Mechanical Blockage Research Articles

Approaches to the development of river course cleaning systems from mechanical clocks

In this research, attention is focused on the removal of mechanical blockages in river ecosystems in order to eliminate the consequences of intensive anthropogenic impact on water bodies. The article proposes an automated system for separating mechanical blockages, which is a conveyor-type mechanical barrier. The specified system can be the first in a series of the following launch complexes: separation of mechanical blockages; sorting, drying and preparation; emission-free combustion in the innovative Univastum complex, as well as an independent separation system. As a result of the study, the main factors of the influence of river system cleaning systems on the environment were determined, aspects of the variability of such models were described and what they are related to, advantages and disadvantages were described in different cases of cleaning systems of different types, which allowed during further research to focus on finding ways solving local problems, taking into account the available approaches depending on the nature of anthropogenic influence. The group of systems proposed as the basis of effective variability was combined into systems with an average degree of impact on natural systems that, due to the diversity of approaches to different types of conditions, will be able to provide successful results in eliminating the effects of the impact on the water body. Tools for reducing anthropogenic impact, similar to the described systems, belong to the group that must be implemented in the shortest possible time, and will significantly lose their effectiveness over time due to the critical complexity of factors affecting the river system and limited access to information about the components of this impact in the post-war period. The research results will allow further development of recommendations for effective engineering protection of water resources from pollution and depletion in a particular region.

Revealing Insights: A Comprehensive Overview of Gastric Outlet Obstruction Management, with Special Emphasis on EUS-Guided Gastroenterostomy.

Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) poses a common and challenging clinical scenario, characterized by mechanical blockage in the pylorus, distal stomach, or duodenum, resulting in symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and early satiety. Its diverse etiology encompasses both benign and malignant disorders. The spectrum of current treatment modalities extends from conservative approaches to more invasive interventions, incorporating procedures like surgical gastroenterostomy (SGE), self-expandable metallic stents (SEMSs) placement, and the advanced technique of endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE). While surgery is favored for longer life expectancy, stents are preferred in malignant gastric outlet stenosis. The novel EUS-GE technique, employing a lumen-apposing self-expandable metal stent (LAMS), combines the immediate efficacy of stents with the enduring benefits of gastroenterostomy. Despite its promising outcomes, EUS-GE is a technically demanding procedure requiring specialized expertise and facilities.

Characteristics of dust plasma environment at lunar south pole

Unlike the Earth, the Moon lacks is not protected from the atmosphere and global magnetic field, and will be directly exposed to complex radiation environments such as high-energy cosmic rays, solar wind, and the Earth’s magnetotail plasma. The surface of the Moon is covered with a thick layer of lunar soil, and the particles in the soil with a diameter between 30 nm–20 μm are called lunar dust. In the complex environments such as solar wind or magnetotail plasma, lunar dust carries an electric charge and becomes charged lunar dust. Charged lunar dust is prone to migration under the action of the electric field on the lunar surface. Charged migrated lunar dust is easy to adhere to the surface of instruments and equipment, resulting in visual impairment, astronauts’ movement disorders, equipment mechanical blockage, sealing failure, and material wear, which affects the lunar exploration mission. As an important lunar exploration landing site, the lunar south pole receives special solar radiation and produces a special dust plasma environment due to its special location. In order to provide an environmental reference for lunar south pole exploration, it is necessary to explore the characteristics of the dust plasma environment in the lunar south pole and its impact. In view of the lunar south pole environment, The Spacecraft Plasma Interactions Software (SPIS) software developed by the European Space Agency is used to carry out modelling and simulation in this work. Through the simulation, the logarithmic distribution of the lunar dust space density in a range of 0–200 m at the lunar south pole, the potential distribution near the lunar surface, and the spatial distribution characteristics of plasma electrons and ions are obtained. The obtained lunar dust space density and lunar surface potential are similar to the previous theoretical derivation and field detection data, so the simulation results have high reliability. The spatial potential distribution and the spatial density distribution of electrons and ions in the lunar environment with and without lunar dust are compared. Finally, the conclusions can be drawn as follows. The space potential increases with altitude increasing. The potential at 0–10 m near the lunar south pole is about –40 V, and the space potential at 100 m is about –20 V. The density of lunar dust in an altitude range below 10 m is 10<sup>7.22</sup> m<sup>–3</sup>–10<sup>4.66</sup> m<sup>–3</sup>. The electron density in the dust plasma near the lunar surface is 10<sup>5.47</sup> m<sup>–3</sup>, and the ion density is 10<sup>6.07</sup> m<sup>–3</sup>, and both increase with altitude increasing. Charged lunar dust affects the spatial distribution of lunar dust, mainly through affecting the distribution of the space electric field, which leads to difference in electron distribution, but has little effect on ions.

RADIAL HEAD FRACTURES, EPIDEMIOLOGY, ANATOMY, MECHANISM OF INJURY, CLASSIFICATION, IMAGING PRESENTATION, CLINICAL PRESENTATION, MANAGEMENT AND COMPLICATIONS

Introduction: In recent years the understanding and comprehension of the elbow has improved, clarifying some aspects of the complex diarthrodial joint. The relevance of the radial head in the biomechanics of the elbow is recognized which helps to improve the management and treatment of fractures at this site. Elbow trauma is the most common origin of proximal radius fractures, this trauma can be direct or indirect and can cause an isolated fracture, a fracture associated with other fractures and ligament injuries. Objective: to detail the current information related to radial head fractures, epidemiology, anatomy, presentation, clinical evaluation, imaging evaluation, classification, treatment and complications. Methodology: a total of 42 articles were analyzed in this review, including review and original articles, as well as clinical cases, of which 31 bibliographies were used because the other articles were not relevant to this study. The sources of information were PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane; the terms used to search for information in Spanish, Portuguese and English were: radial head fractures, radial head prosthesis, radial head arthroplasty. Results: Radial head fractures have an incidence of 2.5 per 10,000 per year, which represents 1.7 to 5.4% of all fractures. Most radial head injuries are the result of a fall on the hand in extension. Usually the affected individuals show limitation of mobility of the forearm and elbow in addition to pain or discomfort when making passive rotational movement of the forearm; they also usually present pain on palpation over the radial head and joint effusion in the elbow. Sometimes there is a fracture-dislocation of the radial head related to a rupture of the interosseous membrane with lesion of the distal radioulnar joint called Essex-Lopresti lesion. Conclusions: The radial head together with the interosseous membrane of the forearm provide longitudinal stability; when the interosseous membrane is damaged, a proximal migration of the radial head may occur after removal of the radial head. When presenting clinical suspicion of elbow fracture, standard anteroposterior and lateral projections of the elbow should be requested, as well as oblique projections such as the Greenspan projection. The Manson, Mason-Johnston or Mason classification modified by Hotchkiss is usually used for classification. Among the indications for conservative treatment are solitary, undisplaced or minimally displaced fractures that do not present mechanical blockages in the range of motion or less than 3 mm of displacement. Studies report the effectiveness of open reduction and internal fixation of simple Mason type II fractures; Manson type III fractures are controversial. Complications usually arise from contracture subsequent to prolonged immobilization or secondary to persistent pain, edema and swelling; which may be due to undiagnosed osteochondral injury of the capitellum. KEY WORDS: fracture, radius, head, prosthesis, elbow.

İnce barsak obstrüksiyonunda nadir bir etyoloji: Wilkie Sendromu, olgu sunumu

Mechanical blockage of the bowel frequently causes abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and distention. Post-surgical adhesions are the most common etiologies. Wilkie syndrome develops as a result of compression of the third part of the duodenum between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery and it is extremely rare. The patients are mostly cachectic due to inadequate nutrition. Surgical intervention, especially duodenojejunostomy, is a preferred method in the treatment of the disease. Multidisciplinary approach is important in the diagnosis, treatment and management of the disease.

Tribocorrosion-Resistant Surface for TiO2 as a Function of Load and Sliding Speed

The applications projected in the coatings are in implants with the lower extremities since they require a great load capacity and are essential for walking. Therefore, the use of devices or implants is necessary for recovery, osteosynthesis, and fixation. The tribocorrosive behavior of nanostructured compounds based on titanium oxide with an intermediate layer of gold deposited on titanium substrates was determined. These coatings were obtained using the reactive magnetron sputtering technique. Tribocorrosive properties were evaluated at sliding speeds of 3500 mm/min, 4500 mm/min, 6000 mm/min, 7500 mm/min, and 9000 mm/min with loads of 1 N, 2 N, 3 N, 4 N, and 5 N. The coatings were characterized by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, and the surface roughness was analyzed by atomic force microscopy. The dual mechanical and electrochemical wear tests were carried out with a potentiostat coupled to a pin on the disk system. The system was in contact with a hanks solution (37 °C), which acted as a lubricant. Structural characterization made it possible to identify the TiO2 compound. In the morphological characterization, it was found that the substrate influenced the surface properties of the coatings. The tribological behavior estimated by the wear rates showed less wear at higher load and sliding speeds. It was shown that it is possible to obtain coatings with better electrochemical and tribological performance by controlling the applied load and slip speed variables. In this study, a significant decrease corresponding to 64% was obtained, specifically in the speed of deterioration, and especially for a load of 5 N, depending on the sliding speed that went from 0.2831 mpy (Mils penetration per year) to 3500 mm/min compared to 0.1045 mpy at 9000 mm/min, which is explained by the mechanical blockage induced by the coating.

The Comparison of Clinical Outcomes Between DJ Stent Insertion and Percutaneous Nephrostomy in Patients with Obstructive Uropathy due to Cervical Cancer

Background: Metastatic cervical cancer into the ureter may lead to obstructive uropathy due to mechanical ureteral blockage. The insertion of a double J (DJ) stent and percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) are some options that can be offered to the patients, but until now the comparison between these two procedures is still debated. Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the clinical outcomes of DJ stent insertion and PCN in the management of uropathy obstructive secondary to cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: This study is an analytical observation with a retrospective cohort design. We analyzed the difference in clinical outcomes between the two procedures such as 24-hour renal function, the number of visits due to procedure or device related complications, quality of life and overall survival in patients with stage 3B cervical cancer. Results: We collected 108 patients with uropathy obstructive secondary to stage 3B cervical cancer from January 2019 to July 2021, of which 54 underwent DJ stents insertion and 54 underwent PCN. There was no difference in the improvement of renal function between the two procedures (p=0.184), as well as on the parameters of quality of life (p=0,909) and overall survival (p=0,582). We found a significant difference in patient visits to the hospital due to procedure related complications. Patients who have a DJ stent inserted are more often come to the hospital because of fever and pain compared to patients who have PCN procedures (p=0,027). Conclusion: Percutaneous nephrostomy is superior to DJ stent insertion in terms of procedure related complications. However, an individualized approach regarding the most appropriate procedure in palliative care patients should be recommended.

Diagnostic Modalities Used in Diagnosing Gastroparesis: A Clinical Review.

Gastroparesis is associated with abnormal gastric motility characterized by delayed gastric emptying without any obvious mechanical gastric outlet obstruction or blockage. Gastroparesis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is pertinent to make a timely diagnosis of gastroparesis so that prompt treatment can be initiated. The purpose of this clinical review article is to help the internist and the primary care providers to get a better idea of various diagnostic modalities used in diagnosing gastroparesis. We have also discussed the advantages and disadvantages of various diagnostic modalities based on the latest evidence.

Simulation Analysis and Test of Pneumatic Distribution Fertilizer Discharge System

Precision fertilizer application technology is necessary to improve the utilization efficiency of fertilizers in agricultural production. Traditional mechanical fertilization systems risk blockages and uneven application when working in multiple crop rows. Pneumatic fertilization systems have improved efficiency and fertilization quality, however, fewer studies have characterized their designs in regards to the motion of the fertilizer particles. Here, we design and evaluate the parameters of the key components of a pneumatic fertilizer discharge system. Numerical simulations were conducted using a coupled EDEM-FLUENT and gas-phase models together with bench tests to examine the effects of inlet wind speed on the efficiency and consistency of the pneumatic fertilization system. The EDEM-FLUENT simulations showed that the number of fertilizer particles in the grid box set by EDEM was 60 particles in the range from t = 0.275 s to t = 0.5 s, and there was no blockage or cut-off in the pipe. The gas-phase simulation showed that there were tiny vortices in the fertilizer conveying pipe, and the maximum flow rate of its backflow was lower than 3.59 m/s, which had little effect on the fertilizer conveyance. The bench test showed that the inlet wind speed was 35–40 m/s, and the fertilization efficiency was 0.29–0.41 kg/s when the maximum variation coefficient of the row discharge consistency of the pneumatic distribution fertilizer discharge system was 5.55%. The coefficient of variation of the average row discharge consistency was 3.93%, and the average fertilizer discharge met the design requirements. Therefore, the pneumatic distribution system achieves stable operation and meets the requirements of fertilization operations.

Abdominal distension and vomiting in a lupus patient with a desire for pregnancy: think beyond the baby!

Intestinal pseudo-obstruction (IPO) is a rare enteric motility disorder with clinical features of intestinal obstruction in the absence of mechanical blockage. IPO usually presents as recurrent, self-limiting episodes of abdominal distension, postprandial pain, nausea and vomiting. Over time, symptoms can persist, leading to gut stasis with bacterial overgrowth, malabsorption and malnutrition. We present a case of IPO related to systemic lupus erythematosus, treated with intravenous pulses of high-dose methylprednisolone. Nutritional testing should be provided as insidious progression to intestinal failure may go undetected at an early stage, especially in situations with increased nutritional requirements, like pregnancy

Innovation Urrets-Zavalia syndrome.

Surgeons often notice unexplained dilation of the pupil following an uncomplicated intra-ocular surgery. No definite line of treatment has been proposed for managing Urrets-Zavalia syndrome (UZS). The authors have previously documented the results of surgical pupilloplasty and have outlined this modality of treatment for cases with UZS. To highlight the aspect of development of UZS post-operatively in the eyes following an intra-ocular surgery. The video highlights the aspect of prevalence of the persistently dilated pupil that is non-responsive to topical miotics. Apart from associated glare, these cases often have raised intra-ocular pressure because of appositional closure of the anterior chamber angle. Surgical pupilloplasty pulls the iris tissue centrally, eventually releasing the mechanical blockage and often breakage of the peripheral anterior synechias as demonstrated by intra-operative gonioscopy and anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Performing a surgical pupilloplasty can resolve the UZS, and timely intervention can also prevent the development of secondary glaucoma because of fallback of the iris tissue on the structures of the anterior chamber angle. https://youtu.be/IF_w8dVk5_w.

Atypically located incidental appendicitis during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Appendicitis is the most common surgical emergency. It classically presents with periumbilical pain that localizes to the right lower quadrant and nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and fever. Acute appendicitis may result from an obstructing faecolith or some other mechanical blockage. However, appendicitis presenting with rare and misleading right upper quadrant pain may result in an initial false-negative diagnosis by the physician and even result in negative findings on computed tomography (CT) or ultrasound, increasing the risk of perforation/abscess formation and prolonged hospital stay. This report presents a case of atypical appendicitis during laparoscopic cholecystectomy where the correct diagnosis was not initially considered. Unusual localization was documented several times, otherwise known as classical localization of the appendix. Findings of acute appendicitis varied according to the localization of the appendix. The most common position was the retrocaecal region (65-70%). Other localizations were paraileal, postileal, promontoric, pelvic, subcaecal, paracolic and retrocaecal. These conditions were important to recognise, given that they may need additional specific management. This case report study showed atypical located incidental appendicitis during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Factors contributing to the development of gallstone disease and measures to prevent it

Gallstone disease (GSD) is a condition in which gallstones that in their composition can be cholesterol or bilirubin begin to form against the background of inflammatory changes and biliary engorgement in the gallbladder. This happens most often due to metabolic disorders, with the abuse of fatty, fried, spicy foods; this condition occurs mainly in females with signs of obesity. As long as the gallstones are not large and do not interfere with the normal outflow of bile, the disease may not manifest itself clinically; sometimes heartburn, belching, or a feeling of bitterness in the mouth may occur. With an increase of gallstones in size and the addition of an inflammatory component, a feeling of heaviness in the right hypochondrium, nausea, skin discoloration, and scleral icterus appear. With mechanical blockage of the biliary tract, an attack of hepatic colic occurs with acute pain in the right hypochondrium, radiating to the back, neck and right shoulder; there may be an increase in body temperature and chills, stool discoloration. With a sharp change in the nature of nutrition and the rejection of fatty foods, an improvement in the condition is not always observed, since unclaimed bile begins to accumulate in the gallbladder, which contributes to further stone formation. Therefore, the management of patients with cholelithiasis is often a difficult task and requires a systematic and integrated approach.

Intestinal Obstruction Etiology, Diagnosis and Management

Bowel obstruction is a leading cause of illness and mortality in the United States. Mechanical intrinsic luminal blockage or extrinsic compression are the causes of bowel obstruction. A full blood count and a metabolic panel must be performed on patients with suspected blockage in the laboratory. Patients with simple emesis may develop hypokalemic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. Dryness is associated with higher blood urea nitrogen levels, as well as increased haemoglobin and hematocrit levels. It's possible that your white blood cell count will rise. When the forward movement of intestinal contents is interrupted, acute intestinal blockage occurs. This disruption can occur anywhere throughout the gastrointestinal tract's length. The treatment of intestinal blockage focuses on reversing the physiologic changes caused by the obstruction, bowel rest, and eliminating the obstruction's source. The goal of this study is to learn more about the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of intestinal blockage.

Treatment of Secondary Hydrocephalus after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Hydrocephalus is one of the major complications secondly occurring with or after subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH). Hydrocephalus can be classified into acute(≦ 48 h), subacute(3-14 days), or chronic phases(≧ 2 weeks)in which a cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)shunt is required as the curative treatment at the rate of approximately 30%. On the mechanism of hydrocephalus development, it is generally accepted that an inflammatory reaction and the ensuing fibrosis process impede continuous CSF flow outward to the sinus, terminally from arachnoid granulation, leptomeninges, or ventricle walls, in addition to the mechanical blockage due to SAH clots. Several factors associated with the severity of SAH, such as a high Hunt and Hess grade, intraventricular hemorrhage, and a ruptured aneurysm in the posterior circulation also predict the development of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus. The predictive scoring system is available. Effective treatment of hydrocephalus still involves the use of CSF shunts. No superiority between ventriculoperitoneal and lumboperitoneal shunts has been established. Even during oral, single antiplatelet treatment after coil embolization for ruptured aneurysms, curative shunt operation is possible with low frequency of hemorrhagic complications. Hydrocephalus should be diagnosed early and treated appropriately to improve the functional outcome of the patients after SAH.

Terapi Cuci Hidung Dengan Nacl Dapat Meningkatkan Sensitivitas Penciuman Pada Pasien Penyintas Covid-19

Introduction: Covid-19 is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered type of coronavirus. COVID-19 is transmitted during respiratory contacts such as coughing and vomiting. One form of its clinical manifestations interferes with the respiratory system. The process begins with the occurrence of olfactory and taste dysfunction. For example, mechanical blockages that prevent odor from reaching the olfactory nerve can lead to a loss of sense of smell. Washing your nose with NaCl fluid is one of the things that is recommended when infected with COVID-19. Washing the nose is useful to reduce symptoms of anosmia or loss of sense of smell. Methods: This type of research is using quantitative research, with queasy research experimentation through the One Group Pretest and Posttest Design approach, Sampling techniques using Random sampling which is as many as 17 respondents. The study measure used a smelling instrument of 3 items and each item was rated by the patient from 1 to 10 to assess the patient's impaired life. Results: Test statistics using the Wilcoxon test. The result of a significant level of olfactory sensitivity with a value p-value of 0.000 which means p-value <0.05, therefore Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted. Discussion: That there is an effect of giving nasal washing therapy with NaCl to the level of olfactory sensitivity in patients who survive covid 19.

Success Rate on Double-J Stenting on Gynecological Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis Study

Background. Metastatic cervical cancer in the ureter may lead to obstructive uropathy due to mechanical ureteral blockage. The insertion of a double-J (DJ) stent is a urinary diversion option that can be offered to the patients, but it becomes challenging due to the high rate of failures. This study aim to analyze the success rate on DJ Stent placement on patients with gynecological malignancy.
 Methods. The study was a systematic review using medical journals collected from Google Scholar, BMJ and PubMed. The journals were searched from 2015 to 2020. The database search throughout 2015-2020 using “Double J Stent’, “Gynecological”, “Malignancy”, “Kidney failure”, “Hydronephrosis” and “Urethral Obstruction”. A literature search was performed and evaluated based on established criteria. The quality assessment of included studies done according to the PRISMA. Meta analysis were done using the fixed effect model or random effect model.
 Results. The identified article on each med were collected using Mendeley Desktop software. There were 101 scientific publication from PubMed, 232 from Scopus, 1 from Cochrane and 60 from reseachgate results found using the combined keywords. The total of 7 publications matched all the inclusion criteria in this study.
 Conclusions. Patient’s general well-being could be measured by the staging of the malignancies and kidney function laboratory test. Another factor should be think through was the side effects of the chemotherapy or radiotherapy, as well as the compliance of the patient during stent maintenance.

Modern imaging of cholangitis.

Cholangitis refers to inflammation of the bile ducts with or without accompanying infection. When intermittent or persistent inflammation lasts 6 months or more, the condition is classified as chronic cholangitis. Otherwise, it is considered an acute cholangitis. Cholangitis can also be classified according to the inciting agent, e.g. complete mechanical obstruction, which is the leading cause of acute cholangitis, longstanding partial mechanical blockage, or immune-mediated bile duct damage that results in chronic cholangitis.The work-up for cholangitis is based upon medical history, clinical presentation, and initial laboratory tests. Whereas ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality used to identify bile duct dilatation in patients with colicky abdominal pain, cross-sectional imaging is preferable when symptoms cannot be primarily localised to the hepatobiliary system. CT is very useful in oncologic, trauma, or postoperative patients. Otherwise, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography is the method of choice to diagnose acute and chronic biliary disorders, providing an excellent anatomic overview and, if gadoxetic acid is injected, simultaneously delivering morphological and functional information about the hepatobiliary system. If brush cytology, biopsy, assessment of the prepapillary common bile duct, stricture dilatation, or stenting is necessary, then endoscopic ultrasound and/or retrograde cholangiography are performed. Finally, when the pathologic duct is inaccessible from the duodenum or stomach, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is an option. The pace of the work-up depends upon the severity of cholestasis on presentation. Whereas sepsis, hypotension, and/or Charcot’s triad warrant immediate investigation and management, chronic cholestasis can be electively evaluated.This overview article will cover the common cholangitides, emphasising our clinical experience with the chronic cholestatic liver diseases.

Neutrophils’ functional activity in patients with mechanical jaundice and different levels of bilirubin

Introduction: Mechanical jaundice (MJ) or bile duct blockage occurs when the bile ducts' patency is impaired, and the bile flow has stopped. One of the main pathogenetic factors developing complications with MJ is immune system imbalance, particularly its phagocytic link. The purpose of the study was to understand neutrophils' functional activity dependence with different blood bilirubin levels in men with mechanical jaundice.
 Methods: Forty-seven middle-aged men with mechanical jaundice were divided into three groups depending on the bilirubin levels in their blood: less than 60 μmol/L (n = 10), 60 – 200 μmol/L (n = 20), and more than 200 μmol/L (n = 17). The control group consisted of 50 practically healthy men of the same age. The neutrophils' functional state was assessed using the methods of spontaneous and induced luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of neutrophils.
 Results: In the group of patients with mechanical jaundice and a bilirubin level of less than 60 μmol/L, there was an increase in the values of T max spontaneous by 96%, I max spontaneous by 44.81%, S spontaneous by 224.6%, T max induced by 19.9%, I max induced by 13.5%, and S induced by 140.3%. In the group with bilirubin levels from 60 – 200 μmol/L, there was an increase in the values of T max spontaneous by 86.8%, I max spontaneous at 47.7%, S spontaneous at 204.6%, I max induced at 28.3%, S induced at 445%, and activation index at 70%. The group with bilirubin levels more than 200 μmol/L showed an increase in the level of T max spontaneous by 85.9%, I max spontaneous by 53.4%, S spontaneous by 927.3%, I max induced by 28.6%, S induced by 1045%, and activation index by 92.3% compared with the control values. The intergroup differences were found in S spontaneous levels, which were higher in the group with more than 200 μmol/L bilirubin levels compared with the 60 – 200 μmol/L group and less than the 60 μmol/L groups by 216.9% and 237.3% respectively.
 Conclusion: The revealed changes characterize the functional activity of neutrophils' increase with an increase in the bilirubin levels in patients with mechanical jaundice.

Length scale for the estimation of buzz frequency in the limit of high mechanical blockage in mixed-compression intakes

Oscillatory flow features are common in the unstart of hypersonic mixed-compression intakes and can be classified as low-amplitude or high-amplitude oscillatory unstarted flows. The low-amplitude oscillatory unstarted flow is driven by the shear layer from shock interactions ahead of the cowl, while the high-amplitude oscillatory unstarted flow is driven by the separation caused by shock–boundary-layer interaction on the ramp. While previous studies have observed these flow features and reported their associated frequency, there is no simple criterion available for predicting which mode will occur, and there is a lack of consensus on the appropriate frequency scaling parameter. We study a mixed-compression hypersonic intake in a hypersonic wind tunnel by varying the internal contraction ratio and the throttling ratio to observe various kinds of unstart regimes. Two significant conclusions emerge from considering the results for high-throttling-ratio conditions $(TR > 0.55)$ from the current as well as previous studies. Firstly, the actual shock-on-lip condition at the cowl corresponding to the unthrottled condition, as observed from schlieren images, demarcates the boundary between the two modes of oscillatory unstart flows upon throttling. Secondly, a suitable length scale $(l^*)$ , defined as the extent of the subsonic region in the unstarted flow (as observed from the experimental schlieren images), gives the appropriate frequency scaling parameter ( $f^* = a_0/4l^*$ where $a_0$ is the stagnation acoustic speed).