Mechanical Behavior Of Aluminum Alloys Research Articles

Influence of Equal Channel Angular Pressing Technique on Mechanical Properties, Corrosion Resistance, and Microstructural Behavior of Al-Alloy 5083

Introduction: During severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing, aluminum alloys exhibit moderate strength and ductility. Nevertheless, the materials' ductility, as determined by tensile testing, does not accurately represent their capacity for plastic deformation. After the tensile test, its material, aluminum alloy 5083, was observed to be super ductile. Method: The results of a more thorough plasticity analysis—applied for the first time to material following SPD processing—are presented in this paper. The aluminum alloy 5083 is examined in the patent both before and after equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). A highly effective aluminum alloy 5083 specimen preparation was suggested. Under heated temperatures, the process involves severe plastic deformation. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for micro-structural research in order to look at the distribution of second-phase particles and the evolution of grain structure. Furthermore, Vickers micro-hardness testing was utilized to assess the mechanical characteristics of the alloy after processing. The outcomes showed that after ECAP processing, there was a significant decrease in grain size and an increase in micro-hardness. Result: Additionally, the production of a finer microstructure with a more uniform distribution of strengthening precipitates was clarified by electron microscopy (SEM). The micro-structural evolution and mechanical behavior of aluminum alloy 5083 under ECAP are well-explained in this patent, which may lead to improved performance in structural applications. This method can be used to forecast fractures in plastic deformation processes and estimate the final plasticity of the materials for various stress-strain states after ECAP processing, as well as the mechanical properties discussed. Conclusion: Due to its unique mechanical qualities, aluminum alloy 5083 shows great potential in a variety of structural applications. The effects of Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) on the hardness and microstructure of aluminum alloy 5083 were examined in this patent work. result: The specimen's mechanical characteristics are at their finest following a single deformation when the temperature reaches 300°C. Compared to the original specimen, the tensile strength observed enhanced after the fourth pass, and breaking elongation (28.3%) was improved. Through second-phase strengthening and fine-tuning, the recrystallized grains and second-phase particles increase the material's strength.

Optimization of Selected Squeeze Casting Parameters on the Mechanical Behaviour of Aluminium Alloy

Aluminum alloy have versatile applications and can be produced via a cost-effective squeeze casting technique. Existing literature has revealed that squeeze casting enhances the mechanical properties of cast products and has the advantage of producing products almost without porosity. However, squeeze casting is faced with some challenges including extrusion segregations, centerline segregation, and oxide inclusion, porosity, blistering, under fill, sticking, hot tearing, case debonding, and shrinkages. In view of minimizing these defects, casting should be done applying optimal parameters that will yield the desired result. The present study focused on the optimization of squeeze parameters of squeeze pressure, pressure duration, pouring temperature, initial die temperature in the production of the aluminium alloy (Al-12%Si). Evaluated responses are yield strength and ultimate tensile strength. The results showed that the process parameters had statistical significance on all properties at 95 % confidence level. Combined interactions of these parameters also presented significant effects on the property responses. Optimum setting for process factors as regards yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were evaluated 150MPa, 15seconds, 700oC and150oC for squeeze pressure, pressure duration, pouring temperature and initial die temperature respectively. The results obtained for the three responses which are yield strength and ultimate tensile strength, were 302.86MPa and 347.72MPa respectively.

The Effects of Strain Rate and Anisotropy on the Formability and Mechanical Behaviour of Aluminium Alloy 2024-T3

The present study focuses on the mechanical behaviour and formability of the aluminium alloy 2024-T3 in sheet form with a thickness of 0.8 mm. For this purpose, tensile tests at quasi-static and intermediate strain rates were performed using a universal testing machine, and high strain rate experiments were performed using a split Hopkinson tension bar (SHTB) facility. The material’s anisotropy was investigated by considering seven different specimen orientations relative to the rolling direction. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used to measure specimen deformation. Based on the true stress–strain curves, the alloy exhibited negative strain rate sensitivity (NSRS). Dynamic strain aging (DSA) was investigated as a possible cause. However, neither the strain distribution nor the stress–strain curves gave further indications of the occurrence of DSA. A higher deformation capacity was observed in the high strain rate experiments. The alloy displayed anisotropic mechanical properties. Values of the Lankford coefficient lower than 1, more specifically, varying between 0.45 and 0.87 depending on specimen orientations and strain rate, were found. The hardening exponent was not significantly dependent on specimen orientation and only moderately affected by strain rate. An average value of 0.183 was observed for specimens tested at a quasi-static strain rate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a typical ductile fracture morphology with fine dimples. Dimple sizes were hardly affected by specimen orientation and strain rate.

Mechanical behaviour of Al6061 hybrid nanocomposites reinforced with nano alumina and molybdenum disulfide

The main goal of this research is to create and examine the mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloy 6061 composites supplemented with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and nano alumina (Al2O3). The reinforcements used in the composite specimens were made in a variety of quantities, including Al6061 with 5% molybdenum disulfide, Al6061 with 5% nano alumina, and Al6061 with 5% molybdenum disulfide and 5% nano alumina. Using the stir casting procedure, the composite specimens were created. The mechanical parameters of the alloy were measured and compared to those of pure Al6061 in terms of tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, tensile modulus, flexural modulus, and hardness. Nano alumina was added with Al6061 to enhance the strength, whereas molybdenum disulfide was added to reduce the hardness of the composites. The results reveal that the inclusion of nano alumina and MoS2 has a good effect on tensile and flexural behaviour while reducing impact strength significantly. Inclusion of MoS2 improves the toughness of the composites at the same time the other mechanical properties like tensile strength and modulus decreases. Scanning Electron Microscope was used and the micro structure of the composites was studied. The tensile and flexural strength of the Al6061 composite with 5 wt% of nano alumina was enhanced with 9.4% and 10.2% compared to pure Al6061, whereas the impact strength of Al6061 with 5 wt% MoS2 was improved by 12.8% over pure Al6061.

Mathematical Model Describing the Hardening and Failure Behaviour of Aluminium Alloys: Application in Metal Shear Cutting Process

Recent research has focused on sheet shear cutting operations. However, little research has been conducted on bar shear cutting. The main objective of the present investigation is to study bar shear cutting with numerical and experimental analysis. Bar shear cutting is an important operation because it precedes bulk metalworking processes for instance machining, extrusion and hot forging. In comparison to sheet shear cutting, bar shear cutting needs thermomechanical modelling. The variational formulation of the model is presented to predict damage mechanics in the bar shear cutting of aluminium alloys. Coupled thermomechanical modelling is required to analyse the mechanical behaviour of bulk workpieces, in which the combined effect of strain and temperature fields is considered in the shear cutting process. For this purpose, modified hardening and damage Johnson–Cook laws are developed. Numerical results for sheet and bar shear cutting operations are presented. The comparison between numerical and experimental results of shearing force/tool displacement during sheet and bar shear cutting operations proves that the use of a thermomechanical model in the case of the bar shear cutting process is crucial to accurately predict the mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloys. The analysis of the temperature field in the metal bar shows that the temperature can reach T = 388 °C on the sheared surface. The current model accurately predicts the shear cutting process and shows a strong correlation with experimental tests. Two values of clearance (c1 = 0.2 mm) and (c2 = 1.2 mm) are assumed for modeling the bar shear cutting operation. It is observed that for the low shear clearance, the burr is small, the quality of the sheared surface is better, and the fractured zone is negligible.

The behaviour of aluminum alloy 1050 sheet subjected to impact and perforation process: Experimental and numerical approaches

The mechanical behavior of aluminum alloy under impact loading using different configurations is described. Perforation tests are referred in this work at wide ranges of specimen using several projectile shapes to analyze their effect on the ballistic curve VR -V0 (conical, hemispherical and blunt), with a diameter of 6.mm. A wide range of impact velocities from 40 to 100 m/s has been used. Experimental and numerical analysis have been carried out to predict the mechanical behavior of the studied aluminum alloy. This analysis has been done using a high-pressure gas gun. Specimens have been prepared from standard 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm thick aluminum sheets with 13x13 cm plates. The resistance and the energy absorbed by the aluminum sheets under dynamic load have been obtained by measuring the initial and residual velocities of the projectiles. The experimental and numerical results are presented and compared in terms of ballistic curve VR -V0, and a good correlation is observed between the two types of results.

Effects of graphene nanoplatelets and boron carbide on microstructure and mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloy (Al6061) after friction stir welding

ABSTRACT Friction stir welding (FSW) has gained enormous attention as a well-established solid-state welding technique. Loss of strength and compromise on heat-affected zone has always been an issue in welding. The addition of Graphene Nanoplatelets and Boron Carbide in Al6061 via FSW has been studied hereby. The effect of individual and hybrid combination of both reinforcements in the Al6061 matrix was explored by using a comparative approach with non-reinforced FSW reference. A detailed microstructural investigation, utilising the optical and scanning electron microscopy was conducted. The mechanical behaviour was examined by employing micro-hardness and tensile testing. Fractography was carried out to inspect the tensile tested fractured FSW samples. Maximum strength was displayed by the boron carbide added FSW joint at the cost of ductility. The tendency of graphene nanoplatelets to cluster led to the deterioration of mechanical profile at the respective FSW joint. A dominant behaviour of boron carbide was observed in the hybrid combination of the reinforcements at the FSW joint.

Fabrication characteristics and mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloy reinforced with Al2O3 and coconut shell particles synthesized by stir casting

The paper deals with the preparation of Aluminium Matrix Composite (AMC) using coconut shell particles as reinforcement and Aluminium 6061 as matrix material and to study its mechanical properties and flexural properties. Out of the available manufacturing procedures we have adopted the stir casting technique to prepare the AMC. Different volume % of filler of coconut shell particles has been mixed with the matrix material and specimens were prepared for mechanical studies such as compression, impact, torsion, hardness. The overview indicates that the developed method is quite successful and there is an increase in the value of tensile strength and hardness with increase in weight percentage of reinforcement.

Study of mechanical properties and wear behavior of aluminum 6061 matrix composites reinforced with Hematite and Titania

Abstract Aluminium based metal matrix composites with several reinforcement (Hybrid MMC’s) have countless advantages of satisfying current requirement of engineering applications due to their enhanced mechanical properties like tensile strength, hardness, toughness etc. The functioning of these type of material depend on the choice of right combination of filler particle. This research work deals with examination on mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloy (AA6061) composites fabricated with hematite and titanium dioxide particles. Semi-automatic stir casting technique was employed for fabrication of aluminium based hybrid composites by changing hematite in 2, 3, 4% by weight and titanium dioxide 1, 3, 5% by weight. A nine composites sample plates were fabricated. As per standard dimensions of ASTM, the sample specimen was cleaned by polishing over emery paper. Physical properties (density and void content), mechanical properties such as impact strength, tensile strength, hardness and sliding wear behaviour (Pin on disc tribometer) characterisation were carried out and examined. The Taguchi experiment design was used to develop experimental runs have input parameter sliding distance (1000, 1500, 2000 m), normal load (10, 15, 20 N) and reinforcement contents (2–4% by wt. Fe2O3 and 1–5% by wt. % TiO2). The worn surface structure studies were carried out to know the mechanism of the wear using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) along with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) which indicate elemental composition and dispersion on the material surface.

The behaviour of aluminum alloy 1050 sheet subjected to impact and perforation process: Experimental and numerical approaches

The mechanical behavior of aluminum alloy under impact loading using different configurations is described. Perforation tests are referred in this work at wide ranges of specimen using several projectile shapes to analyse their effect on the ballistic curve VR-V0 (conical, hemispherical and blunt), with a diameter of 6.mm. A wide range of impact velocities from 40 to 100 m/s has been used. Experimental and numerical analysis have been carried out to predict the mechanical behaviour of the studied aluminium alloy. This analysis has been done using a high-pressure gas gun. Specimens were prepared from standard 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm thick aluminum sheets with 13x13 cm plates. The resistance and the energy absorbed by the aluminum sheets under dynamic load were obtained by measuring the initial and residual velocities of the projectiles. The experimental and numerical results are presented and compared in terms of ballistic curve VR-V0, a good correlation was observed.

Influence of high and subsequent low-temperature artificial ageing on exfoliation corrosion of AA2024

The present study aims at assessing the mechanical behavior of aluminum alloy (AA2024) subjected to exfoliation corrosion. The material was exposed to high temperature and subsequent low temperature (HLA) treatment and further the heat-treated samples were subjected to exfoliation corrosion for the duration of 48 and 96 h at room temperature. The HLA treatment increases the retention property of material in the corrosive environment. Further, hardness and impact strength was also increased under the corrosive environment with HLA treatment. In addition to the experimental investigation, a series of simple second-degree polynomial equations were developed to predict the various mechanical properties at different intervals of corrosion durations of AA2024 specimens subjected to HLA exfoliation corrosion.

Experimental analysis of the aluminum alloy sheet subjected to impact and perforation process

The present work describes the mechanical behavior of aluminum alloy under impact loading using different parameters. The work is focused on perforation tests carried out at wide ranges of specimen using three projectile shapes (conical, hemispherical and blunt), with a diameter of 6 and 12 mm. The material used to fabricate the projectile was maraging steel with heat treatment to reach a yield stress of 2.0 GPa. A wide range of impact velocities from 40 to 120 m/s has been used during this study. Experimental, analytical studies have been carried out to analyze in details the perforation process. This analysis has been accomplished using a high pressure gas gun equipped with a thermal chamber. The specimens were prepared from a standard Aluminum sheet of 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm thickness to form 13x13 cm plates. The resistance and the absorbed energy by the aluminum sheet under dynamic loading has been obtained by measuring initial and residual projectile velocities.

Investigating the Influence of Cotton Shell Ash- SIC Weight Percentage on the Mechanical Behaviour of Aluminium Alloy Based Hybrid Composite

Investigating the Influence of Cotton Shell Ash- SIC Weight Percentage on the Mechanical Behaviour of Aluminium Alloy Based Hybrid Composite

Special Issue on “Mechanical Behaviour of Aluminium Alloys”

Aluminium alloys are the most common type of non-ferrous material utilised for a wide range of engineering applications, namely in the automotive, aerospace, and structural industries, among others. [...]

Effect of Fly Ash on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy

This paper presents the effect of fly ash as reinforcement on mechanical behavior of aluminum alloy. 5% by weight of untreated fly ash was used as a reinforcement to fabricate the composite samples by sand casting technique. Tensile, Hardness and Fatigue tests were carried out for the samples. It has been observed that by the addition of fly ash to aluminum alloy improves the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and hardness by 15.87% and 5.64% repectively as compared to sand casted simple aluminum alloy.Similarly fatigue tests reveal that fly ash reinforced aluminum composite has greater fatigue life than the unreinforced aluminum alloy.

Investigation of Hot Tensile Behavior of Silicon Carbide and Magnesium Oxide Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites

The aim of the current study is to investigate the mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloy and reinforced with Nano-particle composites such as magnesium oxide and silicon carbide via liquid metallurgy technique. Aluminium alloy and composites are characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The tensile properties of aluminum alloy and composites are examined under room temperature (30 ∘C) and at elevated temperatures (200 ∘C, 350 ∘C). The microstructure results reveal that the SiC and MgO particles are uniformly distributed within the matrix and exhibited better interface bonding. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) properties of aluminum alloy-3 wt.% SiC (AA-SRS) composites are higher than the MgO under the room temperature condition. In elevated temperature, the reverse trend is observed besides the aluminum alloy-3 wt.% MgO (AA-SRM) composites has shown better strength. The combined reinforcement effect of Aluminum alloy-3 wt% SiC-3 wt.% MgO (AA-HRSM) composite increases the UTS and YS under both room and elevated temperature condition. The UTS and YS strength is increased by decreasing the percentage of elongation with the addition of SiC and MgO.

Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Aluminum Alloy Mortise-and-Tenon T-Joints

An experimental investigation was conducted on aluminum alloy mortise-and-tenon T-joints (MT-joints) under dynamic cyclic loading. The MT-joints strengths, stiffness, failure characteristics, hysteresis curves, skeleton curves, restoring force models and energy dissipation curves of the joints have been reported. It’s shown from the experiment that main failure modes of the MT-joints are plastic deformation of squeezing area and tenon divorced from joint. And MT-joints structure is a typical semi-rigid connection that can withstand both rotation and bending moment.

Analysis on effect of using different tool pin profile and mechanical properties by friction stir welding on dissimilar aluminium alloys Al6061 and Al7075

The FSW is one of the latest advanced methods of joining the aluminum in a quicker and effective manner. The quality and the strength of the weldment depends on the tool pin profile, Thickness of weld, speed at which tool moves and the mechanical behavior of aluminum alloys used in the process. Early literature studies shows that developments are required in the field of welding in aerospace, trains and marine Engineering. The literatures show apparent void spaces in improving the strength, quality and weight of the weldment. In this work, an evaluation is made to improve the performance of different profile of tool pin and mechanical characteristics of fsw on dissimilar aluminum alloys. Two alloy compositions say Al 6061 and Al 7075 were selected and three tool pin profiles are developed to study the behavioral pattern of the welded joint. The mechanical properties say tensile strength, yield stresses and micro hardness tests will be conducted using computerized UTM and Micro Vickers hardness testing machine. The mechanical properties were studied from each specimen and correlated to highlight the qualities and characteristics. Hence this paper can form a bridge in filling up the space in finding the suitable mechanical properties for aluminum alloys in specific application. Out of three different tools pin design straight cylinder is selected by having Al6061 on advancing side and Al7075 on receding side based on mechanical properties for the application of tension and it has been proved that straight square is selected for microhardness.

Effect of ageing on precipitation kinetics, tensile and work hardening behavior of Al-Cu-Mg (2024) alloy

The effect of artificial ageing conditions on precipitation kinetics, tensile and work hardening mechanical behavior of aluminum alloy 2024 was investigated. Tensile specimens were artificially aged in three different temperatures and for various times so as to bring the material in all possible ageing conditions. These included under-ageing (UA), peak-ageing (PA) and over-ageing (OA) and then the specimens were tensile tested. Yield stress was found to increase up to the peak-ageing condition with a simultaneously decrease in elongation at fracture due to the precipitation of the S-type particles. It was confirmed that precipitation kinetics of this alloy is in between the diffusivity rate of solute Cu and Mg atoms in the aluminum matrix. Peak yield stress was found to be absolutely dependent on the iso-thermal ageing temperature and it was experimentally noticed that a 6 MPa yield stress drop exists per increasing ageing temperature by 10°C. At the OA condition, non-uniform elongation attains values exceeding 40% of total elongation, and therefore the damage tolerance capability of the material at this ageing condition is further reduced. Work hardening Stage I dealing with pile-up of the dislocation debris of dipoles is almost double in PA when compared with the respective in UA condition. Duration of Stage II increases up to 40% of uniform elongation within the PA condition, where the precipitation transition of coherent S′′ to semi-coherent S′ type takes place. Stage II is essentially decreased in the OA condition to approximate 30% of uniform elongation, while dislocation cross slipping (Stage III) exceeds 50% of uniform elongation in the OA condition. Duration of Stages II and III for different artificial ageing conditions have a similar trend with yield stress and elongation at fracture values, respectively, thus giving proof that work hardening stages are artificially aged sensitive.

Structure–Property Correlation of Al–SiC–Al2O3 Composites: Influence of Processing Temperatures

This paper deals with the change in the mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloy 6061 with different weight percentage of Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Alumina (Al2O3) ceramic powders and change in processing temperature. The crucial properties of this aluminium alloy are relatively light in weight, better corrosion resistance, wear resistance and have low production cost. These properties make them pleasant for different applications such as aerospace, defense, automotive sectors. The purpose of designing Metal Matrix Composite is to figure the desired qualities of metals and ceramics. The fabrication of the MMC was done by stir casting process. The tensile test, hardness test and impact test were performed on these composite samples to study the mechanical behaviour. The result shows that there is a significant increase in tensile strength for the samples that are processed at the temperature of 750 °C with a higher weight fraction of SiC. Also, the samples made at 850 °C exhibit better hardness and impact strength with increased content of alumina. The internal microstructure of the composites was analyzed by scanning electron microscope.