Therefore they play an important role in automobile applications. Also, increase the environmental effect. In this research work, the composite materials are made from natural materials as a hybrid polymer matrix composite. The different materials like coconut fiber, flax and glass fibers which were made from the natural material were prepared in the form of a matrix and appropriate resins were mixed to have proper bonding of the material. Also, on the other hand, the use of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) in the position of phenol, synthetically derived substance conversion. This CNSL is available in India and is cheap. The utilization of this cashew nut shell liquid is 100% free from chemical products are pure. So when this CNSL is added with the flax and glass fibers gives excellent strength to the material. The fiber is also treated with a NaOH solution was used at 5%, 15% and 20% and the duration time of treatment was increased to 72 h in order to increase the strength of the composite material. Taguchi L9 method was used for different concentration of NaOH, the volume of fiber with respect to soaking time. To find the best percentage of the mechanical test flexure strength was carried out with the help of changing the concentration at the time of treatment with NaOH. Orthogonal array called Taguchi L9 was carried out to test/design of random experiments procedure for better simplification and further the statistical a test called Analysis of Variance was carried out to test the level of significance of flexural strength of the composite material made from natural fibers.

Optimization on effects of design parameter on displacement amplification ratio of 2 DOF working platform employing Bridge-type compliant mechanism flexure hinge using Taguchi method

High precision positioning systems was usually utilized in industrial applications. But the systems have workspace limits. Therefore, a new design for 2-DOF working platform employing two bride-type compliant mechanism flexure hinge was suggested in this paper. The INVENTOR 2018 software was used to design the mechanism and the output displacement, output stress were obtained by Finite element method in ANSYS. The simulation results were achieved maximum value for output displacement of 0.61 mm according x axis direction and y direction, and maximum value for output stress of 120 MPa while input displacement of 0.01 mm, input body length of 5 mm, fillet of radius of 0.2 mm, incline angle of 1.2 degree, width of flexure hinge of 2 mm, thickness of flexure hinge changes from 0.25 mm to 0.75 mm. The simulation results of two remain cases was also presented and discussed. In three cases, thickness of flexure hinge has important effected on output displacement and output stress. The maximum value of displacement amplification ratio was achieved 61.13 by simulation for two x and y axis directions. The S/N analysis demonstrated the design parameters have important effects on output displacement and stress. The optimal total displacement amplification ratio was obtained 91.35 compared with the predicted value of 98.08 that was good agree with 6.86% deviation error and the optimal value of stress was obtained 73.3562 MPa compared with the predicted value of 80.0936 MPa that was good agree with deviation error 8.41%.