Mechanical Energy Release Research Articles

Effects of three types of additives on mechanical properties and impact energy release characteristics of Al/PTFE reactive structural material

Effects of three types of additives on mechanical properties and impact energy release characteristics of Al/PTFE reactive structural material

Combustion and mechanical properties enhancement strategy based on stearic acid surface activated boron powders

Boric acid and other impurities on the surface of boron (B) particles can interact with hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), weakening the mechanical properties and energy release efficiency of boron-based solid rocket propellants. SA@B composite particles were created by coating stearic acid (SA) on the surface of B particles through solvent evaporation-induced self-assembly. The study investigated the impact of SA coating on the combustion performance of B particles and the mechanical properties of HTPB matrix composites. The results showed that the SA coating enhanced the oxidation efficiency of B particles in air. The combustion heat of SA@B composite particles is 30.29 MJ/g, about 50% higher than that of B particles. During the combustion of SA@B composite particles, fewer molten solid particles surround the flame, which enhances the stability of the combustion process of the B particles. Furthermore, the SA coating effectively enhanced the dispersion of B particles in HTPB. At a stretching speed of 100 mm/min, the tensile strength of the SA@B/HTPB composite materials is higher than that of the B/HTPB composite materials. Moreover, when the mass loading of the SA@B composite particles reaches 50 wt%, the tensile strength of SA@B/HTPB composite materials is 2.46 MPa. Activating the surface of boron particles with SA can significantly improve their compatibility with HTPB, which is crucial for the stable storage of boron-based solid rocket propellants.

Cryogenic damage behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite laminates via fiber-optic acoustic emission

Cryogenic temperatures cause significant changes in the mechanical response and microscopic failure mechanisms of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. However, the mechanisms by which cryogenic temperatures affect composites are not yet fully understood due to a lack of adequate in-situ characterization techniques. Herein, the cryogenic damage evolution process of CFRP composites was investigated by constructed fiber-optic acoustic emission (AE) detection system. Tensile damage behavior of woven CFRP composites at 300 K, 153 K and 77 K was evaluated by AE characteristic response and cluster analysis combined with scanning electron microscopy. According to the results, increased damage activity within the composites at cryogenic condition promoted the release of mechanical energy, as well as an increase in the contribution of fiber damage to overall damage, which are the dominant micro-strengthening mechanisms of composite laminates under cryogenic conditions. This study provides a novel explanation for understanding the cryogenic damage behavior of composites.

Effect of Microstructure on Energy Release Characteristics of Al/Ni Energetic Structural Material Prepared by Cold Spraying.

Al/Ni energetic structural material with both high strength structural properties and high energy release functional properties can undergo a strong exothermic reaction under heating or impact loading conditions. In order to investigate the influence of microstructure on the mechanical properties and energy release characteristics of the Al/Ni energetic structural material, the materials with different Ni contents were prepared by cold spraying. With the increase of Ni particles, the microstructure inside the energetic structural material gradually changes from a continuous network structure of Al to a continuous network structure of Ni. The contact between Ni particles will make the stress transfer more uniform during the compression process of the energetic structural material, which enhances their strength. The results of heat-induced exothermic and shock-induced energy release show that the Al/Ni energetic structural material exhibits the best exothermic performance when Ni particles are uniformly dispersed and there are enough Al and Ni to make the material completely transform into the AlNi phase. The increase in the contact interface between Al and Ni particles facilitates the occurrence of a solid/solid reaction exothermic reaction between Al and Ni as well as the diffusion of Ni into the Al melt to generate the AlNi phase. The formation of the Ni continuous phase will lead to a reduction in the contact interface between Al and Ni, as well as an increase in porosity, which will result in a decrease in the amount of heat released during the diffusion reaction. This study will provide insights into the preparation of an Al/Ni energetic structural material with excellent properties.

Numerical solution for the interior electric displacement of the moving DBY‐PS model for semi‐permeable cracked piezoelectric material

AbstractIn this study, we analysed a moving crack at the interface of an infinitely long piezoelectric bilayer using the Dugdale–Barenblatt yield (DBY) model and the polarisation saturation (PS) model. To model the moving crack problem, a Yoffe‐type crack moves at a constant subsonic speed on the interface of an infinitely long piezoelectric bilayer. The crack faces are assumed to be semi‐permeable, and at the boundary of the bilayer, in‐plane electrical and out‐of‐plane mechanical stresses are applied. Due to the application of electro‐mechanical loads, cracks propagate, mechanical yielding zones and electric saturation zones are developed. To arrest the crack from further propagation, mechanical yield stress and saturation electric displacement are applied at the developed zones. To address this problem analytically and numerically, the mixed boundary value problem is transformed into a set of coupled Fredholm integral equations (FIEs) of the second kind using the Fourier transform and the Copson method. The closed‐form analytical expressions for the length of the electrical saturation zone (ESZ), whether longer, shorter or equal to the mechanical yielding zone (MYZ), show dependence on external electro‐mechanical loads under semi‐permeable crack conditions. The algorithm to solve the electric crack condition parameter (ECCP) has been defined using numerical discretization and the bisection method. Illustrative examples demonstrate the proposed technique's effectiveness and suitability for Yoffe‐type moving cracks. The numerical results show the convergence of the ECCP. Furthermore, the numerical results show how mechanical and electrical zone lengths and energy release rate (ERR) are affected by electrical and mechanical loads, strip thickness and crack velocity. In addition, the size of the mechanical yielding zone is consistently promoted by electrical load, while the promotion or prevention of the electrical saturation zone by mechanical load depends on the relative sizes of the nonlinear zones.

Effects of Plyometric Training on Running Biomechanics and Jumping Ability of U14 Athletes.

Cardiel-Sánchez, S, Rubio-Peirotén, A, Molina-Molina, A, García-Cebadera Gómez, C, Almenar-Arasanz, A, Ráfales-Perucha, A, Roche-Seruendo, LE, and Cartón-Llorente, A. Effects of plyometric training on running biomechanics and jumping ability of U14 athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Children under the age of 14 years (U14) are particularly susceptible to musculoskeletal disorders because of growth spurts. Plyometric training has been shown to be beneficial for both injury reduction and performance enhancement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of plyometric training on the jumping ability and running biomechanics of U14 track-and-field athletes. A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted. Thirty-five (18 female and 17 male) U14 athletes (age: 12.5 ± 1.2 years; height: 152.3 ± 7.7 cm; body mass: 47.3 ± 6.9 kg) were randomized into experimental and control groups. All subjects completed their usual training for 4 weeks, and those in the intervention group added a low-volume plyometric program twice a week. Preintervention and postintervention assessments included a countermovement jump (CMJ) to determine maximum jump height, 10-second repeated jumps to assess reactive strength index (RSI), and a 3-minute run at 12 km·h-1 to analyze running kinematics contact time, flight time, step length (SL), step frequency (SF), mean power output, vertical spring stiffness, and leg spring stiffness (LSS). The results revealed no main effect of time for any of the variables. A group-by-time interaction was found for RSI (p = 0.045) in the intervention group, whereas a significant increase in LSS was also found after the intervention (p = 0.031). However, no changes in CMJ height or other running parameters were observed. The significance level for the study was set at ρ ≤ 0.05. Plyometric-jump training may improve the stretch-shortening cycle in U14 athletes by increasing RSI and LSS. Athletes and coaches in running-related sports should be aware of these short-term effects when aiming to optimize the energy storage and release mechanism.

Effects of ZrO2 ceramics doped with varying content on the mechanical properties and energy release characteristics of W-Zr alloys

A W-Zr alloy doped with ceramic powder W54.5Zr35-xNi6.7Fe3.3Mo0.5 (ZrO2) x was prepared by powder metallurgy. The effects of the ceramic content on the dynamic and static compressive mechanical behavior and energy release properties of the alloy were studied. The results showed that the addition of ceramics enhanced the energy release characteristics of the W-Zr alloy, and made the alloy break more thoroughly and the fragment cloud distribute evenly. The reaction delay time was shorter and the energy release reaction was more complete. However, the maximum temperature of the alloy reaction decreased. In addition, the addition of ceramics improves the mechanical properties of the material, and its compressive strength is much higher than that of traditional W-Zr alloys.(ZrO2)1 exhibited good mechanical behavior and energy release characteristics. The aftereffect damage performance was further verified using a ballistic gun experiment. Ballistic gun test results showed that (ZrO2) 1 can penetrate A92124 aluminum targets with a thickness of 2 mm at a speed of 809.3 m s−1 and ignite post-target absorbent cotton, with both penetration and post-target damage capabilities.

Effects of fluid composition and salinity on subcritical crack growth in granite

Using the double-torsion technique, the fracture mechanical response of granite specimens was investigated under the influence of fluid with different electrolyte types and salinities. The fracture toughness (KIC) and critical mechanical energy release rate (G0) of the granite in electrolyte solution are weakened compared to those in distilled water. The KIC in all electrolyte solutions is 2.08–2.28 MPa·m1/2, which is 8.4 % − 16.5 % lower than that in distilled water, and it is insensitive to ion type and salinity. In contrast, the subcritical crack growth index (n) shows different salinity dependence in three salt (AlCl3, CaCl2, and NaCl) solutions. The slight increase in n with rising salinity of the AlCl3 solution is attributed to crack tip blunting caused by over-dissolution of minerals. The n and G0 decrease and then increase with rising salinity of CaCl2 solution, which may be related to the salinity-dependent dissolution rate of quartz and the weakening of repulsive force between crack surfaces. The n and G0 shows a negative correlation with salinity and decrease by 26.4 % and 15.4 %, respectively as the NaCl salinity increases from 0.1 M to 1.0 M. Limitations in the dissolution reactions of the main minerals (albite, biotite and diopside) is accountable for enhancement of n in silica solutions. Experimental results emphasize the critical and subcritical fracture behavior of the granite in response to chemically reactive fluids with implications for both hydraulic fracture stimulations in geothermal fields and caprock integrity for CO2 sequestration. In these applications, the fracture properties of the reservoir rock can be enhanced or weakened by changing the electrolyte type and salinity of the fluid, depending on the actual requirements.

Reaction characteristics of Al–Mg alloy fuels with heterogeneous oxidation shell structures

Al–Mg alloy fuels are the most widely used Al-based alloy fuel in energetic material systems owing to their low ignition temperature and fast reaction. However, their surface oxide layer structure and oxidation, ignition, and combustion mechanisms differ from those of single-metal fuels. Furthermore, insufficient information has been reported on Al–Mg alloy fuels. In this study, Al–Mg alloy fuels were formed by introducing Mg into Al via centrifugal atomization. The microstructure and thermal reaction characteristics of the Al–Mg alloy fuel were evaluated. The ignition and combustion characteristics of the Al–Mg alloy fuels were monitored via single-particle ignition. When the Mg content was increased from 5 % to 40 %, a typical core–shell structure formed, the oxide shell thickness increased from 4.50 to 6.41 nm, and the content of the internal alloy compounds gradually increased. The surfaces of the Al–Mg alloy fuel particles with different Mg contents exhibited heterogeneous oxidation shells. Compared to Al powder, the Al–Mg alloy fuel exhibited better melting and oxidation peak temperatures and higher oxidation weight gain. As the Mg content was increased, the combustion of the Al–Mg alloy fuel intensified with more severe microexplosions and a shorter combustion time. The microexplosion of the Al–Mg alloy fuel was elucidated by theoretical calculations, and its combustion mechanism was proposed. The detailed description of the oxide layer structure, oxidation, and combustion of the Al–Mg alloy fuel provides a reliable explanation of its energy release mechanism in energetic material systems.

Impact-induced energy release characteristics of Ti-Zr-Hf-Ta high-entropy alloys by using a temperature-pressure synchronous measurement method

Energetic structural materials (ESMs) are a new type of materials with structural strength and reactivity, and their impact-induced energy release characteristics are greatly influenced by the fragmentation behavior. In this study, the dynamic fragmentation behavior and energy release characteristics of Ti-Zr-Hf-Ta high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with different precipitate content were investigated based on split Hopkinson pressure bars (SHPB) tests. To quantitatively evaluate the reactivity of ESMs, a temperature-pressure synchronous measurement method combined with a modified calculation model for quasi-sealed chamber was proposed. The results showed that the precipitates were distributed at the grain boundaries. As the precipitate content increased, the quasi-static yield strengths increased from 1004 to 1132 MPa, the dynamic yield strengths increased from 1672 to 1874 MPa, while the fracture strains decreased from 0.47 to 0.29, and correspondingly, the released energy increased from 14±2–511±154 J/g. The results demonstrated that the impact-induced energy release characteristics of the materials are closely related to the fracture strain. It can be confirmed that the alloys with lower plasticity are more likely to fracture under impact conditions, and the combustion reaction will be more violent, which is well consistent with the measurement of the energy-release amounts. High-speed infrared temperature measurement and microstructural photography also provided the underlying mechanism: the fragment size of low plasticity materials is smaller and the local hot spots are more dispersed, both of which are conducive to the combustion reaction. By using this method, the relationship among mechanical properties, fragmentation behavior, and energy release characteristics can be established, and the results will provide new insights into the development of ESMs with superior energy release under impact loading and applicable mechanical properties for potential applications.

Activation and reaction mechanism of nano‐aluminized explosives under shock wave

AbstractTo investigate the effect of aluminum (Al) nanoparticles on the energy release mechanism of high explosives, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the mechanical response and chemical reaction mechanism of pure 1,3,5‐Trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazinane (RDX) and nano‐aluminized RDX across varying particle velocities using molecular dynamics simulation. The simulation results show that the velocity of the shock wave which is formed in the explosive increases as the velocity of the particle increases. Notably, detonation was absent when the particle velocity was below 3 km/s, but prominently observed beyond this threshold, accompanied by a diminishing delay in reaction time for aluminum particles as particle velocity increased. After detonation, a localized pressure reduction behind aluminum particles was observed, elucidating the diminished detonation efficacy of aluminized explosives. Furthermore, the introduction of aluminum particles led to a deceleration in the RDX reaction rate, with the emergence of aluminum atomic clusters highlighting previously overlooked gas‐phase reactions that necessitate inclusion in detonation modeling for aluminized explosives.

Magnetohydrodynamics simulation of magnetic reconnection process based on the laser-driven Helmholtz capacitor-coil targets

Magnetic reconnection is an important rapid energy release mechanism in astrophysics. Magnetic energy can be effectively converted into plasma kinetic energy, thermal energy, and radiation energy. This study is based on the magnetohydrodynamics simulation method and utilizes the FLASH code to investigate the laser-driven magnetic reconnection physical process of the Helmholtz capacitor-coil target. The simulation model incorporates the laser driving effect, and the external magnetic field consistent with the Helmholtz capacitor-coil target is written in. This approach achieves a magnetic reconnection process that is more consistent with the experiment. By changing the resistivity, subtle differences in energy conversion during the evolution of magnetic reconnection are observed. Under conditions of low resistivity, there is a more pronounced increase in the thermal energy of ions compared to other energy components. In simulations with high resistivity, the increase in electrons thermal energy is more prominent. The simulation gives the evolution trajectory of magnetic reconnection, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. This has important reference value for experimental research on the low-β magnetic reconnection.

Molecular heat transport across a time-periodic temperature gradient.

The time-periodic modulation of a temperature gradient can alter the heat transport properties of a physical system. Oscillating thermal gradients give rise to behaviors such as modified thermal conductivity and controllable time-delayed energy storage that are not present in a system with static temperatures. Here, we examine how the heat transport properties of a molecular lattice model are affected by an oscillating temperature gradient. We use analytical analysis and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the vibrational heat flow in a molecular lattice system consisting of a chain of particles connected to two heat baths at different temperatures, where the temperature difference between baths is oscillating in time. We derive expressions for heat currents in this system using a stochastic energetics framework and a nonequilibrium Green's function approach that is modified to treat the nonstationary average energy fluxes. We find that emergent energy storage, energy release, and thermal conductance mechanisms induced by the temperature oscillations can be controlled by varying the frequency, waveform, and amplitude of the oscillating gradient. The developed theoretical approach provides a general framework to describe how vibrational heat transmission through a molecular lattice is affected by temperature gradient oscillations.

Dynamic mechanical properties and energy release characteristics of Mg-Na-Al alloy under impact load

To investigate the ignition behavior of Mg-Na-Al alloy under impact load and its mechanical properties under different strain rates, the universal testing machine and Separated Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) experimental system were used to conduct static and dynamic mechanical performance tests of Mg-Na-Al alloy, and the mechanical properties of Mg-Na-Al alloy under different strain rates were discussed. The light gas gun experimental setup was used to launch Mg-Na-Al alloy projectiles and impact rigid target plates to study the energy release behavior of Mg-Na-Al alloy under impact loads. Finally, based on the 12.7 mm ballistic gun experimental platform, the penetration of 12.7 mm armor-piercing projectiles equipped with Mg-Na-Al alloy wind caps into the homogeneous armor steel plates with a thickness of 15 mm, and the ignition test of the oil box behind the steel plates were conducted. The results indicate that the yield strength of Mg-Na-Al alloy under static compression is 265 MPa, while under high strain rates (from 2490 s−1 to 5640 s−1), the yield strength of Mg-Na-Al alloy is 406–423 MPa, which is 53∼60% higher than that under quasi-static compression. When reaching a certain impact velocity, the Mg-Na-Al alloy projectile breaks and induces ignition behavior, releasing energy. The 12.7 mm armor-piercing projectile equipped with an Mg-Na-Al alloy wind cap penetrated the homogeneous armor steel plate with a thickness of 15 mm and ignited. The released energy and the kinetic energy of the fragments ignited the oil box behind the steel plate.

Experimental Study on Energy Release Mechanism and Crack Propagation Evolution of Sandstone under True Triaxial Loading

The instability of hard and brittle rock often leads to disastrous consequences in underground engineering. Under various surrounding rock pressure conditions, in situ stress induces corresponding deformation and damage to the floor post-mining. Therefore, it is crucial to examine the effects of mining under different confining pressures on rock disturbance, damage characteristics, and their distribution. Consequently, triaxial loading experiments under varying intermediate principal stress conditions were conducted on red sandstone specimens, using an acoustic emission monitoring system to track energy changes during rock damage and failure. This approach aids in studying crack generation, propagation, and fracture damage evolution. The results indicate that rock deformation results in axial compression and dilatancy, aligned with the direction of minimum and intermediate principal stresses. Ductility in rock failure becomes more pronounced with increased stress, primarily manifesting as shear failure. Internal cracks in the specimen lead to stress concentration and marked plastic deformation under compression, yet do not result in macroscopic surface cracks. The fracture angle θ of specimens post-failure generally exceeds 45° and varies with stress changes; at consistent burial depths, the angle of the sandstone failure surface increases with intermediate principal stress. This paper preliminarily establishes the informational linkage between rock failure and energy release, analyzing the rock samples over time and space. This research offers insights for analyzing and mitigating sudden rock instability.

Microballoons: Osmotically-inflated elastomer shells for ultrafast release of encapsulants and mechanical energy

HypothesisMicrocapsules with osmotically-inflated elastic shells exhibit an ultrafast release of encapsulants while mechanically stimulating the microenvironments, akin to popping balloons. ExperimentsTo prepare elastic shells with uniform thickness and size, monodisperse water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double-emulsion drops are produced in a capillary microfluidic device. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-containing oil phase is thermally cured to create the elastic shell. The elastic shells are inflated by pumping water into the lumen in hypotonic conditions. The inflated microcapsules produced undergo mechanical compression, and their release properties are studied. FindingsBy controlling the osmotic pressure difference, Microballoons are inflated into a diameter of 200 μm – 316 μm and shell thickness of 7.8 μm – 0.7 µm, respectively. The inflated shell pops due to mechanical failure when subjected to mechanical stress above a certain threshold, resembling a balloon. During popping, the stretched shell rapidly retracts to the original uninflated state, resulting in an ultrafast release of encapsulants from the lumen within a millisecond. This process converts elastic potential energy stored in the shell into mechanical energy with substantial power. The microballoons mechanically stimulate the local environment, leading to the direct and rapid release of encapsulants. This has the potential to improve absorption efficiency.

Relative Yield of Thermal and Nonthermal Emission during Weak Flares Observed by STIX during 2021 September 20–25

The disparate nature of the thermal–nonthermal energy partition during flares, particularly during weak flares, is still an open issue. Following the Neupert effect, quantifying the relative yield of X-ray emission in different energy bands can enable the inferring of the underlying energy release mechanism. During 2021 September 20–25, the Solar Orbiter mission—being closer to the Sun (∼0.6 au) and having a moderate separation angle (<40°) from the Sun–Earth line—offered a unique opportunity to analyze multiwavelength emission from ∼200 (mostly weak) flares, commonly observed by the Spectrometer Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX), STEREO-A, GOES, and the Solar Dynamics Observatory. Associating the quotient (q f ) of hard X-ray fluence (12–20 keV) and soft X-ray flux (4–10 keV) with the peak soft X-ray flux enabled us to identify strongly nonthermal flares. A multiwavelength investigation of spectral and imaging-mode observations of the 20 strongly nonthermal weak flares reveals an inverse relationship of q f with the emission measure (and density), and a positive relationship with the flare plasma temperature. This indicates that the plasma in tenuous loops attains higher temperatures compared to that in the denser loops, in response to nonthermal energy deposition. This is in agreement with the plasma parameters of the coronal loops, as derived by applying the one-dimensional Palermo–Harvard hydrodynamical code to coronal loop plasma with different initial coronal loop base pressures when subjected to similar heating inputs. Our investigation, therefore, indicates that the plasma parameters of the flaring loop in the initial phase have a decisive role in the thermal–nonthermal energy partitioning.

A computational method for tunnel energy evolution in strain-softening rock mass during excavation unloading based on triaxial stress paths

The squeezing deformation of deep soft rock tunnels is driven by energy. Few scholars have carried out theoretical research on energy evolution for deep soft rock tunnels. This study proposes a computational method for tunnel energy evolution in strain-softening rock mass during excavation unloading based on triaxial stress paths. The characteristics of energy distribution and energy evolution are further investigated. Results show that energy is input from the distant surrounding rock after tunnel excavation and converted into elastic strain energy in the elastic stage. In the plastic stage, the elastic strain energy density in the plastic zone reaches the storage limit, which is reduced due to the strain-softening behaviour. Thus the dissipated and released energy of the surrounding rock increases exponentially. For deep rocks with high peak strength, the energy evolution in the plastic stage is dominated by energy release, which indicates that rockburst mainly results from the energy release mechanism. In contrast, for the surrounding rock with low strength, the energy evolution during excavation unloading is dominated by energy dissipation due to the significant strain softening behaviour. Large squeezing deformation mainly stems from the energy dissipation mechanism.

Burst Failure Characteristics and Energy Evolution Law of Coal with Prefabricated Cracks at Different Angles

In order to study the influence of fissures on the burst tendency of coal, the test and numerical simulation of the burst tendency of coal with different burst angles were carried out. The evolution law of the burst tendency index of coal under the influence of burst angle was analyzed, and the mechanism of energy storage and release of coal under the influence of fissure angle was revealed. The results show that compared with the specimens without prefabricated cracks, the uniaxial compressive strength of the specimens with 0° cracks is reduced by 48.4%, the dynamic failure time is increased by 279.4%, the burst energy index is reduced by 54%, and the burst energy velocity index is reduced by 87.9%. After that, with the increase of prefabricated crack angle, the uniaxial compressive strength of coal increases gradually, the dynamic failure time decreases gradually, the burst energy index increases gradually, and the burst energy velocity index increases gradually. That is to say, the larger the crack angle contained in the coal body, the stronger the burst tendency of the coal body, but it is still lower than that of the complete coal body. With the increase of prefabricated crack angle, the proportion of prepeak elastic energy of coal body increases, the less energy dissipation in the whole loading process of coal body, and the faster energy release rate during failure. The research results can provide some theoretical support for the prevention and control of rock burst disaster.

Granular impedance and its role in energy transfer in vibro-fluidized low-friction granular materials

Impedance, a concept commonly applied to electrical circuits and simple mechanical systems, is seldom used in the context of multibody mechanical systems undergoing forced vibration. This study explored the impedance characteristics of vibro-fluidized low-friction granular materials experimentally. Owing to the consumption, storage, and release of mechanical energy by vibrated particles, the notions of granular resistance and granular capacitance were introduced. It was found that at certain vibration intensities, both granular resistance and capacitance remain constant, yet their reactions to vibration frequencies differ. Granular circuits were created to illustrate energy transfer among particles, with frequency-band division providing a basis for discussion. It was also found that in specific granular circuits, maximum and zero granular resistances exist. To explain granular impedance variations in relation to vibration, the freedom and synchrony of granular motion were considered. These findings offer novel insight into the energy transfer mechanisms within vibrated granular materials.