Measures Of Socioeconomic Conditions Research Articles

How life course socioeconomic conditions shape multimorbidity in old age – a scoping review

Abstract Multimorbidity is the co-existence of two or more chronic conditions in the same individual and is highly prevalent in ageing populations. Inequity in multimorbidity in old age could have socioeconomic roots that can be traced across the life course. It is, however, unclear if adverse socioeconomic conditions (SEC) at different periods of the life course predict the occurrence of multimorbidity in later life. We reviewed, therefore, studies assessing the association between life course SEC, measured at min. two time points, and later-life multimorbidity. We identified four studies (25,209 participants) with the first measure of SEC in childhood. In these four studies, childhood SEC was associated with multimorbidity in old age, and the associations were partially or fully attenuated upon adjustment for later-life SEC. We identified five studies (91,236 participants) with the first measure of SEC in young adulthood, and the associations with multimorbidity in old age as well as the effects of adjustment for later-life SEC differed from one study to the other. In conclusion, SEC in early life could have an effect on multimorbidity, attenuated at least partly by SEC in adulthood. Our results suggest that interventions and health promotion aiming to reduce the risk of multimorbidity in old age should target early-life socioeconomic conditions.

Peran Belanja Modal Pemerintah Dan Investasi Pembangunan Manusia Dalam Mengurangi Tingkat Kemiskinan Di Indonesia

Poverty is a measure of socio-economic conditions in assessing the success of development undertaken by a government in a region. There are many negative impacts resulted from poverty, among others, social and economic problems. People who live in poverty usually suffer from malnutrition, poor health, high illiteracy rates, are in poor environment and in lack of access to infrastructure and adequate public services. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of human development and government capital expenditure on reducing poverty in Indonesia. The model was estimated by using 2SLS method. Several simulations was also conducted to look at the impact of the allocations of government expenditure on health, education and government capital expenditure on reducing poverty. The results showed that government capital expenditure and human development have significant impacts on reducing poverty in Indonesia with government expenditure on education gives the greatest impact.

Life course socioeconomic conditions and multimorbidity in old age – A scoping review

Multimorbidity disproportionally affects individuals exposed to socioeconomic disadvantage. It is, however, unclear how adverse socioeconomic conditions (SEC) at different periods of the life course predict the occurrence of multimorbidity in later life. In this scoping review, we investigate the association between life course SEC and later-life multimorbidity, and assess to which extent it supports different life course causal models (critical period, sensitive period, accumulation, pathway, or social mobility). We identified four studies (25,209 participants) with the first measure of SEC in childhood (before age 18). In these four studies, childhood SEC was associated with multimorbidity in old age, and the associations were partially or fully attenuated upon adjustment for later-life SEC. These results are consistent with the sensitive period and the pathway models. We identified five studies (91,236 participants) with the first measure of SEC in young adulthood (after age 18), and the associations with multimorbidity in old age as well as the effects of adjustment for later-life SEC differed from one study to the other. Among the nine included studies, none tested the social mobility or the accumulation models. In conclusion, SEC in early life could have an effect on multimorbidity, attenuated at least partly by SEC in adulthood.

Assessing Google Street View Image Availability in Latin American Cities

Virtual audits using Google Street View are an increasingly popular method of assessing neighborhood environments for health and urban planning research. However, the validity of these studies may be threatened by issues of image availability, image age, and variance of image age, particularly in the Global South. This study identifies patterns of Street View image availability, image age, and image age variance across cities in Latin America and assesses relationships between these measures and measures of resident socioeconomic conditions. Image availability was assessed at 530,308 near-road points within the boundaries of 371 Latin American cities described by the SALURBAL (Salud Urbana en America Latina) project. At the subcity level, mixed-effect linear and logistic models were used to assess relationships between measures of socioeconomic conditions and image availability, average image age, and the standard deviation of image age. Street View imagery was available at 239,394 points (45.1%) of the total sampled, and rates of image availability varied widely between cities and countries. Subcity units with higher scores on measures of socioeconomic conditions had higher rates of image availability (OR = 1.11 per point increase of combined index, p < 0.001) and the imagery was newer on average (− 1.15 months per point increase of combined index, p < 0.001), but image capture date within these areas varied more (0.59-month increase in standard deviation of image age per point increase of combined index, p < 0.001). All three assessed threats to the validity of Street View virtual audit studies spatially covary with measures of socioeconomic conditions in Latin American cities. Researchers should be attentive to these issues when using Street View imagery.

How does perinatal maternal mental health explain early social inequalities in child behavioural and emotional problems? Findings from the Wirral Child Health and Development Study.

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess how maternal mental health mediates the association between childhood socio-economic conditions at birth and subsequent child behavioural and emotional problem scores.MethodsAnalysis of the Wirral Child Health and Development Study (WCHADS), a prospective epidemiological longitudinal study of the early origins of child mental health (n = 664). Household income at 20-weeks gestation, a measure of socio-economic conditions (SECs) in pregnancy, was the main exposure. The outcome measure was externalising and internalising problems, as measured by the Child Behaviour Checklist at 5 years. We assessed the association of household income with child behavioural outcomes in sequential linear models adjusting for maternal mental health in the pre- and post- natal period.ResultsChildren of mothers in more disadvantaged households had higher scores for externalising behaviour with a difference of 3.6 points comparing the most affluent to the most disadvantaged families (the socio-economic (SEC) gap). In our regression model adjusting for baseline confounders, comparing children of mothers in the most disadvantaged households to the least disadvantaged, we found that most disadvantaged children scored 45 percentage points (95% CI 9, 93) higher for externalising problems, and 42% of this difference was explained in the fully adjusted model. Adjusting for prenatal maternal depressive symptomology attenuated the SEC gap in externalising problems by about a third, rendering the association non-significant, whilst adjusting for pre- and post-natal maternal mental health attenuated the SEC gap by 42%. There was no significant relationship between household income and internalising problems.ConclusionSocial disadvantage is associated with higher child externalising behaviour problems score at age 5, and about 40% of this was explained by maternal perinatal mental health. Policies supporting maternal mental health in pregnancy are important to address the early emergence of inequalities in child mental health.

Simulating the impact of poverty reduction on social inequalities in adolescent mental health in the UK: a causal mediation analysis using the UK Millennium Cohort Study

BackgroundAdolescent mental health is poor in the UK, with higher prevalence of poor mental health in adolescents living in poverty. However, little experimental evidence exists to understand the potential impact of poverty reduction on inequalities in mental health in the UK population. We aimed to fill this gap by assessing the effect of poverty reduction with a hypothetical intervention on adolescent mental health. MethodsWe simulated the effect on inequalities in adolescent mental health of a hypothetical intervention that lifts all families with children out of poverty, using a population-representative sample of 11 564 adolescents followed up to age 14 years in the UK Millennium Cohort Study (MCS). Our measure of socioeconomic conditions (SECs) at birth was maternal education dichotomised as low (GCSE all grades D–G or lower, or no qualifications) versus high (GCSE grades A–C, or above). Our outcome was socioemotional behaviour problems (yes or no) as measured by parent-rated Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire total difficulty score of ≥17. We estimated the controlled direct effect, and proportion eliminated, of SECs on mental health after blocking the mediating pathway, of ever being exposed to poverty (<60% of median of equivalised household income) in all six MCS waves; we used marginal structural models with stabilised inverse probability weights accounting for confounding (exposure–mediator and mediator–outcome). Multiple imputation was used to handle missing data. Findings4105 (35%) of 11 564 of the families were ever exposed to poverty in at least one MCS wave. Compared with adolescents from high SEC families, those from low SEC families had increased risk of socioemotional behaviour problems at age 14 years (relative risk 1·97, 95% CI 1·64–2·37]. When all families were hypothetically lifted out of poverty, the risk of socioemotional behaviour problems at age 14 years was reduced substantially (1·07, 1·03–1·11, proportion eliminated 93%). Our results appear robust in the presence of moderate unmeasured confounding by unknown confounders. InterpretationSocial inequalities in adolescent mental health in the UK could be substantially reduced by lifting families out of poverty. Limitations include the self-reported income measure in the MCS and the assumption of no unmeasured confounding that is required for causal interpretation. FundingFunded by the MRC on a Clinician Scientist Fellowship (MR/P008577/1) (for DT-R and ETCL).

PERAN BELANJA MODAL PEMERINTAH DAN INVESTASI PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA DALAM MENGURANGI TINGKAT KEMISKINAN DI INDONESIA

Poverty is a measure of socio-economic conditions in assessing the success of development undertaken by a government in a region. There are many negative impacts resulted from poverty, among others, social and economic problems. People who live in poverty usually suffer from malnutrition, poor health, high illiteracy rates, are in poor environment and in lack of access to infrastructure and adequate public services. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of human development and government capital expenditure on reducing poverty in Indonesia. The model was estimated by using 2SLS method. Several simulations was also conducted to look at the impact of the allocations of government expenditure on health, education and government capital expenditure on reducing poverty. The results showed that government capital expenditure and human development have significant impacts on reducing poverty in Indonesia with government expenditure on education gives the greatest impact. Keywords: Capital, Expenditure, Government, Human Development, Poverty

PERAN BELANJA MODAL PEMERINTAH DAN INVESTASI PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA DALAM MENGURANGI TINGKAT KEMISKINAN DI INDONESIA

Poverty is a measure of socio-economic conditions in assessing the success of development undertaken by a government in a region. There are many negative impacts resulted from poverty, among others, social and economic problems. People who live in poverty usually suffer from malnutrition, poor health, high illiteracy rates, are in poor environment and in lack of access to infrastructure and adequate public services. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of human development and government capital expenditure on reducing poverty in Indonesia. The model was estimated by using 2SLS method. Several simulations was also conducted to look at the impact of the allocations of government expenditure on health, education and government capital expenditure on reducing poverty. The results showed that government capital expenditure and human development have significant impacts on reducing poverty in Indonesia with government expenditure on education gives the greatest impact. Keywords: Capital, Expenditure, Government, Human Development, Poverty

Dental caries experience in children at public and private schools from a city with fluoridated water

The aim of this study was to verify the relationship between type of school as a measure of socioeconomic conditions and caries prevalence among preschoolers and schoolchildren in Rio Claro, São Paulo State, Brazil, a city with fluoridated water supply. The data were secondary, from a sample of 888 children 5 to 12 years old enrolled in private and public schools. Caries was measured by the dmft and DMFT indices as well as the Care index. Qui-square and Mann-Whitney tests were utilized with 5% significance. In 5-year-old children, mean dmft was 2.50, and 42.20% were caries-free. At age 12, mean DMFT was 2.70 and 28.90% were caries-free. Caries prevalence rates in public schoolchildren as compared to private were 74.50% and 61.20%, respectively (p < 0.0001), and the dmft and DMFT scores were the highest in public schoolchildren (p < 0.05). The Care Index was higher in private schoolchildren (71.20%) as compared to public (52.80%). Highest caries rates were found among public schoolchildren, so the variable type of school proved sensitive for discriminating different oral health conditions; however limitations need to be recognized, suggesting that other variables should be assessed.

Socioeconomic conditions in childhood and mortality in adulthood - a follow-up study in two areas of Finland 1959-74

The aim of the present study is to determine whether there is in Finland a relationship between socioeconomic conditions in childhood and mortality in adulthood. The author additionally questions whether deaths due to coronary heart disease cardiovascular diseases and causes other than cardiovascular diseases show the same relationship that total mortality does to socioeconomic conditions in childhood. Mortality differences are also analyzed by height and by region. Data are from the East-West study which included 823 men in East Finland and 888 men in West Finland. The men were initially examined in 1959. Men born between 1900 and 1919 were then medically examined again in 1964 1969 and 1974. Occupation and farm size of the father (or mother if father was deceased) are used as the measure of socioeconomic conditions in childhood. Data are also taken from parish registers the study of the Committee of Landless People and the agricultural censuses of 1910-1930. (EXCERPT)