Mechanical Characteristics Of Concrete Research Articles

Durability and mechanical properties of concretes with limestone filler with particle packing

This study aims to present alternatives to reduce the demand of cement in concrete production based on particle packing concepts. Physical and mechanical characteristics of concretes, as well as the resistance to chlorides action were analyzed. The tests conducted in this study included compressive strength, chloride migration, capillary absorption tests and wetting and drying cycles in 1M sodium chloride solution. Mixtures containing limestone filler presented satisfactory results compared to the reference mixture with particle packing. Excellent results were obtained for concrete with cement consumption of 253.34 kg.m-3 in terms of compressive strength, binder index, capillary absorption and depassivation time of rebars, thus reinforcing the concept that partial cement replacement by limestone filler yields positive results in these properties. Worse results were obtained for concrete with a cement consumption of 161.86 kg.m-3, because it had a higher proportion of filler than cement. The electrochemical monitoring of the steel bars also shows that the packing of the aggregates was essential to delay the initiation of corrosion.

Experimental investigation of mechanical and durability performances of self-compacting concrete blended with bagasse ash, metakaolin, and glass fiber

This study investigated the effects of using bagasse ash (BA) and metakaolin (MK) together as substitutes for cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC), together with the addition of glass fiber (GF), on the physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete. Eighteen SCC mixes were created, each containing different proportions of BA (0%, 10%, 15%, and 20%), MK (0%, 10%, 15%, and 20%), and BA and MK collectively (10% + 5% and 10% + 10%) as cement replacements with and without 0.1% GF. Using the results of the slump flow, T500 slump flow, V-funnel, and L-box tests, the performance of fresh SCC was determined. Furthermore, this study evaluated the strength, durability, and microstructural properties of the SCC samples. The SCC mix blended with 10% BA and 5% MK revealed better flowability as the slump flow increased from 692 mm to 715 mm. A strong linear correlation was discovered between the slump flow values (mm) and V-funnel duration (sec) and blocking ratio (H2/H1) with R2 = 0.8876 and R2 = 0.8467, respectively. Of all test mixes, the SCC mix blended with 10% BA, 5% MK, and 0.1% GF (SCC1B10M5) demonstrated the highest degree of strength. At 56 days, the 10% BA, 5% MK, and 0.1 GF mix had 12.8%, 25.7%, and 22.2% higher compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths than the control mix, respectively. SCC, combined with BA, MK, and GF, outperformed the control mix. After immersion in a 3% H2SO4 solution, the SCC mix having 10% BA, 5% MK, and 0.1% GF experienced a minimum reduction in weight loss and ultrasonic pulse velocity of 1.01% and 3.1%, respectively. Additionally, there was a decrease of 29.4% in the percentage of charges passed. The ideal composition was achieved by incorporating 10% BA, 5% MK, and 0.1% GF into the SCC mixture, resulting in a dense structure without any visible pores or cracks during the microstructural analysis.

Application of fractal analysis to characterise the fracture and mechanical properties of concrete.

Abstract Concrete structures consist of cracks even under service loads. The presence of micro-cracks and other flaws such as pores and voids act as potential sources for crack propagation leading to fracture under external loadings. Irregularities produced during the fracturing process in concrete are manifested on the fracture surface, characterizing it as fractal. Therefore, the investigation and quantification of the fractal pattern exhibited by fracture surfaces have become a focal point of research in recent years. In this work, beam specimens made with four different concrete mixes underwent a three-point bending test in order to determine a correlation between the fracture energy and mechanical characteristics of concrete. Concrete’s mechanical characteristics and fracture energy are discovered to be positively correlated. The fractal analysis is done using an LVDT instrument. Using a program written in MATLAB code, the fractured surface is regenerated with measured undulations. Concrete’s flexural strength and fracture energy are then connected with the fractal dimension value that was found. In conclusion, it was observed that a strong correlation exists between the fractal dimension value and fracture energy.

An experimental investigation of Marble Powder as a Partial Replacement of cement and Waste Metal Scrap as Reinforcing Material on the Mechanical Characteristics of Concrete

An experimental investigation of Marble Powder as a Partial Replacement of cement and Waste Metal Scrap as Reinforcing Material on the Mechanical Characteristics of Concrete

LOAD-LOADING CAPACITY AND CRACK FORMATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE CYLINDRICAL SHELL WHEN CHANGING ITS THICKNESS

The results of experimental studies of long cylindrical shells with the aim of determining their stress-strain state, load-bearing capacity and crack resistance when the thickness of the shell changes are described. A special stand was developed by the authors to implement the task. 4 models of a cylindrical shell made of reinforced concrete (samples RC1-RC4) were manufactured and tested. The thickness of the samples was 45, 50, 55, 60 mm, and the cross-sectional dimensions of the side elements were changed accordingly. The distributed load (vertical) was applied in four strips, each 13 cm wide, and only the body of the shell, i.e. the side members were not loaded. The shell hinges from the corners on 100x100mm plates. Inside each side element are two reinforcing rods with a diameter of 10 mm. In order to obtain a complete and reliable picture of the deformation of the shell surface, 4 hour-type indicators are attached to each of the three zones located between the load chains. In addition to indicators, strain gauges were pasted on the shell, which were used to monitor deformations on the upper and lower surfaces. The loading process ended when the tested shell lost its ability to resist the external load. The magnitude of the load corresponding to this moment was taken as the bearing capacity of the shell. Simultaneously with the shell samples, control samples of prisms and cubes were made to determine the physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete. Graphs of the dependence of the relative deformation on the load were constructed. The bearing capacity of the shells and the load at which the first crack formed were determined. By the time of loss of bearing capacity, cracks with the same initial opening width of 0.05 mm had formed in all shells. The final crack opening width, as well as the load-bearing capacity, slightly increased with increasing shell thickness. However, the load at the beginning of crack formation turned out to be the largest for the two average values of the shell thickness – 50 and 55 mm. The general pattern of cracking of all samples is almost the same. The test methodology and the developed stand are universal in nature and will be used for further research.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ МІЦНОСТІ БЕТОНУ НЕРУЙНІВНИМИ ТА РУЙНІВНИМИ МЕТОДАМИ

Introduction. As a result of the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, there is an urgent need to restore damaged and destroyed structures. Depending on the material of the span structure, bridges are divided into reinforced concrete, metal, steel-reinforced concrete, stone and wooden. Reinforced concrete bridges are the most common in Ukraine. Such structures account for almost 94 % of the total number of all bridges. Even if the bridge span is made of metal beams, such structures often have a reinforced concrete overlay slab, which means that reinforced concrete is also an integral load-bearing part of the bridge that requires proper maintenance during operation and, if necessary, repair or restoration work. In order to determine the technical condition of span structures, it is first of all necessary to inspect the structure. Typically, the list of inspection activities includes testing the concrete of structures for compressive strength. Therefore, determining the physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete is an integral part of planning for major repairs, reconstruction or new construction. This paper investigates different methods for determining the concrete strength of bridge elements. The accuracy of the results of different methods in laboratory conditions is analyzed. Problem statement. The use of a particular method has its advantages and disadvantages, which, in turn, can affect the accuracy of the data obtained.

Predicting the impact of adding metakaolin on the splitting strength of concrete using ensemble ML classification and symbolic regression techniques –a comparative study

The mechanical characteristics of concrete are crucial factors in structural design standards especially in concrete technology. Employing reliable prediction models for concrete’s mechanical properties can reduce the number of necessary laboratory trials, checks and experiments to obtain valuable representative design data, thus saving both time and resources. Metakaolin (MK) is commonly utilized as a supplementary replacement for Portland cement in sustainable concrete production due to its technical and environmental benefits towards net-zero goals of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs). In this research work, 204 data entries from concrete mixes produced with the addition of metakaolin (MK) were collected and analyzed using eight (8) ensemble machine learning tools and one (1) symbolic regression technique. The application of multiple machine learning protocols such as the ensemble group and the symbolic regression techniques have not been presented in any previous research work on the modeling of splitting tensile strength of MK mixed concrete. The data was partitioned and applied according to standard conditions. Lastly, some selected performance evaluation indices were used to test the models’ accuracy in predicting the splitting strength (Fsp) of the studied MK-mixed concrete. At the end, results show that the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) outperformed the other techniques in the ensemble group with the following indices; SSE of 4% and 1%, MAE of 0.1 and 0.2 MPa, MSE of 0, RMSE of 0.1 and 0.2 MPa, Error of 0.04% and 0.04%, Accuracy of 0.96 and 0.96 and R2 of 0.98 and 0.98 for the training and validation models, respectively. This is followed closely by the support vector machine (SVM) with the following indices; SSE of 7% and 3%, MAE of 0.2 and 0.2 MPa, MSE of 0.0 and 0.1 MPa, RMSE of 0.2 and 0.3 MPa, Error of 0.05% and 0.06%, Accuracy of 0.95 and 0.94, and R2 of 0.96 and 0.95, for the training and validation models, respectively. The third model in the superiority rank is the CN2 with the following performance indices; SSE of 15% and 4%, MAE of 0.2 and 0.2 MPa, MSE of 0.1 and 0.1 MPa, RMSE of 0.3 and 0.3 MPa, Error of 0.08% and 0.07%, Accuracy of 0.92 and 0.93 and R2 of 0.92 and 0.93, for the training and validation models, respectively. These models outperformed the models utilized on the MK-mixed concrete found in the literature, therefore are the better decisive modes for the prediction of the splitting strength (Fsp) of the studied MK-mixed concrete with 204 mix data entries. Conversely, the NB and SGD produced unacceptable model performances, however, this is true for the modeled database collected for the MK-mixed Fsp. The RSM model also produced superior performance with an accuracy of over 95% and adequate precision of more than 27. Overall, the KNN, SVM, CN2 and RSM have shown to possess the potential to predict the MK-mixed Fsp for structural concrete designs and production.

Effect of fly ash on compressive strength, carbonation and corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete: a systematic review

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study and analyze the effects of fly ash (FA) as a mineral admixture on compressive strength (CS), carbonation resistance and corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete (RC). In addition, the utilization of inexpensive and abundantly available FA as a cement replacement in concrete has several benefits including reduced OPC usage and elimination of the FA disposal problem. Design/methodology/approach Reinforcement corrosion and carbonation significantly affect the strength and durability of the RC structures. Also, the utilization of FA as green corrosion inhibitors, which are nontoxic and environmentally friendly alternatives. This review discusses the effects of FA on the mechanical characteristics of concrete. Also, this review analyzes the impact of FA as a partial replacement of cement in concrete and its effect on the depth of carbonation in concrete elements and the corrosion rate of embedded steel as well as the chemical composition and microstructure (X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy) of FA concrete were also reviewed. Findings This review provides a clear analysis of the available study, providing a thorough overview of the current state of knowledge on this topic. Regarding concrete CS, the findings indicate that the incorporation of FA often leads to a loss in early-age strength. However, as the curing period increased, the strength of fly ash concrete (FAC) increased with or even surpassed that of conventional concrete. Analysis of the accelerated carbonation test revealed that incorporating FA into the concrete mix led to a shallower carbonation depth and slower diffusion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the concrete. Furthermore, the half-cell potential test shows that the inclusion of FA increases the durability of RC by slowing the rate of steel-reinforcement corrosion. Originality/value This systematic review analyzes a wide range of existing studies on the topic, providing a comprehensive overview of the research conducted so far. This review intends to critically assess the enhancements in mechanical and durability attributes (such as CS, carbonation and corrosion resistance) of FAC and FA-RC. This systematic review has practical implications for the construction and engineering industries. This can support engineers and designers in making informed decisions regarding the use of FA in concrete mixtures, considering both its benefits and potential drawbacks.

Stochastic analysis and reliability assessment of critical RC structural components considering material properties uncertainty

The unavoidable heterogeneity in the mechanical characteristics of concrete is widely acknowledged. Although it is widely considered as either perfectly correlated or entirely independent random variables in engineering practice; however, such treatment is illogical, and the outcomes may be deceptive. In high-rise buildings comprised of multiple structural components, it is crucial to consider the material properties’ spatial variability (MPSV) to obtain a reliable structural response and avoid damage to these structures. To this end, three main components, including column, rectangular shear wall, and U-shaped shear wall, are considered herein to investigate their stochastic response. The MPSV is represented by a covariance matrix decomposition-based random field generator combined with a GF-discrepancy-based point selection strategy to generate samples efficiently. A simplified strategy is developed to represent the random field for the U-shaped wall. Moreover, the probability density evolution method combined with the extreme value event is employed to obtain the failure probability of the studied components, where failure probabilities of 18%, 23%, and 32% are recorded for the studied RC column, rectangular shear wall, and U-shaped shear wall, respectively. Furthermore, different failure modes were identified and could not be determined through the deterministic analysis, highlighting the importance of accounting for material uncertainty. The proposed framework proved that the stochastic response and non-linear behavior of the considered components could be well captured and provide full perspective about the uncertainty quantification and reliability assessment and can be further implemented to capture the stochastic response and safety assessment of high-rise buildings.

Mechanical characteristics of concrete under initial steam curing using solar energy

In this article, the study is based on the effect of initial steam curing using solar energy on the mechanical characteristics of concrete for precast concrete production. During the early hours of heating, the concrete reaches the minimum strength considered essential for the rotation of the molds, with which he is able to support loads without deform or loss of bearing capacity. The curing period and temperature, is an important parameter in the steam curing process. An experimental program was conducted to investigate the effect of hardening time by steam curing on the mechanical characteristics of concrete. The concrete specimens were cast with a water/cement ratio of 0.40 and were subjected to steam hardening according to two cycles of covering steam curing of two periods of the year hot and cold at 45 and 29 °C for each one 8 hours, then they are left in the open air cured for 3 and 7 days. The results show that a gain of time and shorter manufacturing lead times to reach the mechanical strengths (compressive strength and flexural) at 28 days in the free air after a one day steam curing and 3 days of hardening in the free air.

Study of Concrete by Recycling Material for Sustainable Development

Abstract: Concrete's excellent structural strength and stability make it the most often utilised building material in the civil engineering sector. Directly releasing garbage into the environment might have negative effects on the environment. To use natural resources more effectively and preserve the environment from waste deposits, waste can be used to create new goods or used as admixtures. The importance of recycling waste has thus been highlighted. The performance of the concrete itself has less of an impact on the reinforced concrete composite material as a whole. This prompted the quest for fresh content. In this study, the mechanical characteristics of concrete are examined with the addition of aluminium fines and lithium salt in varying weight proportions to cement. the sector of concrete.

Implementation of artificial intelligence to the prediction of the mechanical properties of concrete: A review

Artificial Intelligence is the simulation of human intellect by machines such as computer systems. Due to the lack of technology, the construction sector suffered from low productivity, time waste, poor product performance, and a lack of safety and security. The construction industry's use of artificial intelligence has risen and current challenges have been resolved. The article reveals that artificial Intelligence is utilized to monitor personnel, equipment, and construction-related mistakes. Major concrete problems include carbonation, reinforcing corrosion, chemical assault, and overloading which leads to strength reduction in concrete. The subfields of artificial intelligence, which include machine learning, knowledge-based systems, computer vision, robotics, and optimization, have been utilized to improve safety, security, quality, productivity, dependability, and precision. This study also describes the application of Artificial Intelligence to the assessment of mechanical properties of concrete. The main purpose of this article is to use artificial intelligence to monitor the structural health and mechanical characteristics of concrete. Concrete's health and safety are dependent on the subfields of artificial intelligence such as machine learning, computer vision, and knowledge-based systems. In line with this, the sensors were used to measure the health monitoring of concrete structures. These modern methods prevent workplace accidents leading to safety for the occupants in the workplace. This study also discusses mixture composition estimates to attain desired strength characteristics of the composite. The capacity to capture the physical and chemical processes of failure is also described in this study. This paper suggests that artificial intelligence in concrete is capable of monitoring the health of concrete. The technique has also been shown to accurately forecast the strength of concrete. This article also concludes that artificial intelligence can determine concrete's flexural strength and other attributes.

Application of fiber reinforced cement composites in rigid pavements: A review

Concrete that has been reinforced with fibers has more structural integrity. It has uniformly distributed, short discrete fibers that are randomly orientated. The volume of fibers, the aspect ratio of the fibers, and other variables all have an impact on the flexural strength of FRC. In this essay, each of the criteria is covered. Carbon dioxide pollution in the atmosphere is attributed to cement manufacture. According to studies, producing one ton of cement results in the release of nearly half a ton of CO2 into the environment. In order to lower carbon footprints and create sustainable pavements, the cement content must be decreased. Due to the enormous design thickness required by conventional plain cement concrete, it is necessary to increase the flexural strength of concrete to reduce pavement thickness. Concrete's flexural strength is increased by the addition of fibers, and pavement design thickness is decreased. Cement use and CO2 emissions will decrease with a reduced design thickness. As a result, the application of FRC can significantly lower the carbon emissions of pavement per unit area linked to the manufacture of materials. Calculations of the cost of paving per unit area reveal that Glass Fibers, Polypropylene Fibers, and Hooked Steel Fibers are more cost-effective reinforcement options. The paper reviews the academic literature on fiber-reinforced concrete through a methodical literature study A keywords analysis is done to find out the most focused fiber. This study describes several fiber kinds and their impact on the mechanical characteristics of concrete. The characteristics of steel, plastic, synthetic, recycled, and natural fibers are widely covered in this essay. A comparative examination of several fiber kinds at various replacement percentages is carried out. The economic and environmental advantages of FRC in rigid pavements are discussed.

Effect of a complex modified additive based on post-alcohol bard on the strength behavior of concrete

The article presents the third stage of the study results of a complex modified additive (CMA), in the accuracy of the influence of the variable ingredients of CMA on the strength of cement. This article shows the methodology of making samples, the selection of additive composition at different percentages of components, and the analysis of the strength behavior of the obtained results. To evaluate the changes in strength, samples were made and tested in compression and bending at 7, 14, and 28 days of normal-moist hardening. The results of the experiment showed that the addition of plasticizers (PAB) reduces the quantity of water - 35%, by increasing the strength of concrete by 20%. Compressive and bending strength results of the modified samples showed the best results, which were in the range of 42.80-63.66 MPa and 3.34-8.75 MPa, compared with the control composition. From the results of the research, the additive accelerates hardening and it was found that the additive contributes to the growth of strength, both at an early age and at the design age (28 days). The results of the experiment showed that from the standpoint of improving the qualitative characteristics of the samples, the use of plasticizers is appropriate. The use of CMA in the composition of concrete increases the strength, and therefore developed by the authors of CMA changes the structure of concrete and most importantly, increases the physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete.

REINFORCEMENT OF LONG CYLINDRICAL SHELL WITH STEEL FIBER

A technique for experimental study of long cylindrical shells is proposed in order to determine their stress-strain state, load-bearing capacity and crack resistance. To implement the task, the authors developed a special stand. For testing, eight models of a cylindrical shell were made ― 4 made of reinforced concrete and 4 made of fiber-reinforced concrete. Fiber-reinforced concrete shell specimens have additional dispersed reinforcement with steel fiber with bent ends in the amount of 1% by volume of concrete. Simultaneously with the shell samples, control samples of prisms and cubes were made to determine the physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete. Experimental and control samples were kept in the same temperature and humidity conditions for 28 days at a temperature of 16 ... 20º. To determine the physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete in each series, six control cubes 100x100x100 mm in size and three prisms 100x100x400 mm in size were tested. Tests of control samples were carried out according to DSTU B V.2.7-214:2009. Based on the results of these tests, it was established that the concrete of the shell specimens is represented by the C20/25 class in terms of compressive strength. The paper presents the results of testing a fiber-reinforced concrete cylindrical shell, the thickness of which is 45 mm. The shell was hinged at four points and loaded with a vertical distributed load applied in four strips, each 13 cm wide, and only along the body of the shell. Tests showed that the bearing capacity of the shell was 128.6 kN, and the first crack was formed at a load of 64.3 kN, which is 50.0% of the bearing capacity. Until the moment of loss of bearing capacity, 10 cracks were formed in the shell with the same initial opening width of 0.05 mm and a maximum final opening width of 0.7 mm. Computer simulation of the shell and calculations were performed using licensed software ANSYS 17.1. The bearing capacity determined in ANSYS was 120.2 kN, which is 6.5% less than in the experiment. The test methodology and the developed stand are universal in nature and will be used for further research.

Study of the Use of Dredged Sand as An Alternative to Beach Sand and Coastal Dunes for Coastal Preservation

The need for construction sand needs to increase due to the increase in population. The use of dunes and coastal sand disfigures shorelines and the consequences are alarming. It is therefore necessary to consider replacing these resources with other more ecological ones. Hence, it is the purpose of this article. In this paper, we study the correct formulation of concrete using dredged sand, respecting the standards, and analyze the impact of this new material on the physical and mechanical characteristics of concrete. This article aims to evaluate the effects of 9 formulations, used as substitutes for ordinary sand, on the physico-chemical and mechanical properties. The experimental results have shown that the dredged sand affects the properties of the concrete, but respecting the standards in force. This mode of incorporation also has an environmental advantage over the substitution of concrete for dredged sand, as it reduces the disfigurement of the coasts. The paper studies dredge sands from two regions namely Azemour and Mehdia. The dredging sand partially or totally replaces the dredging sand. Subsequently, it was necessary to test several formulations with different cement dosages before arriving at the formulations which are exposed in this study. The results in the fresh state (consistency test) and in the hardened state (mechanical resistance) have shown that this substitution is possible, and consequently we can use the dredged sands in concretes and in mortars. It is true that the study shows a reduction in resistance compared to a control concrete, but these reductions still remain in accordance with the Moroccan regulatory specifications.

Influence of steel slag and steel fibers on mechanical properties of normal concrete

Cement, water, and both fine and coarse aggregate make up the composite material known as concrete. It is more versatile than the other building materials and has a variety of uses. However, it is brittle in nature and weak in tensile strength. Concrete also has low impact strength and poor energy absorption. Steel slag and steel fibres are added to the concrete to strengthen the weak spots and create a sustainable mix, and green concrete is created. In this study, concrete is mixed with hook-end steel fibres at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1% by volume, and its mechanical properties are assessed and compared with conventional concrete having 20 % replacement with slag. It was observed that adding hooked-end steel fibres to concrete enhanced its mechanical properties. The required number of cubes were cast, and the M40-grade concrete was then put through compressive, split tensile, and shear tests. The mechanical characteristics of concrete that have changed as a result of the addition of steel fibres were then compared.

Effect of magnesium silicate filler on mechanical characteristics of concrete

Effect of magnesium silicate filler on mechanical characteristics of concrete

Mechanical properties of concrete by replacement of fine aggregate with desert sand

In this research study, the mechanical characteristics of concrete were investigated by substituting desert sand as fine aggregate. Desert sand obtained from Tharparkar was used in five different proportions (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100 %,). Several tests were carried out to understand the behaviour of concrete made with desert sand as a fine aggregate substitute including those for gradation, chemical composition, slump, density, water absorption, and compressive and tensile splitting tests. The grain size distribution analysis of desert sand revealed that it contains particles with a size of 0.45 mm, and the water absorption of desert sand concrete was found to be 1% higher, whereas workability fell by 6%. The compressive and tensile strength of a concrete mixture containing 75% desert sand was found to be 9.5% and 16.4% respectively higher than nominal concrete made with hill sand, and the average strength rise was on 3.5% and 2% respectively. Substitution beyond 75% was not given desirable results due to the fineness of desert sand. All the test results show that 75% substitution of desert sand as fine aggregate can be used in concrete production under designed concrete standards.

Workability, Strength, Modulus of Elasticity, and Permeability Feature of Wheat Straw Ash-Incorporated Hydraulic Cement Concrete

The extensive use of Portland cement (PC) in the manufacturing of concrete is responsible for the depletion of natural resources that are part of cement production. Cement supply is permanently threatened by the ongoing depletion of natural materials, including sand, limestone, and clay. Concurrently, the incineration of agricultural residues presents a significant ecological problem. This study explores the substitution of cement in concrete with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% wheat straw ash as an environmentally friendly alternative. The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effect of substituting wheat straw ash (WSA) for PC on the mechanical characteristics of concrete. A total of 75 concrete samples were made by cement or cement + WSA/fine aggregate/coarse aggregate ratio of 1:1, 5:3, and water-to-cement ratio was kept constant at 0.50. All of these specimens were cured and tested at 28 days. The properties tested in the paper were workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and permeability. The outcomes showed that the substitution of PC with WSA 10% resulted in the greatest concrete strength. In contrast, the mechanical properties and permeability of concrete were reduced when 20% WSA was substituted for PC at 28 days. In addition, the slump value dropped as increasing the content of WSA diminished the weight of PC in the concrete. This could be attributed to the fact that the water content in the WSA 20% concrete was not enough for mechanical strength. Other concretes with WSA showed similar properties to those of the WSA 10% concrete. It was concluded from the results that since the WSA 10% concrete showed the best properties, it can be recommended as the best recipe in this research work.