Female Meat Research Articles

To stand out or to conform: Stereotypes and meta-stereotypes as barriers in the transition to sustainable diets

What factors hinder the reduction of meat and/or dairy intake? In this study, we explored the perceived barriers that meat and/or dairy reducers experienced when shifting their diets. We particularly focused on how meat and/or dairy reducers were affected by their beliefs about how omnivores stereotype vegans (i.e., meta-stereotypes), as meta-stereotypes have not been previously explored in this context. Through open-ended questions in an online survey, we explored the experiences and perceived barriers among female meat and/or dairy reducers (n = 272), as well as their perceptions of vegans (i.e., stereotypes and meta-stereotypes), and how these perceptions affected their lived experiences. We analysed the data using reflexive thematic analysis and generated six themes. We highlighted perceptions of cost (Theme 1) and perceptions of health concerns (Theme 2) as the most dominant barriers to the reduction of meat and/or dairy intake. Regarding (meta) stereotypes, participants' perceptions of vegans were shaped by personal experiences and encounters with vegans (Theme 3), and how participants related to vegans was sometimes reflected in the language they used to describe vegans (Theme 4). Participants felt that they, or reducers more generally, were occasionally judged as vegans (Theme 5), which might influence participants’ choices and conformity to eating norms (Theme 6). Meta-stereotypes may play a role in polarised dietary group perceptions, and we discuss how they are shaped by social identity processes as well as by aspects of Western food systems.

Parâmetros de postura de codornas de corte reprodutoras submetidas a programas de luz na fase de crescimento

ABSTRACT: When applied at growing phase, lighting program aims to obtain quails with body weight and physiological maturity suitable for the beginning of laying. This study evaluated lighting programs at growing phase on performance, sexual maturity and egg quality of meat quail breeders (Coturnixcoturnix) at laying phase. From 7 to 49 days of age, 300 female meat quails were subjected to three lighting programs (natural, intermittent and continuous), with 5 replicates of 20 birds each. At 49 days of age, 240 quails were transferred to a shed, maintaining the same experimental conditions. Meat quails submitted to continuous and intermittent lighting programs had higher weight of reproductive system and lower ages for first egg production and to reach 50% of egg production (P < 0.05). Quails submitted to natural lighting had lower feed intake from 49 to 70 and 71 to 92 days of age and worse feed conversion up to 114 days of age. Continuous and intermittent lighting programs resulted in more precocious quails compared to natural lighting program. Quails submitted to natural lighting at growing phase presented lower egg production during all periods, not differing for birds submitted to continuous and intermittent programs from the second period (71 to 92 days of age). Intermittent and continuous lighting result in better feed conversion of breeding quails up to 114 days and a higher percentage of laying (49 to 136 days), reducing the number of days to produce the first egg and to reach 50% of laying, in relation to natural lighting.

Effect of sex and age on chemical composition of sheep, cattle and camel meat

Meat is highly valuable food product for human consumption because it is a good source of all essential amino acids, crude protein, energy, minerals and major source of vitamins that necessary for human nutrition. The distinctive flavor, tenderness, choiceness and agreeable make it one of the preferred food. In this study three types of meat samples, these are sheep, beef and camel (male and female) with different age group (young, medium and old) were selected and allotted to three experimental groups (treatments). The study was conducted to assess the effects of age and sex on chemical composition for different types of meat. A (3×3×2) factorial arrangement in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was conducted. The study showed highly significant differences (P≤0.001) among different treatments. Camel meat had scored the highest values of moisture, fiber, ash and (F+) while sheep recorded the lowest value. Sheep meat tended to have the highest values of crude protein, fat, (Ca), and (K+) content while camel meat recorded the lowest values. With regard to the age group the study showed that young age group had obtained the highest values of crude protein and (Ca) contents while old age group scored the less values. Medium age group had reported the highest values of moisture, fat, ash and (K+) content followed by the old age group. Concerning interaction effects of meat type, sex and age group female sheep with medium age (FSM) had reported the highest values of moisture while female sheep with young age (FSY) and female beef with young age (FBY) revealed the highest values of protein content. On other hand female beef of young age (FBY) and female sheep of medium age (FSM) scored the highest values of fat content. Irrespective of animal type, female meat of medium age tended to have better values; due to the results we recommended that selecting female medium age group for producing meat with highly quality attributes.

Effect of Gender and Muscle Type on Fatty Acid Profile, Sanogenic Indices, and Instrumental and Sensory Analysis of Flemish Giant Rabbit Meat

The aim of this study was to represent quality characterization, by gender and muscle type, of rabbit meat from the Flemish Giant (FG) breed, following the fatty acid profile, sanogenic indices, and instrumental (color and texture) and sensory analysis. The biological material comprised 40 rabbits (20 females and 20 males) whose Longissimus dorsi (LD) and Semimembranosus (SM) muscles were sampled. Compared to female samples, the meat from males was more qualitative in terms of higher ratios of polyunsaturated vs. saturated fatty acids and proportions (+42%) of Essential and Desirable Fatty Acids (+21.6% EFA; +6.7% DFA). Also, the Atherogenic Index (AI) and Thrombogenic Index (TI) were better in males (−37.1% AI; −34.3% TI), as were the ratio of hypocholesterolemic/Hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (+27.8%) and the Nutritive Value Index (NVI, +11.6%). The Polyunsaturation Index (PI) was higher for females (+57.5%), with the widest differences in hind leg muscles (SM muscles), while the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio was also better (+11.3%). Female meat was more tender due to lower shear force (−6.2%… 9.3%) in both muscles. Female meat was less pigmented than that of males, while the overall sensory attributes were better scored in male samples (+3.1%… +7.1%) (p < 0.01). The meat of males proved to be more sanogenic (richer in EFA and DFA, with a better h/H ratio and NVI, while AI and TI were lower). We would recommend slaughtering 3–4 weeks earlier in females vs. males to avoid excessive fat deposition and, consequently, the development of unfavorable sanogenic indices for consumer health.

A Case of Orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma with Intracranial Extension in an Adult: Diagnostic and Management Challenges

Purpose: To report a rare case of orbital rhabdomyosarcoma with intracranial extension in an adult and the challenges in managing this case.
 Methodology: Research design was through a case report, while data was collected through observation, analysis of medical records and individual interviews. Interpretation of data was through the qualitative method of data analysis.
 Findings: A 34-year-old female meat seller was referred to our center with a rapidly progressive protrusion of the right eye of one month duration. She had a previous history of a penetrating injury to the right globe with bone fragment retention. She had had evisceration. Two weeks post-surgery, she noticed pain and a progressively worsening swelling around the right orbit. In our center, an initial diagnosis of orbital cellulitis post-evisceration was entertained. Orbito-cranial CT scan and MRI done showed a large homogenous irregular soft tissue mass occupying the right orbital cavity with extension to the right lateral rectus, lacrimal gland, cavernous sinus, optic nerve and brain parenchyma; findings were suggestive of orbital rhabdomyosarcoma with intracranial extension. The patient was discharged against medical advice. She re-presented 7 weeks later with a much larger mass which had multiple friable bleeding sites. With much assurance by the oncologists, she had several blood transfusions and 6 courses of chemotherapy. Tumour regression was very impressive. Incisional biopsy and histology confirmed rhabdomyosarcoma with chemotherapeutic changes. The patient was stable and so referred to another tertiary center for External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT), but this was delayed due to financial constraints. Two months from her referral for EBRT, colleagues reported she died of intractable seizures
 Recommendations: This study is based on suggestions that therapeutic success for rhabdomyosarcoma is better in children with survival rates reaching 75% unlike in adults where prognosis is poor.1 In this report, remission was observed soon after commencement of treatment. Therefore, it is recommended that early diagnosis be done to improve outcomes. Secondly, combination drugs should be used in all rhabdomyosarcoma cases. Lastly, government policies geared towards universal health coverage should be made and implemented.

Effect of Genotype and Sex on Chemical Composition, Physicochemical Properties, Texture and Microstructure of Spent Broiler Breeder Meat

The aim of this research is to compare the carcass composition and meat quality characteristics of spent Cobb 500 and Ross 308 broiler breeders. A total of 28 carcasses were evaluated—7 female and 7 male carcasses from each genotype. Dissection was performed, and the percentages of neck, wings, skin with subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat, residual components, breast and leg muscles were calculated relative to the eviscerated carcass weight. The breast and leg muscles were evaluated for their chemical composition, color attributes (Lab), acidity (pH24), and electrical conductivity (EC24). Analysis of the structure and texture of the pectoralis major muscle was performed. The genotype of the birds had an impact on the eviscerated carcass weight, percentage of skin with subcutaneous fat, leg muscles, wings, and neck. Broiler breeder genotypes differed in terms of the chemical composition of the breast and leg muscles, except for the water content in the breast muscle and the collagen content in both the breast and leg muscles. The breast muscles of Cobb 500 exhibited lower cooking loss, pH24, redness, and yellowness, while the leg muscles of Ross 308 had lower EC24 but higher cooking loss and lightness values. The pectoralis major muscle of Cobb 500 was firmer and more tender, with a smaller cross-sectional area of the muscle fiber and a smaller vertical (V) diameter of the muscle fiber. Males were characterized by a greater carcass weight and a higher percentage of leg muscles, neck, and carcass remains. On the other hand, females had a higher percentage of breast muscles, skin with subcutaneous fat, and abdominal fat. The sex of the birds affected the chemical composition of the breast and leg muscles, with the exception of the water content in the breast muscles and collagen content in the breast and leg muscles. The breast muscles of females were characterized by higher values of yellowness, although they also exhibited lower pH and cooking loss. In terms of texture analysis of the pectoralis major muscle, the meat of females was characterized by higher tenderness and firmness. However, the analysis of the structure showed that males had a thicker perimysium and endomysium. Regardless of broiler origin and sex, significant differences were found between the breast and leg muscles in terms of the assessed physicochemical features (pH24, EC24, cooking loss), color attributes (Lab) and chemical composition (protein, intramuscular fat, and collagen contents). Genotype and sex interactions were significant for the chemical composition of the breast muscles (protein, fat, collagen) and leg muscles (fat), as well as for the yellow color saturation of the breast muscles and springiness of the pectoralis major muscle. The study produced results that showed the meat and carcasses of spent hens and roosters to be suitable for processing due to their favorable chemical composition, high nutritional value and good technological properties, as assessed based on the results of meat texture and structure.

127 Preliminary Effect of Cottonseed as a Source of Gossypol on the Artificial Infection of Meat does withHaemonchus Contortus

Abstract Gossypol is a polyphenolic aldehyde found in cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum). Cottonseed is a readily available feedstuff commodity in the southeast United States; therefore, it has the potential for usage as an inexpensive source of fat and protein and is promising for animal producers in this region. Gossypol has been studied for its negative effect on the reproduction of males. However, in the present study, we hypothesized a possible anthelmintic effect of cottonseed, a source of gossypol (polyphenolic compound) against Haemonchus contortus. For this purpose, 4-month-old Boer x Spanish cross does (n = 40) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments (n = 10/treatment), based on the supplementation (0.5% body weight-BW in kg), Cottonseed vs. pelleted feed (NC), and no parasite infection (NP) or artificial infection with 4,000 L3 of H. contortus (P). For 8 weeks, FAMACHA, BW, and eggs per gram of feces (EPG) using the McMaster technique were recorded from each animal. The experimental design used was a 2x2 factorial. Normality was tested using Wilk-Shapiro, followed by an ANOVA. Those variables not following normal distribution were analyzed using Kruskal - Wallis nonparametric test. Body weights were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. Goats fed with Cottonseed had a similar BW to those fed with pellets, 29.14 and 29.80 kgs, respectively. Furthermore, the Cottonseed fed animals had greater EPG (1074.4 ± 473.4) compared with those eating pelleted feed (672.7 ± 297.07; P< 0.05). Non-artificially infected animals presented minimum EPG (8.1± 8.9 and 3.7 ± 6.05 for NCNP and CNP, respectively) as part of natural infection. FAMACHA for both parasitized groups were similar, 2.77 and 2.84 for NCP and CP, respectively, but greater (P < 0.05) than the FAMACHA of the non-infected animals of 2.29 and 2.41 for NCNP and CNP, respectively. From this study, the presence of cottonseed in the diet of female meat goats did not have a positive effect on reducing the parasite infection, contrary to what was expected.

Carcass and meat quality traits of IPB D1 chicken on black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) dietary inclusion

The aims research studied the effect of the dietary inclusion of 3 different levels of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) meal on the slaughter traits and meat nutritional quality of IPB D1 chicken (composite chicken: Pelung, Sentul, Kampung, Cobb Broiler). Five hundred and fifteen IPB D1 chickens were randomly allocated into three treatment groups (P0, P1, and P2) with three replicates/treatment, fifty-five to sixty chickens /replicate). The treatment groups consist of control feed ration (without BSFL)/ T0), 5% BSFL (T1), and 7.5% BSFL (T2). At 8, 9, and 10 weeks of age, eighteen IPB D1 chickens were slaughtered and separated between male and female, afterward, carcasses were weighed and parted into commercial parts. Proximate and Cholesterol analysis conducted on the breast, tight, and leg meat. The research outcomes indicated that BSFL meal as feedstuff showed similar carcass yield at each 8, 9, and 10 weeks of age in male and female chickens. IPB D1 chicken meat from BSFL (T1 and T2) treatment had higher fat content than control both in males and female chicken at 10-week ages. The protein percentage showed insignificant in all treatments, with a range from 19.85%-22.89% in male meat, and 21%-21.62% in female meat.

Ethnic differences in attitudes, beliefs, and patterns of meat consumption among American young women meat eaters.

Meat eaters face conflicts over meat consumption due to recent increasing demands for reduced-meat diets to promote human and environmental health. Attitudes toward consuming meat have been shown to be culture-specific. Thus, this study was performed to examine cultural differences in attitudes, beliefs, and patterns of meat consumption among meat eaters in a group homogeneous in terms of age and sex but with diverse ethnicities. In this cross-sectional study conducted in New York City in 2014, 520 female meat eaters (Whites = 25%; Blacks = 20%; East Asians = 35%; Hispanics = 20%) aged 20-29 completed a questionnaire consisting of a series of questions on meat consumption behaviors, which addressed amounts of consumption, cooking methods, past and future changes in meat consumption, and attitudes and beliefs regarding relationships between health and meat consumption. Logistic and multiple regression analyses were used to assess the effects of variables on meat consumption. Blacks had the highest annual total meat consumption (64.2 kg), followed by East Asians (53.6 kg), Whites (46.9 kg), and Hispanics (35.8 kg). Blacks ate significantly more chicken than the other ethnic groups (P < 0.001), and East Asians ate significantly more pork and processed meat (P < 0.001). Regardless of ethnicity, grilling/roasting/broiling were the preferred cooking methods, and vegetables were most consumed as a side dish. More than half of the participants expressed an intention to decrease future meat consumption. East Asians more strongly perceived meat as a festive food (P < 0.001) and were less guilty about the slaughtering animals (P = 0.11) than other groups. No differences were found between the ethnic groups regarding negative attitudes to meat consumption. The results show that ethnicities differ in terms of attitudes, beliefs, and patterns of meat consumption. Irrespective of ethnicity, the meat-eating participants almost unanimously demonstrated a willingness to reduce future meat consumption. It is hoped these findings aid the formulation of culturally-tailored interventions that effectively reduce meat consumption.

Effects of rosemary extract supplementation in feed on growth performance, meat quality, serum biochemistry, antioxidant capacity, and immune function of meat ducks

This study aimed to investigate the effects of diets supplemented with different levels of rosemary extract (RE) on the growth performance, meat quality, serum biochemistry, antioxidative capacity, and immunological capacity of Cherry Valley meat ducks. A total of 525 healthy Cherry Valley female meat ducks at 1 d of age were selected for this study. Ducks were randomly divided into 5 treatments with 7 replicates per treatment, and each replicate had 15 ducks. All replicates were randomly assigned to treatments. The study was designed as a dose response experiment. Treatment 1 (CON) was fed with the basal diet, and Treatment 2 to 5 (RE250, RE500, RE750, RE1000) were fed with the basal diet supplemented with 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 g/t RE, respectively. The whole experiment lasted 42 days with early stage (1-21 d) and late stage (22-42 d). Results showed that during 22 to 42 d, ducks that were fed over 500 g/t RE had significantly lower feed gain ratio than the ones in CON (P=0.006). In addition, ducks in RE750 had significantly lower L* and a* in leg muscle compared with the ones in CON (P < 0.05). Besides, ducks that were fed between 250 and 750 g/t RE had significantly lower total protein level in serum compared with the ones in CON (P=0.005). Ducks in RE250 and RE750 had significantly lower albumin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in serum compared with the ones in CON and RE1000 (P < 0.05), and significant quadratic relationships were noticed between albumin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and dietary RE level (P < 0.05). Moreover, ducks that were fed between 500 and 750 g/t RE had significantly higher levels of interleukin-2 in serum compared to the ones in CON and RE1000 (P=0.003). Ducks in RE250 and RE750 had significantly higher levels of immunoglobulin G in serum compared to the ones in CON and RE1000 (P < 0.001). Ducks that were fed over 500 g/t RE had significantly higher levels of immunoglobulin A in serum compared to the ones in CON (P=0.001). Finally, ducks that were fed between 500 and 750 g/t RE had significantly higher serum levels of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05) compared to the ones in CON. Ducks that were fed over 250 g/t RE had significantly lower serum level of malondialdehyde compared to the ones in CON (P=0.020). Collectively, dietary supplementation of RE improved the growth performance and meat qualities of meat ducks during 22 to 42 d, which were possibly associated with the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of RE. Based on the serum antioxidative and immunological parameters, we suggested that 500 to 750 g/t was the optimal supplementation rate for RE in diets for meat ducks aged 22 to 42 d.

Carcass and Meat Quality Traits of Males and Females of the "Branca" Portuguese Autochthonous Chicken Breed.

Simple SummaryLocal breeds play a crucial role in the rural economies of many countries, as a considerable valuable genetic resource and, well adapted to the environment, their production can reduce the negative impact of intensive production systems. Portuguese chicken breeds are almost extinct, with the “Branca” population presenting the most worrying situation. Bred as a dual-purpose breed, the characterization of meat quality is fundamental to the conservation and promotion of this population., by increasing the value on these small-scale farms production. The carcass characteristics and meat quality of the “Branca” breed were evaluated, showing an interesting physicochemical profile, with good proportion of minerals, essential fatty acids (EFA) and n-3-PUFAs (docosapentanoic (C22:5n-3, DPA), and docosahexaenoic (C22:6n-3, DHA) acids), ensuring that consumers receive a highly nutritional and differentiated product.The “Branca” breed is a dual-purpose Portuguese autochthonous chicken breed, produced in extensive systems and in small flocks, especially in the Entre Douro and Minho regions. A total of 40 birds (n = 20/sex) were slaughtered between 38 and 42 weeks (males) and 110 and 120 weeks (females), and carcass and meat quality parameters were evaluated. The results showed significantly higher weights and differences for males between sexes and pieces (p ≤ 0.05) in the meat physicochemical composition. Water holding capacity (WRC), moisture and ash contents were influenced by sex. They were higher in males in the breast and drumstick and lightness (L*) and lipid content were higher in females (p ≤ 0.05). The breast meat presented greater lightness, moisture, ash and protein contents, while the drumstick showed a higher pH value, redness (a*) and lipid content, in both sexes (p ≤ 0.05). Regarding the nutritional properties, “Branca” meat revealed a good proportion of minerals and the female meat showed, in both pieces (p ≤ 0.05), significantly lower values for total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and higher values for monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). Breast meat was richer in n-3-PUFAs (C22:5n-3 and C22:6n-3) in both sexes (p ≤ 0.05). Considering the results obtained, it can be concluded that “Branca” breed meat is a healthy food characterized by a good general nutritional profile.

The volatile compound profile in the meat of chickens raised in a free-range system varies with sexual maturity

This study aimed to characterize and evaluate the profile of volatile compounds found in the meat of chickens raised in a free-range system as a function of their sex and sexual maturity. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used, and 90 birds were categorized as immature males, mature males, immature females or mature females. Samples of breast and drumstick cuts were analyzed. The volatile compounds were extracted by solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and the compounds were identified by mass spectrometry and the Kovats index. Ninety-six volatile compounds were identified. Aldehydes, terpenes, and alcohols composed the highest numbers of identified volatile compounds. There was a stronger relationship between aldehyde, ketone, terpene, furan and sulfur compounds with drumstick meat from mature males compared with the other samples. Ester compounds were more strongly associated with chicken meat from immature females in breast cut. In breast meat, the alcohol group was negatively correlated with immature chickens in both sexes and increased with sexual maturity. Compounds such as aldehydes, hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, and pyrazines were more strongly related to the breast meat of mature females. There was a difference in the profile of volatile compounds between mature and immature chickens according to sex and cut. Male and female chickens demonstrated compounds that could change the taste of chicken meat, indicating that the influence of sexual maturity was a common factor.

Impact of Romanov breed lamb gender on carcass traits and meat quality parameters including biogenic amines and malondialdehyde changes during storage.

The present study aims to evaluate the effect of Romanov breed lamb gender on carcass traits and meat quality parameters, as well as on the formation of biogenic amines (BAs) and malondialdehyde during meat storage. Obtained results revealed that lamb gender had a significant influence on sternum/breastbone, ribs, right shoulder, and bones of the back leg. Significantly higher lightness (by 3%) was found for male meat; however, higher redness of female meat was observed (by 7.7%). In all cases, a lower pH was obtained for female meat. Significantly higher cooking loss (by 38%) was found for male meat. However, gender was not a significant factor in lamb meat proximate composition, or for BAs and cholesterol content. The gender of animals had a significant influence on 10‐heptadecenoic (C17:1), linoleic (C18:2n – 6), total polyunsaturated FA, and total trans isomers content in meat. A significantly higher concentration of malondialdehyde was found in female lamb meat (by 43.4% and 56.8% in fresh and after 3 months of storage at −18°C, respectively) compared to males. Finally, the obtained results supplement the scarce database about the characteristics of Romanov breed meat of different gender and this is beneficial for lamb breeders and meat industry in order to obtain a better quality production.

Live Weight and Sex Effects on Sensory Quality of Rubia de El Molar Autochthonous Ovine Breed Meat.

Simple SummaryRubia de El Molar is in danger of extinction, and this work is part of a research project funded by the Regional Government of Madrid that aims to know its productive characteristics to prevent its disappearance. The aim of this work is to study the effect of weight and sex on suckling lamb meat sensory characteristics of Rubia de El Molar breed. According to sensory characteristics, two weight groups of animals were detected: light carcasses (10 and 15 kg) and heavy carcasses (20 and 25 kg). Heavy carcasses’ meat was tougher, more elastic, and received lower pleasantness scores than light animals. Sex had a lower effect on meat sensory parameters than weight, and meat from male lambs showed higher flavour intensity and also higher pleasantness scores than female meat.Fifty-six Rubia de El Molar ovine breed lamb carcasses were divided into 8 groups (n = 7 per group) according to weight (10, 15, 20 and 25 kg) and sex (male and female) to study the effect of these factors on meat sensory characteristics, assessed by means of a trained panel. Heavier animals showed a more-springy meat and also received lower scores for pleasantness. Assessors gave lower scores for flavour and pleasantness in female meat. A high correlation was detected between hardness and springiness, number of chews, and pleasantness. Juiciness, greasiness, and flavour were also sensory variates highly correlated. Pleasantness was only correlated to hardness. Changes from 10 to 25 kg did not affect juiciness, greasiness, flavour, and number of chews. There are no significant differences in the sensory quality of lambs slaughtered at 10 and 15 kg live weight, and also between 20 and 25 kg groups. Heavy carcasses (20 and 25 kg) showed a more hard and springy meat than light carcasses (10 and 15 kg). Besides, the 10 and 15 kg animals group received higher scores for pleasantness. This work showed differences in suckling lambs’ meat sensory parameters between Rubia de El Molar and other ovine breeds.

Effect of Production System (Intensive and Free-Range), Slaughter Age and Gender on Nutrient and Fatty Acid Composition of Meat in Partridges (Alectoris chukar)

This study was conducted to determine the effect of production system, slaughter age, and gender on the nutrient composition, fatty acids profile, and index values of breast and thigh meat in Alectoris chukar partridges. Partridges were slaughtered at 14, 16, and 18 weeks of age and skinless breast and thigh meat of male and female were used in the study (a total of 96 samples in 2 replicates). The production system affected only the crude fat level of the thigh meat in terms of nutrient composition and it was found higher in the intensive system compared to the free-range system. Age and gender did not significantly affect the composition of breast and thigh meat. In terms of fatty acid profile, erucic acid (C22:1n9) level in breast meat was higher in intensive system, while it was higher in thigh meat in free-range. While the percentage of docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3) increased with age in breast meat, it decreased in thigh meat with age. While eicosenoic acid (C20:1) percentage was higher in breast meat of male birds compared to females, only stearic acid (C18:0) was found to be higher in thigh meat. Saturated fatty acids (SFA), linolenic acid (n3), thrombogenic index (TI) and atherogenic index (AI) values were higher in thigh meat produced in free-range system, while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), linoleic acid (n6) and hypocholesterolaemic / hypercholesterolaemic ratio (h/H) were significantly higher in intensive system. While SFA and TI levels in thigh meat decreased with age, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), UFA and oleic acid (n9) percentages increased. MUFA / SFA in thigh meat of females was higher than males, other indexes were found insignificant. The results shows that partridges had desirable fatty acid composition. Especially, the increase in MUFA and UFA values with age in thigh meat compared to breast indicates that thigh meat is enriched in terms of unsaturated fatty acids. However, the higher SFA and AI values obtained in the free-range system could be considered a negative outcome for alternative production systems that prioritize bird welfare and consumer demands.

IMPACT OF FEED WITHDRAWAL IN DIFFERENT PERIODS ON CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF FEMALE BROILER CHIKS

The study was designed at the Bakrajo Poultry Farm, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimami, Iraq. The research aimed to evaluate the impact of feed withdrawal on carcass cutting and the chemical composition of the female meat of broiler chickens. Three hundred female broiler (Ross 308) randomly distributed into 4 treatment groups with 5 replicates of 15 chicks each. The treatment groups included control T1 with no removal of feed and T2, T3, and T4 with, 6hr, 9hr. and 12 hrs. per 24hr. removal of feed respectively. Two females were randomly selected from each replication based on body weight, weighed alive and sacrificed to estimate the percentage of weight for carcass cuts. The results showed that the percentage of dressings increased in the amount of feed withdrawal in T2, also the abdominal fat was an improvement in T2, with substantial improvement (p>0.05) for breast percentage in T2 as well. However, no major differences were found in the thigh and drumstick percentage of female broiler chicken. The effect of treatments was not significant differences on viscera oranges. Overall, withdrawal of feed for 6hr lead to increase dressing and breast percentage also by these methods can decrease abdominal fat pad and declining feed costs of female’s broilers.

Occurrence and health risk assessment of residual heavy metals in the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir Sinensis) is a popular aquatic product in China. However, these crabs accumulate heavy metals from the ecosystem. The occurrence, source, and risk assessment of heavy metals in crabs from the main production area in China were investigated. The abundance of the metals in crabs was Mn >> As > Se > Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb> Hg. Each metal was present at a level less than the national standard (A standard for the limits of contaminants in food from China). Agricultural activities, industrial discharges, and urban sewage were the three main sources of heavy metals accumulation in Chinese mitten crab. Based on an assessment of the target hazard quotient (THQ), arsenic is the most harmful heavy metal in the crabs. In addition, mercury and lead also pose risks. The results indicate that the estimated daily intake (EDI) of mitten crabs in China would not pose a high dietary risk. (THQ < 1). The brown crab meat of females has a higher dietary risk than comparable tissues in males.

Etlik Hindilerde Yerleşim Sıklığının Bazı Et Kalite Parametrelerine ve Et Lezzetine Etkileri

One of the most important factors in turkey meat production is the effects of stocking density on meat quality as it is a favored source of animal protein consumed in the world as it is in our country. This issue, may have important effects on meat quality, is also regarded as a parameter that can make a difference in terms of meat flavor. In the study, the subject was worked on both sides. In the study, Hybrid Converter white meat turkey poults were used after numbering right after hatch. The study was carried out on 200 turkeys with 30, 40, 50 and 60 kg live weights per square meter, with 25 different poults per pen, separated by male and female in different sized pens. The study was carried out for 16 weeks in females and 20 weeks in males. The slaughtering was carried out under Islamic conditions and the necessary data were obtained from the animals to determine the parameters related to meat quality. Findings obtained from the study were subjected to statistical analysis and the effects of meat quality and taste on the meat of these animals were evaluated in terms of general stocking density applications in our country and the results were evaluated. Despite the fact that the meat quality was not seriously affected in terms of stocking density, better results were obtained in terms of appearance of meat in thigh and generally in breast meat of females with decreasing stocking density.

Study on biochemical divergences of the meat and egg of freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii).

Aquaculture of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) is an important fishery sector in Asian countries. The biochemical characteristics including proximate compositions and taste components of cultured freshwater prawns were analyzed for different gender and their egg. Freshwater prawns contained moisture ranging from 77.51% to 78.37%, protein with 19.56 to 19.91%, and low levels of lipid and ash around 0.2 and 1%, respectively. The moisture and protein contents of egg samples (72.82 and 15.61%, respectively) were lower than meat samples, whereas for the lipid content, it was otherwise significantly higher than the meat samples. The male and female meat samples of freshwater prawns were rich in free amino acids (FAAs), namely 1756 to 1725 mg/100 g with arginine, proline, glycine, glutamic acid, lysine, alanine, and taurine being the predominant compounds. On the contrary, the FAA amount of egg (590 mg/100 g) was remarkably lower than meat samples. The ATP‐related compounds in freshwater prawn meat ranged from 8.26 to 8.80 μmole/g, majorly composed of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and inosine 5’‐monophosphate (IMP). The ATP‐related values in egg sample (28.33 μmole/g) were significantly higher with IMP (18.48 μmole/g) and AMP (5.44 μmole/g) being the predominant compounds. The pH values of male and female meats were neutral, whereas this value in egg sample was acidic (6.5). Urea content in egg sample was detected at huge value (58.35 μmole/g), whereas it was not detected in meat samples. These findings have established useful information for product developers to utilize the meat and eggs of freshwater prawns. In addition, the assessment of FAAs, ATP‐related compounds, and quality index (pH and urea content) was also established to give fundamental criteria to evaluate the quality of fresh M. rosenbergii.

Carcass characteristics and serum biochemical profile of Japanese quail by the supplementation of pine needles and vitamin E powder

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of pine needles and vitamin E powder on blood biochemistry and carcass characteristics of female Japanese quails. A total of 180 female Japanese quails were obtained from the open market and maintained at deep litter housing pens system for 42 days. After adaptation, all female quails were divided into the following groups, group 1, control QC; group 2, QE; supplemented with vitamin E at the rate of 150 mg L−1; group 3, QP; pine needles at the rate of 150 mg L−1and group 4, QEP; the combination of both. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and total cholesterol (TC) were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by QE and QP groups as compared to QC and QEP groups. Triglyceride (TG), total protein (TP), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly (p < 0.05) increased in all treatment groups except for the QC group. Aspartate transaminase was (AST) significantly (p < 0.05) increased and alanine transaminase (ALT) was decreased in treatment groups as compared to QC. The concentration of Zinc (Zn), female breast meat composition, and the content of crude fat were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in treatments groups than in QC. The addition of pine needles and vitamin E in female Japanese quail feed, improved female quail performance, and serum antioxidant system.