Measures Of Psychological Adjustment Research Articles

Key demographics and psychological skills associated with adjustment to progressive Multiple Sclerosis early in the diagnosis.

Background/purposeBeing diagnosed with a progressive type of multiple sclerosis (MS) has been associated with worse psychological outcomes compared to relapsing-remitting type. Previous studies of adjustment to MS have primarily focused on relapsing-remitting type MS. The present study aims to examine psychological adjustment for people newly diagnosed with progressive multiple sclerosis.MethodsThis was a multicenter cross-sectional survey of 189 people newly diagnosed with progressive MS. A composite measure of psychological adjustment was created from questionnaires measuring psychological distress, positive affect, perceived-stress, life satisfaction and self-concept. Predictor variables included coping strategies, social support, relationship with partner, psychological vulnerability, MS-related beliefs, and responses to symptoms. Data were analysed using a regularised regression model to indicate which group of all variables are associated with adjustment.ResultsPeople who were older (b = 0.17(0.07), p = 0.02), in employment (b = 0.40 (0.17), p = 0.01), and with lower illness severity (b = −0.24 (0.08), p = 0.001) showed better adjustment. Based on a Lasso regression, the most important psychological and demographic variables associated with lower adjustment (out-of-sample cross-validation R2 = 62.6%) were lower MS self-efficacy and higher avoidance, cognitive vulnerability, embarrassment avoidance, conflict, helplessness, and secondary progressive MS type.Conclusions and implicationsHelping newly diagnosed people to find ways to tolerate anxiety-causing situations by encouraging acceptance may help people adjust to progressive MS by lowering their avoidance. Further, building confidence in managing the illness and addressing relationship issues are key focus areas in psychological interventions for people with progressive multiple sclerosis.

College students' cyberloafing and the sense of meaning of life: The mediating role of state anxiety and the moderating role of psychological flexibility.

BackgroundWith the gradual penetration of network media into various fields of people's life, the relationship between network behavior and the sense of meaning of life is bound to be closer and closer. The purpose of this study is to explore the mediating role of state anxiety between cyber loafing and the sense of meaning of life, and the moderating role of psychological flexibility in this mediating relationship.MethodologyWith 964 undergraduates recruited as subjects three-wave-time-lagged quantitative research design was conducted in China. All participants were required to complete a self-reported electronic questionnaire. Then, the mediating mechanism and moderating effect were explored with utilization of SPSS25.0.ResultsThe results showed that cyberloafing had significant negative correlation with the sense of meaning of life. Our analysis testing the mediating effect showed that state anxiety partially mediated the relationship between cyberloafing and the sense of meaning of life (indirect effect = −0.05, p < 0.01,), while the mediating effect was 31.25% of the total effect. Our analysis testing the moderating effect showed that psychological flexibility significantly moderated the relationship between cyberloafing and state anxiety (interaction effect = −0.26, p < 0.01). And our analysis testing the moderated mediating effect showed that psychological flexibility played a moderating role in the mediating effect of state anxiety.ConclusionBased on the findings of this study, college students' cyberloafing negatively affects their sense of meaning of life. Therefore, appropriate measures should be taken to supervise and restrict college students' Internet use and provide them with corresponding guidance; certain psychological adjustment measures should also be taken when necessary to help college students with low psychological flexibility in reducing their state anxiety and improving their sense of meaning of life.

Personality Traits, Cognitive Styles, Coping Strategies, and Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown on Healthy Youngsters.

The objective of the present study was to explore possible changes in the psychological wellbeing of young healthy students during the initial 14 days of the COVID-19 general lockdown that occurred in March of 2020, and if there was any relation with specific personality traits (neuroticism, psychoticism, and extraversion), cognitive styles (internal and external locus of control and intolerance of uncertainty), and coping strategies. One hundred twenty-two university students aged from 18 to 29 years participated in the study. The dispositional factors were assessed at the beginning of the study, while measures of psychological adjustment (anxiety, depression, and self-perceived health) were taken in three different assessment stages, employing validated questionnaires and scales. Anxiety and depression scores significantly increased after one week of lockdown, reaching a plateau pattern by the second week. The levels of self-perceived mental health, vitality, and quality of life showed a pattern of sustained progressive decrease, with a more acute lessening during the first week. Neuroticism, intolerance of uncertainty, and negative autofocus were associated to worse levels of psychological adjustment. These individual differences might be taken into consideration when designing prevention programs aiming to dampen the psychological impact of a general lockdown in healthy population.

Testing a Model of Resilience in Family Members of Relatives with Traumatic Brain Injury vs Spinal Cord Injury: Multigroup Analysis

ObjectiveTo test a model comprising explanatory (neurologic impairment, coping, personality) and mediating (resilience, self-efficacy, hope, social support) variables on psychological adjustment and burden among family caregivers of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) vs spinal cord injury (SCI). DesignStructural equation modeling with multigroup analysis. SettingSix rehabilitation centers across New South Wales and Queensland, Australia. ParticipantsA total of 181 family members (N=181; 131 TBI, 50 SCI). InterventionsNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasuresConnor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Ways of Coping Questionnaire, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Herth Hope Scale, Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey; and 4 measures of psychological adjustment including: Caregiver Burden Scale, Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form-36 (SF-36), General Health Questionnaire-28, and Positive and Negative Affect Scale. ResultsThe model for the aggregated sample demonstrated a very good model fit (χ2=47.42, df=39, ρ=0.167, normed fit index=.962, incremental fit index=.993, Tucker-Lewis index=.985, comparative fit index=.993, root-mean-squared error of approximation=.035). Multi-group analysis found significant commonalities in the pattern of relationships among variables across the 2 groups. In the only differences found, neuroticism was significantly more influential on burden in family members supporting individuals with TBI than family members of individuals with SCI. Furthermore, problem-focused coping was statistically more influential on positive affect in family members of individuals with TBI when compared with family members of individuals with SCI. ConclusionsThe study found significant similarities in the patterns of resilience and psychological adjustment among family caregivers of individuals with TBI and SCI.

Examination of the Social Emotional Assets and Resilience Scales (SEARS) Youth Report: Factor Structure, Measurement Invariance, and Validity.

The Social and Emotional Assets and Resilience Scale (SEARS) is a promising instrument for prediction of resilience in youth; however, there is limited data to support its use. The purpose of the current study was to examine the factor structure, measurement invariance, internal consistency, and validity of the SEARS-Adolescent Report in youth 8 to 20 years of age. Two hundred and twenty-five childhood cancer survivors (Mage = 15.9, SD = 4.2; 51.4% male; 74.5% White) and 122 student controls without history of significant health problems (Mage = 14.2, SD = 3.5; 54.1% female; 79.5% White) 8 to 20 years of age completed the SEARS-A. The SEARS-A was found to have an adequate factor structure and model fit (χ2 = 1215.5, p < .001; root mean square error of approximation = .057; comparative fit index = .95; standardized root mean square residual = .06) and demonstrated invariance across domains of age, health status, gender, race, and socioeconomic status (Δ comparative fit index < -0.01). It also demonstrated excellent internal reliability, criterion validity, and current validity when compared with another well-established measure of psychological adjustment. As such, the SEARS-A has potential to be a useful, valid, and psychometrically sound tool for predicting social-emotional adjustment outcomes among at-risk youth 8 to 20 years of age.

Achieving Consensus in the Measurement of Psychological Adjustment: A Reply and Reflection

Achieving Consensus in the Measurement of Psychological Adjustment: A Reply and Reflection

In-session intimacy processes and treatment outcomes for 2 couple-focused interventions for prostate cancer patients and their spouses

Background: In a previous study, we compared the efficacy of intimacy-enhancing therapy (IET) a couple-focused intervention based on the Relationship Intimacy Model of couples’ psychosocial adaptation to cancer, and compared it with a General Health and Wellness (GHW) treatment and Usual Care. IET had limited effects on couples’ psychological adjustment and relationship satisfaction, and any benefits were short-lived. Understanding why treatments do not work is an important step in improving their efficacy. Toward this end, this study examined associations between intimacy processes targeted by IET (disclosure, responsiveness, closeness) and post-treatment outcomes. Methods: Patients with localized prostate cancer and their partners (n = 137) participated. Couples rated self- and partner disclosure, perceived partner responsiveness, and how close they felt to their partner during sessions and completed measures of psychological adjustment, depression, cancer distress and concerns, and relationship satisfaction and relationship intimacy at baseline and 6 months post-baseline. Results: In both treatments, patients who reported more self-disclosure during sessions perceived that their partner disclosed to them, and perceived greater partner responsiveness during sessions and reported better post-treatment outcomes. Increases in self-disclosure did not predict post-treatment outcomes, but patients who perceived increases in their spouses’ disclosure and responsiveness in sessions reported higher post-treatment relationship intimacy. Some results were contrary to our predictions. Conclusions: Increases in disclosure, responsiveness, and closeness were not predictive of better post-treatment outcomes in either IET or GHW, which may partially explain the lack of a significant treatment effect in the larger study. It is possible that the focus on disclosure and responsiveness did not solve or address the concerns that couples identified, and that increasing understanding is only a first step in an effective couple-focused treatment for couples dealing with prostate cancer.

Appraisals of disability and psychological adjustment in veterans with spinal cord injuries

Context/Objective: Following a spinal cord injury or disability (SCI/D), cognitive appraisals are a marker of psychological adjustment. The present study evaluated the clinical utility and discriminant validity of the Appraisals of DisAbility Primary and Secondary Scale – Short Form (ADAPSS-sf). The ADAPSS-sf was evaluated on 1. identification of individuals experiencing poor psychological adjustment and 2. prediction of life satisfaction beyond measures of emotional distress. Design: A retrospective study was completed using ROC analyses and odds ratios to identify the clinical utility of the ADAPSS-sf. In addition, blocked hierarchical regression explored the ADAPSS-sf predictive characteristics for satisfaction with life beyond measures of emotional distress. Setting: Veteran’s Health Administration SCI Center. Participants: Ninety outpatient veterans with SCI/Ds. Outcome Measures: Measures of psychological adjustment post-SCI/D included the PHQ-9, GAD-7, PC-PTSD, and the Diener Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The ADAPSS-sf was used as a measure of cognitive appraisals. Results: Results indicated the ADAPSS-sf is effective in identification of poor psychological adjustment, P < .001. Diagnostic odds ratios and ADAPSS-sf cut scores were selected to prioritize sensitivity (7.17, ≤ 11), specificity (68.25, ≥ 22), or a balance of the two (16.32, ≤ 19). Hierarchical regression indicated the ADAPSS-sf accounted for unique variance in life satisfaction beyond measures of emotional distress, (ΔR 2 = .20, β = −.66, t(89) = 6.54, P < .001). Conclusion: Results indicated SCI/D specific appraisals are predictive of concurrent poor psychological adjustment and provide insight into satisfaction with life beyond measures of emotional distress.

Sibling Violence and Psychological Adjustment: The Role of Maladaptive Coping and Maternal Authoritativeness

This study examined the phenomenon of sibling violence in Singapore. The underlying mechanisms through which maternal authoritativeness and maladaptive coping influenced psychological adjustment following sibling violence were also investigated. Questionnaires were administered to 287 female and 128 male Singaporean college students between the ages of 18 to 27. Results showed that lifetime and past-year prevalence estimates of sibling violence in college students in Singapore were 89.9% and 62.0%, respectively. Lifetime psychological sibling violence involvement and past-year sibling violence involvement (both physical and psychological) were significantly related to maladaptive coping and overall psychological adjustment; lifetime sibling violence involvement was significantly related to maternal authoritativeness, anxiety, and depression only. Maladaptive coping was found to be a significant mediator between past-year physical and psychological sibling violence involvement and two measures of psychological adjustment, anxiety and depression. Maternal authoritativeness functioned as a moderator only for the relationship between past-year psychological sibling violence exposure and psychological adjustment. At low but not high levels of maternal authoritativeness, past-year psychological violence involvement was significantly related to higher levels of anxiety and depression, and lower levels of self-esteem. These findings show that sibling violence is a pervasive problem in Asian countries as well, such as in Singapore. There is a need to educate both the public and the relevant authorities so that steps can be taken to protect those who have experienced or are at risk of experiencing such violence. Through elucidating the role of maternal authoritativeness and maladaptive coping, the present study also suggests new avenues for interventions to reduce the adverse effects of sibling violence. Limitations and future directions are also discussed.

Achieving Consensus in the Measurement of Psychological Adjustment to Cleft Lip and/or Palate at Age 8+ Years.

Consensus regarding optimal outcome measurement has been identified as one of the most important, yet most challenging developments for the future of cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) services. In 2011, a process began to adopt a shared conceptual framework and to identify a set of core outcome measures for the comprehensive assessment of psychological adjustment. The aim of the current article is to outline the collaborative process used to achieve consensus in the academic and clinical measurement of psychological adjustment to CL/P from the age of 8 years onward. A conceptual framework and corresponding parent- and self-reported outcome measures for use at ages 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, and 25 years have been agreed upon by clinicians, researchers, and patient and parent representatives. All measures have been evaluated according to their psychometric properties, clinical utility, ability to produce meaningful longitudinal data, and a range of pragmatic considerations. Although the collaborative process has been challenging and has required ongoing dedication from multiple stakeholders, consistency in data collection over time will allow for key research questions in CL/P to be addressed, both in the United Kingdom (UK) and internationally. The process has also demonstrated the clinical utility of the measures and the potential for the gradual integration of the measures into clinical practice. UK progress has sparked global interest, and the adaptation of the framework and its corresponding measures for worldwide use is now a prominent focus.

Capturing Resilience in Context: Development and Validation of a Situational Judgment Test of Resilience

ABSTRACT We developed a 40-item situational judgment test (R-SJT) to capture resilience in context. The scoring key was developed using a crowd-sourcing method (N = 100) and pilot-tested (N = 62). A new sample (N = 208) was used to investigate validity of the R-SJT scores. The R-SJT scores demonstrated acceptable levels of internal consistency, convergent validity, and evidence of better discriminant and criterion-related validity, compared to three Likert-type resilience measures. Scores on the R-SJT moderately correlated with the three resilience scales and personality measures including hardiness, negative affect, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. The R-SJT showed incremental validity beyond traditional resilience measures and personality for criterion measures of psychological adjustment (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress). The R-SJT appears to be a viable instrument to measure resilience.

PhD Imposter Syndrome: Exploring Antecedents, Consequences, and Implications for Doctoral Well-Being

PhD Imposter Syndrome: Exploring Antecedents, Consequences, and Implications for Doctoral Well-Being

The impact of military service on the mental health of older UK veterans: A qualitative study.

There may be ongoing psychological problems associated with military service later in life; yet as the elderly in the general population also suffer from mental health problems, whether such issues can be attributed to military service or are a feature of ageing remains unclear. This study aimed to explore veteran and nonveteran perceptions of the impact of their occupation on their psychological well-being later in life. Twenty-five veterans (≥65y); 25 nonveterans (≥65y); 10 veterans with diagnoses of mental health issues (≥65y); and a close companion of all participants (≥18y, spouse, child, and close friend) were recruited. Using a qualitative approach, participants completed semistructured qualitative interviews with measures of psychological adjustment used to describe the sample. Veterans were found to experience higher levels of workplace stress and trauma exposure compared with nonveterans. When such challenges were positively appraised, veterans described increased confidence and resilience. Social support in response to occupational stress was central to veteran and nonveteran well-being, especially for those with mental health problems. Nonetheless, providing support was challenging for close companions, with many feeling overwhelmed and requiring additional guidance from the veteran's clinical care team. The findings delineate the impact of occupation on the well-being of older veterans and nonveterans. The results illustrated the psychological support needs and formal guidance desired by veterans, nonveterans, and their families, which could ultimately improve coping of both the individual and family.

MON-149 The Impact of Diabetes Educational Videos in Diabetes Attitudes in a Brazilian Population

The purpose of this research is show the application of diabetes educational videos and the impact of them in Diabetes Attitudes, analyzing the results of the modified Diabetes Attitude Questionnaire ( ATT-19) before and after the videos. The ATT-19 is a questionnaire based on the measurement of psychological adjustment for diabetes (DM), developed in response to the needs of evaluation of psychological and emotional aspects about the disease. Consists of 19 items that include six factors: stress associated with DM, receptivity to treatment, confidence in treatment, personal effectiveness, health perception and social acceptance. It was a transversal study, with active intervention during The World Diabetes Day of The International Diabetes Federation that occurred at one Brazilian Military Hospital. They were outpatient and participated without identification. To be eligible, patients had to be diabetic and accept to participate watching the videos and answered the two questionnaires. The videos were a construction of the Service and showed to the patients three own made videos of almost two minutes each: Video of the Glycemic Control using the Glucometers with capillary blood finger sample and explaining how easy and safe it is; Video of the Glycemic Control using the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System instead of a routine finger stick; Video of the insulin injection with different pens. The videos were shown personally to each patient by the health professional, using smart cell phones and by televisions when they finished the two questionnaires to fix more the messages to home. They receive too the link of the videos to access them whatever they want and were challenged to show the videos to anybody that they imagine. All patients were able to demonstrate their ability to use a mobile phone and were with good vision. The patients with difficulty to write received help of the Health Professional that assisted them. The study enrolled 31 diabetic participants, 18 women and 13 men, ages between 47 and 80 years. Were excluded 05 patients that did not answer the two questionnaires or not complete them. Analyzing by Test T student the results suggest positive psychological influence of the application of the videos in questions 1 (p=0, 08), 2 (p=0, 09) and statistical significance in 13 (p=0, 05), appointing reduction of stress associated with diabetes and improvement in personal effectiveness. The majority of the patients (88%) after the videos admitted that they achieved new knowledge about diabetes and liked the intervention used to teach and help them. The intervention seems to be a very good tool to diabetes educators as an adjunct to usual diabetes care . The diabetics who have seen the videos improved their Diabetes Attitudes, this probably will reflect in their lifestyle, adherence and future glycemic control. More studies with great number of patients are necessary to confirm it.

Respuestas al afecto positivo y ajuste psicológico en la adolescencia

La investigación hasta la fecha ha prestado poca atención a la regulación del afecto positivo en la adolescencia. Nuestros objetivos fueron construir un cuestionario para evaluar las respuestas al afecto positivo en adolescentes y estudiar las relaciones que presentan con el ajuste psicológico. Una muestra de 1.810 adolescentes completó el cuestionario de respuestas al afecto positivo (con tres dimensiones: rumiación positiva centrada en la emoción, rumiación positiva centrada en uno mismo e inhibición) y tres autoinformes de ajuste psicológico (satisfacción vital, autoestima y síntomas depresivos). El cuestionario mostró buena fiabilidad por consistencia interna y la misma estructura factorial que estudios previos con adultos. Un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales indicó que las respuestas de rumiación positiva centrada en la emoción y en uno mismo se relacionaron positivamente con la satisfacción vital y la autoestima, y negativamente con los síntomas depresivos, mientras que la inhibición del afecto positivo presentó asociaciones opuestas.

Psychological morbidity in ovarian cancer: An alternative assessment method

AbstractStudies of psychological morbidity and quality of life in ovarian cancer (OC) patients have largely relied on self‐report measures despite substantial research questioning the confounding effects of denial and self‐deception in self‐report scores. This study investigated the use of the Early Memory Index (EMI) for detection of psychological distress among OC patients. Early Memory Index outcomes of 77 OC outpatients were compared with high and low distress scores on the Center for Epidemiological Studies‐Depression (CES‐D) and State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory Form‐Y (STAI‐S, STAI‐T). A higher percentage of participants scored as distressed on the EMI (51%) than the CES‐D (30%), STAI‐S (16%), and STAI‐T (21%). A sizable percentage (up to 48%) of low distress respondents on self‐report measures demonstrated illusory mental health on the EMI. Results support earlier research demonstrating self‐report scales’ limitation detecting psychological distress and the possibility of the EMI as an alternative screening measure of psychological adjustment in OC patients.

Measurement of psychological adjustment to diabetes with the diabetes acceptance scale

AimsTo develop a psychometric measure of diabetes acceptance. MethodsAn item pool was developed and pilot-tested using a sample of 220 people with diabetes; item selection resulted in the 20-item ‘Diabetes Acceptance Scale (DAS)’. 606 people with diabetes were then cross-sectionally assessed with the DAS to evaluate its reliability, validity and clinical utility; concurrent measurements included diabetes-related coping (FQCI), diabetes distress (PAID-5), depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), quality of life (EQ-5D), self-management (DSMQ), glycaemic control (HbA1c) and complications. ResultsInternal reliability was high (Cronbach's α = 0.96). Factorial and criterion-related results supported validity. Higher diabetes acceptance scores correlated with more functional coping styles, lower distress and depression levels, higher treatment adherence, better glycaemic control and better quality of life (all P < .001). Persons with low diabetes acceptance (22% of the sample) were four times more likely to have HbA1c values over 9.0% (75 mmol/mol), two times more likely to be diagnosed with long-term complications and each over two times more likely to have had episodes of severe hypoglycaemia and ketoacidosis in the past year; the prevalence of major depression in this group was fivefold increased (all P < .05). ConclusionsThe DAS is a reliable and valid tool to measure diabetes acceptance. It may help identify patients with significant problems of accepting diabetes, a putative high-risk group in need of tailored care and support.

An Investigation of Student Psychological Wellbeing: Honors Versus Nonhonors Undergraduate Education

The purpose of this study was to describe the current state of psychological wellbeing in gifted and nongifted undergraduate student sample populations and identify undergraduate populations experiencing heightened levels of distress within a large Midwestern public university. Study participants included 641 honors and 386 nonhonors undergraduate students. Each participant completed an electronic survey including a series of 10 measures of psychological adjustment to assess student psychological wellbeing. Significant differences between honors and nonhonors student sample populations were identified. Findings also suggest sophomore students share unique characteristics that may be responsible for lower levels of psychological wellbeing. Potential services that may improve the university undergraduate experience are discussed.

Achieving Consensus in the Measurement of Psychological Adjustment to Cleft Lip and/or Palate.

Psychological adjustment to cleft lip/palate is multifaceted and can fluctuate over time and across different situations. Consequently, a comprehensive understanding of adjustment is difficult to capture, and the challenge of achieving consensus among researchers and clinicians regarding key constructs and processes is considerable. Numerous measures have been used in research and clinical audit, resulting in conflicting findings and difficulties in evidencing the value of psychological intervention. The launch of the world's largest cleft lip/palate cohort study has provided an opportunity to standardize data collection across the United Kingdom. To describe the collaborative process used to achieve consensus in the academic and clinical measurement of psychological adjustment to cleft lip/palate. Extensive work based on existing literature and clinical experience has resulted in a conceptual framework comprising six domains of adjustment and corresponding risk/protective factors that are measureable across key developmental time points. Driven by this framework, a core pack of standardized measures has been selected according to psychometric properties, clinical utility, and pragmatic considerations. To date, these measures have been implemented within a UK-wide longitudinal cohort study (at diagnosis, 18 months, 3 years, 5 years, and 8 years) and adopted into the national routine clinical audit protocol for cleft lip/palate at age 5. Further data collection points will follow as the cohorts age. Over time, consistency in data collection will allow researchers to address some of the key unanswered questions in relation to psychological adjustment to cleft lip/palate.

Psychological assessment of mothers and their daughters at the time of diagnosis of precocious puberty.

BackgroundConcerns about psychological distress are often used to justify treatment of girls with precocious puberty, but there is little evidence to support these concerns. The extent to which psychological problems are associated with central precocious puberty (CPP) compared with other forms of early puberty in girls has likewise not been established.MethodsGirls presenting with untreated CPP, premature adrenarche (PA) or early normal puberty (ENP) were recruited from our pediatric endocrine clinic along with their mothers. Child psychological adjustment was assessed by child self-report and parent report. Parent self-reported personality, anxiety, and depression were also assessed. Differences between groups were explored using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s T3 test.ResultsSixty-two subjects (aged 7.5 ± 1.4 years, range 4.8-10.5) were enrolled, of whom 19 had CPP, 22 had PA, and 21 had ENP. Girls with ENP were significantly older (8.9 ± .9 years) than girls with CPP (6.9 ± 1.1 years, p < .001) and PA (6.6 ± 1.0 years, p < .001). Girls with PA had significantly higher BMI z-scores (1.7 ± .8) than girls with CPP (1.1 ± .6, p = .01) and ENP (1.2 ± .6, p = .04). More girls with PA and ENP were from racial minorities (47% and 50% respectively) than girls with CPP (32%). No group differences were found for any child measure of psychological adjustment. However, mothers of girls with PA scored significantly higher than mothers of girls with ENP on one measure of depression (p = .04) and stress (p = .01).ConclusionsWhile mothers of girls with PA report increased psychological distress on some measures, no differences in psychological adjustment were found at baseline amongst the girls themselves. Whether these results will change as puberty progresses in the PA and ENP groups or with treatment of CPP is unknown. Long-term prospective studies are needed in order to further investigate psychological correlates of early puberty in girls.