Mechanical Engineering Industry Research Articles

Research, Development and Implementation of Methods for Determining Surface Density and Mass Fraction of Elements for Multilayer and Multicomponent Coatings by X-Ray Fluorescence Method

Metal coatings provide products with the necessary technical characteristics; in particular, they increase corrosion resistance and protect against mechanical abrasion. The application of metal coatings is a promising direction and is widely used in mechanical engineering, metallurgy, and other industries. Therefore, studying the properties and improving the technology of applying metal coatings is a significant and sought-after line of activity for metrology researchers. The needs of industry in the field of monitoring the parameters of single-layer and single-component coatings in the Russian Federation are fully satisfied. At the beginning of this study, the Federal Information Fund for Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements provided a comprehensive list of reference materials of surface density and thickness of single-layer onecomponent coatings that were tested using the State Primary Standard for units of surface density and mass fraction of elements in coatings GET 168-2015. The needs for testing, verification, and calibration of instruments for measuring surface density, thickness, and chemical composition of multilayer and multicomponent coatings remained not fully met, which became the starting point for this research.The research presented in the article was carried out in order to develop methods for determining the surface density and mass fraction of elements for multilayer and multicomponent coatings on GET 168-2015. At the same time, the problem of developing a set of reference materials of surface density and mass fraction of elements in two-layer and two-component coatings for metrological support of the corresponding measuring instruments was solved.The article fully reveals the content of the work to improve metrological support for measuring surface density, thickness, and mass fraction of elements in coatings, taking into account the needs of industry in the field of monitoring coating parameters and the variety of measurement tasks that are constantly expanding.

Сравнительная экологическая оценка техногенного воздействия на воздушный бассейн территории Кировской области

The materials of federal and regional reports on the state of the environment, and control and monitoring data of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the Kirov region, as well as on the results of scientific studies of the atmospheric air state were analyzed. Based on the analysis the comparative assessment of the atmospheric air state was carried out using the example of the Kirov Region territory as part of the Volga Federal District. The main sources of air emissions and their quantitative characteristics are noted. Despite the fact that recently the vehicle fleet has increased significantly, the stationary sources of air pollution are the main in the regions of the Volga Federal District. In a number of urban agglomerations emissions from stationary sources are inferior to mobile sources of pollution. This is confirmed by the results of the rating of the Volga Federal District regions by the total volume of atmospheric emissions from all sources of pollution for the period from 2019 to 2023. The highest quantity of air pollutant emissions is observed throughout the entire period in regions with high developed chemical, petrochemical, mining, and mechanical engineering industries. This primarily concerns the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Perm Territory, the Orenburg region and the Republic of Tatarstan. While the Chuvash and Mordovian Republics, the Republic of Mari El, the Penza, Ulyanovsk, and Kirov regions are characterized by a significantly smaller contribution of air pollutant emissions and consistently occupy a leading position in these indicators. For a number of years, the territory of the Kirov region has been consistently ranked 6th in terms of total atmospheric emissions. The results of environmental control and monitoring, and conducted scientific research indicate that the main technogenic load on the atmospheric air in the Kirov region falls on the regional center – the city of Kirov and industrially developed areas of the region: Kirovo-Chepetsky, Vyatsko-Polyansky, Omutninsky, Belokholunitsky districts. Areas with local areas of contamination are identified in each of the above.

Особенности применения силиконовых материалов при создании литейных форм на основе 3D мастер-моделей

The main advantages of using silicone molds in conjunction with master-models made by the FDM 3D-printing method in the production of parts of road-construction and lifting-and-transport machines, using the technology of press molding with investment patterns have been analyzed. The main characteristics are considered, the advantages and disadvantages of the materials used in the creation of silicone molds are highlighted. It was established that for use in mechanical engineering and related industries, an individual approach was the most preferable in the selection of material for manufacture of molds. The basic methods of creating silicone molds were structured.

Thermodynamics of solvent sorption by layers of carbon-chain polymers in damping rubber blankets

The paper addresses the study of the thermodynamic compatibility of carbon-chain polymer compositions of offset rubber blankets with low-molecular-weight liquids, paint solvents and care agents for rubber damping machine parts used in transport, mechanical engineering and printing industries. The Flory-Huggins parameters χ were determined by inverted gas chromatography and calculation performed using the mathematical model of sorption, and the correlation between χ obtained by these two independent methods was found. The excess thermodynamic characteristics of the studied systems G E, H E and S E were calculated to predict the compatibility of components in these systems. The relationship was found between χ that characterizes the thermodynamic quality of the solvent and the equilibrium swelling index of polymer networks.

Formulating Growth Guidelines in the Innovation Process: The Case of Mechanical Engineering SMEs

In Japan and Germany, the mechanical engineering industry is a significant industrial sector, and the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which constitute a large proportion of the number of firms and employees, has a considerable impact on a country's growth. Innovation is an effective approach for firms to achieve growth. In this study, we propose that the phase of formulating growth guidelines, which include three factors: growth objectives, scope, and directions for growth, should be establish before the phase of implementing the innovation process. A new scope framework is constructed and a method for evaluating the consistency of the growth guidelines is presented. The method is applied to Japanese mechanical engineering SMEs that have achieved growth through innovation, and the applicability of the framework and the consistency of the growth guidelines are confirmed. This study provides an idea of growth guidelines that can be used to guide decision making in implementing the innovation process.

REVIEW OF TRENDS IN APPLICATION OF VIRTUAL REALITY IN ENGINEERING

It is known that the growth rate of the mechanical engineering industry in the world is about 3% every year, and the growth leaders in the industry are motor vehicles, electronic components, communication equipment, computers and peripheral equipment, and aerial vehicles. The Industry 4.0 program is the next stage of the manufacturing enterprises digital transformation, the purpose of which is to increase the competitiveness of the Ukrainian economy machine-building sector. Industry 4.0 aims at the accelerated implementation of digital technologies, including the industrial Internet of Things, real-time big data analysis, artificial intelligence, the new generation of robots, virtual and augmented reality, etc. It is expected that the synergy of IT and production technologies will lead to the change in business models and a significant acceleration of innovative development at all stages from the development to the introduction into production of new products. On the basis of the National Technical University "Dniprovska Polytechnic", the direction of training students under the educational program "Technologies of virtual and augmented reality in mechanical engineering" specialty 133 Industrial mechanical engineering has been launched. The training of specialists with methodological and practical skills in the field of modern technologies of virtual and augmented reality is extremely important for the implementation of the Industry 4.0 strategy.

Exploring the impact of industry 4.0 on marine mechanical engineering in the Philippines: Opportunities and challenges in the 21st century

Industry 4.0 is revolutionizing the way we do business and operate our industries today. The marine mechanical engineering industry in the Philippines is not exempt from this digital transformation. The advancement of technology has paved the way for the development of smart ships and the implementation of automated systems in the maritime industry. This review paper explores the impact of Industry 4.0 on marine mechanical engineering in the Philippines, the opportunities it presents, and the challenges it brings. The paper starts with a brief introduction to Industry 4.0 and its various components that are relevant to the marine mechanical engineering industry. It then delves into the current state of the industry in the Philippines, including its strengths and weaknesses. The review paper discusses the opportunities that Industry 4.0 presents in terms of improving efficiency, reducing costs, and increasing safety in the maritime industry. It also highlights the challenges that come with implementing new technologies, such as cybersecurity threats and the need for upskilling the workforce. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for the marine mechanical engineering industry in the Philippines to embrace Industry 4.0 to stay competitive and relevant in the 21st century. The authors suggest that stakeholders must work together to develop a clear roadmap for the adoption of new technologies and address any barriers to implementation. The review paper provides valuable insights for policymakers, industry players, and researchers in the field of marine mechanical engineering in the Philippines. Keywords: Industry 4.0, Marine Mechanical Engineering, Philippines, Opportunities, Challenges

White Stork Pellets: Non-Invasive Solution to Monitor Anthropogenic Particle Pollution.

The present study applied a non-invasive method to analyse anthropogenic particles and prey items in white stork (Ciconia ciconia) pellets. Pellets (n = 20) were obtained from white stork nests during the 2020 breeding season from two sites in Croatia. In total, 7869 anthropogenic particles were isolated. The majority of particles were fragments, while previous studies on other birds often reported fibres. An ATR-FTIR polymer analysis detected glass and construction and building materials, as well as several compounds associated with plastic masses. Polymer investigation revealed the presence of dotriacontane and octacosane, which are by-products of polyethylene (PE) degradation and transformation. Additionally, the detection of vinylidene chloride (VDC) highlights the historical contribution of polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) to plastic pollution. Significant variation in particle quantity and size between the sampling sites was detected, with larger particles found at sites associated with the metal mechanical engineering industry and agriculture. Prey assessment revealed chitin remains of large insects such as Orthoptera and Coleoptera. This research confirms the potential of pellet analysis as a valuable tool for assessing the presence of anthropogenic particles in the environment. However, further research is needed to fully understand the extent of particle ingestion, particle sources and potential impact.

ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЯКОСТІ ВІБРАЦІЙНОЇ ДІАГНОСТИКИ ВУЗЛІВ ТА АГРЕГАТІВ АГРАРНОЇ ТЕХНІКИ

It is known that friction and vibrations are the main factors affecting the condition of the equipment during its operation. Therefore, monitoring and diagnostics of vibration resistance of machines and mechanisms are of great importance for their effective operation. This article will present and describe methods of vibroacoustic diagnostics, which are simple and sensitive for detecting defects in various mechanisms and machines, in particular in the agricultural sector. One of the key elements used to diagnose and control the degree of wear of parts is a piezoelectric transducer. It is easy to use and highly accurate. Such converters are almost not affected by electric and magnetic fields, acoustic signals and other mechanical vibrations, except in certain cases. This article will consider the improvement of the piezoelectric transducer, which can be used to measure the vibration rate of oscillations of elements and assemblies of agricultural machines. The technical solution includes the use of a differential amplifier with buffer stages connected to a basic differential amplifier. This approach allows you to reduce the impact of out-of-band interference and increase measurement accuracy. The use of a common-mode perturbation voltage is also an important element in the improved piezoelectric transducer, helping to provide more accurate results. This article reveals important aspects of vibration diagnostics and offers a new technical solution to improve measurements. It will be useful for specialists in the field of mechanical engineering and agricultural industry, who are interested in effective control and support of machines and mechanisms during their work.

A Laser Cutting Machine Prototype

Nowadays, laser cutting technology stands as one of the most cutting-edge technologies. Not only do laser cutting machines play a crucial role in the mechanical engineering industry, but also in numerous other industries including electronic circuit manufacturing, garment manufacturing, and particularly in the handicraft industry. This study presents a methodology for the design and production of laser cutting machines in Vietnam. A laser cutting machine has been successfully constructed, featuring a straightforward configuration, user-friendly operation, and low cost. The machine has the ability to perform laser cutting on wooden materials, achieving a cutting depth ranging from 1 to 2 mm. The proposed laser cutting machine prototype can cut at a speed of 1000 mm/min, thus meeting the specified requirements.

The Use of SAW, RAM and PIV Decision Methods in Determining the Optimal Choice of Materials for the Manufacture of Screw Gearbox Acceleration Boxes

This article investigates material selection for components in worm gear reduction gearboxes, focusing on the worm shaft, gearbox casing, and worm gear body. The screw shaft’s and worm gear body’s material selection involved evaluating six criteria: hardness, tensile strength, yield strength, relative elongation, relative contraction, and impact strength. Gearbox casing materials were selected based on five parameters, including tensile strength, yield strength, relative elongation, impact strength, and hardness. The authors employed three Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods, Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), Root Assessment Method (RAM), and Proximity Indexed Value (PIV) to assess material choices. Various methods, including Entropy, Logarithmic Percentage Change-driven Objective Weighting (LOPCOW), and Equal, determined weights for the criteria. Remarkably, consistent optimal material types emerged across all MCDM and weight determination methods, showcasing the robustness of the results. For screw shafts, C35 steel was identified as the optimal type. GC120- 04 stood out among nine materials for gearbox casing production. C35CrMo was determined as the best type among eight steel types for manufacturing the worm gear body. In summary, this study provides a comprehensive and objective approach to material selection for worm gear reduction gearbox components, offering valuable insights for decision-making in the mechanical engineering industry.

Сравнительный анализ химического состава и механических свойств различных участков сварного соединения дюралюмина, полученного сваркой трением с перемешиванием

Friction stir welding is an advanced method of joining various metals and alloys in the aircraft and mechanical engineering industries. This type of welding is used to join materials that are difficult to weld or not weldable by conventional methods. The high-strength D16 aluminum alloy is difficult to weld by fusion, which is associated with the formation of a dendritic structure in the fusion zone leading to a decrease in the mechanical strength of the joint. In the work, the microstructure and microhardness of a welded seam of the D16 aluminum alloy produced by friction stir welding was studied. Using scanning electron microscopy and optical metallography, the authors identified the presence of three zones: the weld core, the thermomechanical impact zone, and the heat effected zone. In the central part of the welded joint (in the core), a laminated onion ring structure was discovered. A change in the chemical composition of the aluminum solid solution was identified in different areas of the weld zones, as well as the presence of a concentration gradient within each zone. In the upper part of the welded seam, the solid solution is silicon-enriched and depleted in copper. Due to the solid solution depletion in alloying elements, the aluminum content in the solid solution in the zone of the welded joint is higher compared to the initial state. The microhardness values in different areas of the welded joint correlate with changes in the chemical composition. In the welded joint zone, a significant decrease in microhardness was found compared to the initial state, and a change in microhardness associated with the chemical composition gradient within each zone was also observed.

A strategic roadmap for innovation and development in the mechanical engineering industry

A strategic roadmap for innovation and development in the mechanical engineering industry

Влияние поверхностной модификации на морфологические характеристики и микротвердость стали ХВГ

During the experiment, carried out in two stages, a thin-film coating of molybdenum is obtained on substrates made of steel grade HVG. The first stage included preliminary ion implantation of molybdenum. The second stage is the production of a thin-film molybdenum coating by balanced magnetron sputtering. During the study using scanning electron microscopy, microphotographs are obtained that visually confirmed the uniformity and homogeneity of the thin-film coating. The values of average surface roughness Sa is obtained by probe microscopy suggest that it decreases after applying a thin-film coating. Using the energy dispersive analysis method, the mass concentration of molybdenum on the surface of the modified tool steel was determined, which is 92,4 %. Experimental modes of modification of KhVG steel with a thin-film coating have been obtained, which have a significant effect on the average roughness and microhardness of its surface. It has been shown that the experimental modes used in the work make it possible to obtain a strengthening of the surface of HVG steel after applying a thin-film coating of molybdenum, with preliminary ion implantation several times. The adhesion force between the thin-film coating and the HVG steel substrate is determined. High adhesion values obtained using the method proposed by Gerald Frankel from Ohio State University indicate good quality of the applied coating. All of the above indicates the prospects of using the above-mentioned methodology in the mechanical engineering industry.

Влияние ионной имплантации на свойства чугуна, используемого в конструкциях горнодобывающих машин и аппаратов

Introduction. Cast iron is a widely used material in mechanical engineering, mining and other industries. Modification of the surface properties of cast iron by ion implantation is of great interest. Research methods and materials. Samples of cast iron before and after implantation with C+, B+, N+ ions with dose D = 1017 ions/cm2 and energy of 40 keVwere taken for research. All samples were tested for wear resistance; microhardness was also measured and X-ray analysis was performed. Research results. It is shown that cast iron samples after ion implantation had higher wear resistance and microhardness in comparison with the initial state. The increase in hardness of all samples is apparently associated with the presence of a large number of specific radiation defects and the formation of dispersed phases (nitrides, borides, carbides). Discussion of the research results. The study of micro-hardness was carried out to determine the depth of the hardened layer after ion implantation with C+ , B+ , and N+ ions. The highest micro-hardness was detected at the surface of the sample after irradiation with N + ions. The lowest micro-hardness was obtained by B+ ions. X-ray analysis of cast iron samples after implantation by C+ , B+ , and N+ ions with dose D = 1017 ions/cm2 was the fine structure are observed. Conclusion. Ion implantation of cast iron with C+, B+, N+ ions has shown that irradiation leads to: Increased wear resistance of the material; A significant increase in micro-hardness; Changes in the fine structure of the implanted cast iron (mosaic block size and average dislocation density) and the formation of carbides, borides, and nitrides. Resume. The results of the research show that ion implantation of cast iron can significantly increase the wear resistance of various units of machines (parts) and other mining equipment, which ultimately increases their service life. Suggestions for practical application and direction of future research. The shown results allow us to propose the method of ion implantation as a hardening treatment of parts made of cast iron used, in particular, in the mining industry. In order to develop ion implantation as one of the hardening technologies, it would be advisable to continue studying various physical and chemical properties (for example, corrosion resistance) after exposure to ion implantation.

History of success. To the 90th anniversary of the birth of V.N. Antsiferov

Article for the 90th anniversary of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Vladimir Nikitovich Antsiferov is dedicated to the stages of development of a scientist, the history of the creation of the largest Scientific Center for Powder Materials Science in Russia, and the achievements of his scientific school. The activities of V.N. Antsiferov as director of the Scientific Center, professor and head of the department of the Perm National Research Polytechnic University is shown, as well as the most important scientific developments of the scientist and the team he leads in the field of powder metallurgy and materials science for the aerospace complex, mechanical and instrument engineering, oil production, medicine and other industries.

INTEGRATION OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC SPACE

The article examines the prospects for the integration of the Ukrainian economy into the European economic space. It has been established that Ukraine's accession to the EU would be beneficial not only for Ukraine, but also for the European Union itself. One obvious advantage is security: if Ukraine were not currently at war, Russian tanks would probably already be in Warsaw or Tallinn. In peacetime, there are many opportunities for cooperation. Obvious areas are food security and energy production; in addition, Ukraine has a lot of human capital and entrepreneurial talent, and it is quite developed in IT, mechanical engineering and other industries that require a high level of technical skills. Ukrainian culture is rich and original. However, not only Ukraine will change during the accession. The European Union itself will be reformed in response to new challenges. Existing agreements between Ukraine and the European Union have already contributed to significant trade flows. Accession will have greater implications for the free movement of capital and workers – investment inflows and migration outflows. These areas are likely to be the focus of negotiations. A certain accession agreement usually has transition periods, especially for full free movement of labor, and opt-out clauses. The essential difference will be that Ukraine will be granted the status of "member of the EU" and not associated or annexed status. The consequences of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and its request for membership in the European Union changed the role of international diplomacy. The European Union realized the need to strengthen its own security and solve internal problems - from the consequences of Brexit to solving the alleged violations of the rule of law by Hungary. The military incursions into Ukraine have become a catalyst for change across Europe, and this may be reflected in how the member states of the European Union and the European Commission deal with Ukraine's accession. Keywords: perspective, integration, European Economic Area

КОНСЕРВАЦИОННЫЕ И РАБОЧЕ-КОНСЕРВАЦИОННЫЕ СМАЗОЧНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ «РОСОЙЛ»

The paper contains an overview of Rosoil rust-preventive, protective and operating lubricants for metallurgy, mechanical engineering and other industries, including for military-industrial enterprises, as well as for the needs of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the population. The main physicochemical and operational characteristics of rust-preventive, protective and operating lubricants are given such as rust-preventive greases for corrosion protection of ferrous and non-ferrous metal products during storage and transportation; protective grease lubricants for anticorrosive and mechanical processing of metals; protective antifriction greases for lubrication when manufacturing and operationing steel ropes made of uncoated wire and galvanized wire; universal lubricants for multi-purpose applications; corrosion-preventing oil for protection of military equipment; gun oils for cleaning, lubrication and corrosion protection of artillery and small arms during storage and operation; corrosion inhibitors to improve the protective properties of lubricating oils for various purposes and fuels. It is shown that the range of Rosoil rust-preventive, protective and operating lubricants contains 19 products, most of which are designed to replace imported materials and surpass them in protective properties and tribo-engineering characteristics.

Perspectives on Digital Transformation Initiatives in the Mechanical Engineering Industry

Companies from the mechanical engineering industry are eager to embrace new technologies in their pursuit of a competitive advantage. However, the complete digitalization of the sector encounters limitations, as certain aspects necessitate human supervision or manual labor. This is where the concepts of Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0, and digital transformation become relevant. The aim of the research presented in this paper was to gather and extract valuable insights and lessons from the experiences of German companies in the plastic extrusion machinery sector with digital transformation (DT). Qualitative interpretative research was used, using in-depth expert interviews with C-level executives. We organized the findings into three categories: (i) DT communication initiatives, including the elimination of paper, CRM solutions, messenger services, home office, and online procurement platforms; (ii) departments and areas most involved, including accounting and procurement, sales and production, and construction; and (iii) cost–benefit perception, including positive assessment, long-term impacts, and variation from company to company. The results provide valuable insights into the progress of DT initiatives in companies operating in the pipe extrusion sector in Germany. Additionally, several DT misconceptions were identified, thereby enriching the DT misconceptions framework that has been intensely discussed in the DT literature.

STUDYING THE CHANGING COMPETENCIES OF GREATER PARIS (TO THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF A.E. SLUKA)

The article deals with the study of Greater Paris in the context of changing paradigm of the development of a large city under the transnationalization of world economy and the process of globalization. The contribution of A.E. Sluka, Professor of the Moscow University, Honorary Member of the Russian Geographical Society, who created a “dynamic” portrait of the French capital of the second half of the twentieth - early twenty-first centuries on the basis of the synthetic approaches and revealed the main features of its socio-economic geography, is evaluated. The article analyzes shifts in the functional structure of the metropolis during the transition to the “international city” model as a result of the implementation of the decentralization and dein-dustrialization policy. The scientist’s ideas on studying the competencies of the city as a corporate center and in the context of practices of the largest agglomerations of the world are being developed. GIS technologies are applied to describe the specific features of Greater Paris as a location of the country’s largest TNCs and the acceptor of branches of foreign companies. The multidisciplinary nature of large national business is revealed, which contributes to the development of interfirm cooperation and serves as an additional resource for the competitiveness of the city. The sectoral structure of foreign corporate segment of its economy is dominated by companies in the material sphere of production (mechanical engineering, chemical and food industries), while the geographical structure is dominated by the US TNCs. There is a consolidated placement of local and foreign companies mainly in three functionally different clusters (within the historical core, the Defense district and Paris-Saclay). Based on the materials of international statistics and ratings of cities, the modern place of Greater Paris among the “world capitals” is considered applying the comparative geographical method. Most ratings include it in the top-5 cities of the planet and characterize it as a multifunctional center of global importance, permanently expanding the scope of its competencies. Being inferior in absolute value of the main economic resources, innovative and environmental indicators, it is ahead of many largest agglomerations of the world in terms of the scope of economic and political influence, information exchange and cultural interaction, as well as the quality of life; it is well-known by specific creative industries. When analyzing the image of the French capital on the basis of sociological surveys, the stability of its “global attractiveness” is noted due to the resources of symbolic capital, which plays an increasingly important role in the information society.