Measurement Of Oxidative Stress Markers Research Articles

Multifaceted Impacts of Monosodium Glutamate on Testicular Health: Insights into Pyroptosis and Therapeutic Potential of Resveratrol.

Monosodium glutamate was considered one of the food additive and flavor enhancer in processed meat and soup that affects testicular tissues, the aim of this research to investigates the impact of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on testicular structure in rats and explores the potential protective effects of resveratrol. Four experimental groups involved in our study 10 rats of each.: the first group as control group; the second group (Resveratrol group: control rats received 20 mg/kg of resveratrol, via oral gavage); the third group (MSG group: rats received monosodium glutamate (MSG) with a dose 60 mg/kg body weight daily, via gastric tube, and the fourth group (MSG+ Resveratrol group). Serum level of testosterone, FSH, LH, were measured. Testicular tissues were prepared for measurement of oxidative stress markers, and gene expression of NLRP3, Caspase 3, and GSK-3β. Moreover, paraffin blocks contained testicular tissue used for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Additionally, seminal smear from epididymis were examined. MSG administration adversely affected testosterone production, hormonal levels, and sperm parameters, Histological examination revealed marked testicular degeneration, and oxidative stress assessments indicated elevated level of MDA a lipid peroxidation marker and decrease in SOD, CAT antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, MSG-induced apoptotic and pyroptotic markers and its gene expressions. Importantly. Administration of resveratrol reversed the detrimental effects of MSG, demonstrating its corrective influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis disruption, improvement of sperm parameters, attenuation of oxidative stress, anti-apoptotic activity, and anti-pyroptotic effects. The expression of Ki-67 as a cell proliferation marker further supported the positive response to spermatogenesis dysfunction upon resveratrol treatment. This comprehensive exploration sheds light on the protective effect of resveratrol against MSG-induced testicular with exploration of its mechanistic role.

Psoriazis Vulgaris' li Hastalarda Oksidatif Stres Belirteci ve İskemi Modifiye Albümin Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Objective: As a systemic inflammatory skin disease, psoriasis vulgaris (PS) is associated with cellular immune mechanisms. We aimed to evaluate oxidative stress markers and ischemia modified albumin levels in patients with PS and controls.Materials and Methods: The participants (over age of 18) who applied to the dermatology outpatient clinic between September 2020 - May 2021 and diagnosed with PS (n=50) were enrolled into the study. Oxidative stress markers such as nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy 2-deoxy guanosine (8-OHdG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) parameters and ischemia modified albumin (IMA) levels in patients with PS and controls were evaluated.Results: A total of 100 volunteers, 50 with PS and 50 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. In the measurements of oxidative stress markers, GPX, 8-OHdG, MDA, IMA, IMA/Albumin and NO parameters were found to be statistically as significant between the patient and control groups. Also, SOD, 8-OHdG, IMA and NO were found to be statistically as significant between two psoriasis severity index (PASI) groups.Conclusion: Elevated levels of 8-OHdG, MDA, IMA, IMA/Albumin, NO and decreased levels of GPx were observed in patients with PS. To clarify this topic, further and comprehensive studies are needed.

Reaction dynamics and residue identification of haemoglobin modification by acrolein, a lipid-peroxidation by-product

Lipid hydroperoxides decompose to reactive aldehydes, such as acrolein. Measurement of oxidative stress markers in the clinic could improve risk stratification for patients. To aid the development of diagnostic oxidative stress markers, we defined the acrolein modifications of haemoglobin using mass spectrometry. Acrolein modifications have little effect on the secondary structure of haemoglobin. They do not disrupt the quaternary structure, but instead promote crosslinked octamers. For acrolein modified haemoglobin the response to O2 binding is altered such that cooperativity is lost. Mass spectrometry experiments at a 1:1 acrolein:haemoglobin molar ratio demonstrate that the α-chain quickly forms an aza-Michael adduct (+56Da), which then forms a more stable adduct, Nε-(3-methylpyridinium)lysine (MP-lysine, +76Da) over 7days. The β-chain remains relatively unchanged over the duration of the 7days and the aza-Michael adduct is dominant. At 2:1 and 5:1 molar ratios the α-chain was consistently modified at K7, H20, H50, and the β-chain at C93 and H97 with the aza-Michael adduct. Beyond 5h, an MP-adduct (+76Da) was located predominantly at K7 of the α-chain, while an FDP-adduct (+94Da) was observed at K95 of the β-chain. We have generated qualitative evidence identifying the acrolein target sites on haemoglobin, a potential oxidative stress marker that is easily measured in circulation. We provide data for the community to develop targeted mass spectrometric or immunometric assays for acrolein modified haemoglobin to further validate the potential of haemoglobin as an oxidative stress marker in patients .

Protective effects of octylseleno-xylofuranoside in a streptozotocin-induced mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Octylseleno-xylofuranoside (OSX) is an organic selenium compound which has previously shown antioxidant and antidepressant-like activities, trough the modulation of monoaminergic system and synaptic plasticity pathways. Since recent studies have suggested Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) as a potential risk factor or condition that precedes and correlates with Alzheimer's Disease (AD), this study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of OSX in an AD mouse model induced by intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (STZ). To address this protective effect, mice were pre-treated with intragastrical OSX (0.1 mg/kg) or vehicle for 20 days. After the pre-treatment, mice were submitted to two alternated intracerebroventricular infusions of STZ (days 21 and 23) or saline. 15 days after the last STZ injection, cognitive and memory skills of the treated mice were evaluated on object recognition test, Y-maze, stepdown passive avoidance and social recognition paradigms. Added to that, measurements of oxidative stress markers and gene expression were evaluated in brain samples of the same mice groups. Mice pre-treatment with OSX protected mice from cognitive and memory decline elicited by STZ. This effect was attributed to the prevention of lipid peroxidation and modulation of acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase activities in cerebral cortices and hippocampi by OSX treatment. Furthermore, OSX treatment demonstrated reduction of amyloidogenic pathway genes expression when compared to the control groups. Besides that, OSX treatment showed no hepatic and renal toxicity in the protocol used for treatment. Considering the antidepressant-like effect of OSX, together with the ability to prevent memory and cognitive impairment, this new compound may be an interesting strategy for targeting the comorbidity between MDD and AD, in a multitarget drug paradigm.

Sang-Yod rice bran hydrolysates alleviate hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, and oxidative stress in nitric oxide deficient hypertensive rats

Objective: To evaluate the potential therapeutic effect of Sang-Yod rice bran hydrolysates (SRH) and in combination with lisinopril against hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, and oxidative stress in rats with nitric oxide deficiency-induced hypertension. Methods: Hypertension was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by administration of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, Nω- nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in drinking water for 6 weeks. Hypertensive rats were administered daily with SRH (500 mg/kg/day), lisinopril (1 mg/kg/day), or the combination of SRH and lisinopril by gastric lavage for the last 3 weeks of L-NAME treatment. Hemodynamic status, vascular reactivity to vasoactive agents, and vascular remodeling were assessed. Blood and aortic tissues were collected for measurements of oxidative stress markers, plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, plasma angiotensin II, and protein expression. Results: L-NAME induced remarkable hypertension and severe oxidative stress, and altered contents of smooth muscle cells, elastin, and collagen of the aortic wall. SRH or lisinopril alone reduced blood pressure, restored endothelial function, decreased plasma ACEs and angiotensin II levels, alleviated oxidant markers and glutathione redox status, and restored the vascular structure. The effects were associated with increased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and decreased expression of gp91phox and AT1R expression. The combination of SRH and lisinopril was more effective than monotherapy. Conclusions: SRH alone or in combination with lisinopril exert an antihypertensive effect and improve endothelial function and vascular remodeling through reducing oxidative stress and suppressing elevated renin-angiotensin system.

Evaluation of anti-oxidant and oxidative stress parameters in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an important lung disorder. Tobacco smoking accounts for 80% of patients of COPD cases and the remaining 20% are due to exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, occupational dusts and chemicals, and indoor air pollution from biomass fuel used for cooking and heating in poorly ventilated buildings. The oxidative stress seen with COPD patients is due to the oxidants present in cigarette smoke and from increased amounts of reactive oxygen species released from leucocytes, from both in air spaces and blood. Materials and Methods: This was prospective, case-control study conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital (medicine department) from April 2015 to August 2015. After obtaining written informed consent a total of 84 participants were explained about the study. The anti-oxidant parameters i.e. Vitamin C and E, superoxide dismutase, whole blood reduced glutathione and oxidative stress markers i.e. malondialdehyde, serum nitric oxide were measured both in COPD patients and controls. The study was approved by institutional ethics committee. The results are expressed as mean and standard deviation of the parameters evaluated. The unpaired ‘t’ test wass used for comparing different biochemical parameters between cases and controls. The p value of < 0> Results & Discussion: There was no statistically significant difference in the demographic data between the cases and controls. Maximum patients were in stage 3 COPD. Tobacco smoking is an important cause for development of COPD by formation of reactive oxygen species and other free radicals There was statistically significant difference (p Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate a disturbance in oxidant/antioxidant status in COPD patients. The periodic measurements of oxidative stress markers and antioxidant status in COPD patients might be useful in prognosis of the disease. These results may contribute for the development of novel therape

A Novel Antioxidant Protects Against Contrast Medium-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Rats.

Many studies proposed that oxidative stress and apoptosis are key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI). Xylose-pyrogallol conjugate (XP) is an original effective antioxidant that showed decent antioxidant and anti-apoptosis effect before. Thus the therapeutic effect and mechanism of XP in preventing CI-AKI in the short and long term were investigated in this research. Renal function and histological grade were evaluated to determine the severity of renal injury. Kidney samples were then collected for the measurement of oxidative stress markers and the detection of apoptosis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and western blot of mitochondrial protein were utilized for the analysis of the mitochondrial conditions. The results demonstrated that the CI-AKI rats caused a significant decrease in renal function accompanied by a remarkable increase in Malondialdehyde (MDA), bax, caspase-3, cytochrome c (Cyt C) level, TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positive apoptotic cells, and damaged mitochondria, while a decline in antioxidase activities and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) expression compared with the control rats. However, when XP (50 or 100 or 200 mg/kg/day) was given orally for consecutive 7 days before CI-AKI modeling, XP (200 mg/kg) showed a better capability to restore renal dysfunction, histopathological appearance, the level of apoptosis, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, and fibrosis generation without interference in computed tomographic imaging. Our study indicated that antioxidant XP played a nephroprotective role probably via antiapoptotic and antioxidant mechanisms. Besides, XP may regulate the mitochondria pathway via decreasing the ratio of bax/bcl-2, inhibiting caspase-3 expression, cytochrome c release, and superoxide dismutase 2 activity. Overall, XP as a high-efficient antioxidant may have the potentials to prevent CI-AKI.

Protective Effect of Eichhornia Crassipes Against Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Normal and Diabetic rats

Eichhornia crassipes (EC) is well reported to modify inflammatory response, oxidative stress which are key pathophysiological finding of cerebral reperfusion injury, alongside it is reported to reduce cholesterol and blood glucose levels, and therefore present work was designed to investigate the effect of EC on cerebral reperfusion injury in normal and diabetic rats. Each protocol comprised cerebral ischemia (CI) for 30 min followed by reperfusion(R) for 1 h. Animals were treated with EC (100 mg/kg p.o) for seven days. At the end of the experiment, brain tissue was utilized for the measurement of oxidative stress markers, inflammatory response, infarct size and histopathological findings. EC treated rats demonstrated a significant reduction in infarct sizes when compared with CI/R and Diabetic CI/R (DCI/R) group of rats. EC treatment demonstrated a significant decreased in malondialdehyde, nitric oxide and blood glucose levels and a significant increase in the level of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase catalase and insulin levels, showed modification in oxidative stress. EC treatment confirmed a significant decrease in myeloperoxidase, C - reactive protein and TNF-α levels indicated a change in the inflammatory response. Histopathological findings revealed a reversal of damage in EC treated rats. EC treatmen reduced DNA fragmentation of brain tissue in treated animals. EC was found to be cerebroprotective against CI/R along with DCI/R group of rats by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

Heavy metals phycoremediation using tolerant green microalgae: Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems for the management of oxidative stress

Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious problems facing the world today. Given their toxicity and persistence in the environment, the treatment of these pollutants is of great concern. The use of microalgae is a promising solution for the remediation of metal-contaminated wastewater. In the present work, eight microalgae strains: Chlorella vulgaris, C. ellipsoidea, C. sorokiniana, C. pyrenoidosa, Scenedesmus dimorphus, S. obliquus, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and Aphanothece sp. were screened for their tolerance against heavy metals: copper (Cu(II)), chromium (Cr(VI)), lead (Pb(II)) and cadmium (Cd(II)). The outcomes revealed that S. obliquus was the most tolerant strain to Pb(II), with an EC50 value of 141 ppm. The phycoremediation potential of Pb(II) by this strain was carried out in scaling-up culture conditions. The Pb(II)-removal efficiency reached over fifty percent after 18 days of culture. The measurement of oxidative stress markers in S. obliquus cells after Pb(II) phycoremediation, showed a significant increase in the level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (MDA). Interestingly, non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, including α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, proline, ascorbate, and polyphenol production. Besides, the ROS-scavenging enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities were significantly higher in the biomass from Pb(II)-medium compared to the control medium. This indicates that the oxidative stress caused by Pb(II) ions in S. obliquus cells could be attenuated via these non-enzymatic and enzymatic pathways. Our study highlights S. obliquus as a promising strain for the phycoremediation of polluted effluents on a large-scale.

Assessment of living conditions in wild boars by analysis of oxidative stress markers

ABSTRACT This study demonstrated that it is possible to differentiate wild boars living in habitats with different animal densities by the measurement of oxidative stress markers. Therefore, reactive oxygen metabolites, the antioxidant barrier, i.e., the biological antioxidant potential and the antioxidative power (OXY-Adsorbent), as well as cortisol were measured in freely ranging wild boars. In two different areas of a State Forest in the Campania Region (Italy), 42 freely ranging, managed wild boars were captured with a corral trap, and blood samples were collected. The wild boars were divided by age (>1 year old and <1 year old) and sex (male and female). Animals in one area showed significantly higher values of oxidative stress parameters than those living in the other area. The annual boar censuses of areas highlighted a higher population density in the first area than in the second one, and this would explain the results obtained. Since the health or nutritional status of animals is reflected by oxidative stress, wild boars in areas with higher animal densities may live under worse conditions than animals in areas with lower densities which becomes evident by measuring oxidative stress markers. As cortisol in blood is only reflecting a short period, the measurement of oxidative stress level may be a better indicator to evaluate the living conditions of wild boars.

Lipid peroxidation in the descending thoracic aorta of rats deprived of REM sleep using the inverted flowerpot technique.

What is the central question of this study? Deprivation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is associated with increased oxidative stress, but its effects on the blood vessels are poorly documented. We investigated whether REM sleep deprivation induces oxidative stress and causes lipid peroxidation in the aorta. What is the main finding and its important? We demonstrate that REM sleep deprivation induces oxidative stress and mediates lipid peroxidation in the aorta. This can cause endothelial changes and increased blood pressure. These findings will contribute to the growing body of literature on the mechanism underlying the effects of sleep deprivation on cardiovascular disease. Oxidative stress-mediated lipid peroxidation is a known cause of endothelial injury or dysfunction. Deprivation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is associated with oxidative stress. To date, the pathogenesis of increased blood pressure after sleep deprivation remains poorly understood, particularly in the REM sleep phase. Our aim was to investigate the effects of REM sleep deprivation on blood vessels in the REM sleep-deprived rat model. Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four equal groups: free-moving control rats, rats deprived of REM sleep for 72h (REMsd), tank control rats and 72h sleep-recovered rats after 72h of REM sleep deprivation. The rats were deprived of REM sleep using the inverted flowerpot technique. Food consumption, body weight gain and systolic blood pressure were monitored. At the end of the experiment, the descending thoracic aorta was isolated for the measurement of oxidative stress markers. Despite a significant increase in food consumption in the REMsd group compared with the other groups, there was a significant reduction in body weight gain. Systolic blood pressure also showed a significant increase in the REMsd group compared with the other groups. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly lower and malondialdehyde concentrations significantly higher in the REMsd group compared with the other groups. Increased levels of malondialdehyde are suggestive of lipid peroxidation in the blood vessels, and oxidative stress may be attributed to the initiation of the process. The changes after REM sleep deprivation revert during sleep recovery. In conclusion, the findings of the present study provide convincing evidence that REM sleep deprivation induced lipid peroxidation, leading to endothelial damage.

Timing of Turmeric Consumption and Oxidative Stress

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to compare the effects of morning vs. evening consumption of turmeric on urine markers of oxidative stress. The hypothesis stated that turmeric's action to modulate transcription of diurnally regulated genes coding for oxidative defense proteins would be influenced by the timing of turmeric consumption. Methods Participants prepared for each of four lab visits by consuming a low-antioxidant diet for two days and fasting for 12 hours. After providing a baseline urine sample, participants consumed one of two test meals (5 g turmeric + 180 ml egg white or egg white alone) at one of two clock times (morning or evening). A 1-week washout separated each visit. Urine was collected in the lab at 1 hour post-meal and at home for the following 5 hours. Urine biomarkers of oxidative stress were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays; values were normalized to urine creatinine concentration. General Linear Models were used to predict biomarker levels over timepoints by turmeric intake and clock time. Results Participant (n = 4, 3 male) body mass index and age (median and range) were 33.3 (31.4–34.0) and 60.5 y (53–63). Urine 8-isoprostane concentration was significantly higher following consumption of the turmeric vs. control meal and after the 2-4-hour compared to 0-2-hour post-meal timepoint. The turmeric meal was not associated with urine malondialdehyde level. There was no significant interaction between turmeric consumption and clock time on either biomarker level. Conclusions Consuming turmeric at morning vs. evening did not differentially affect urine markers of oxidative stress. Studies of larger cohorts with measurements of oxidative stress markers over 24 hours would show whether these pilot results are generalizable. Funding Sources Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Foundation, McCormick Science Institute Research Award; Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Medical Nutrition Practice Group.

Administration of sodium hydrosulfide reduces remote organ injury by an anti-oxidant mechanism in a rat model of varicocele.

Objective(s):Infertility in varicocele may have an adverse outcome on the future life of an infertile male. This study was designed to investigate whether varicocele affects remote organs, including the kidney, liver, and brain. We have also evaluated the protective effects of NaHS administration on the structure and function of these organs.Materials and Methods:Thirty-six rats were randomly assigned to 3 experimental groups: 1) Sham, 2) Varicocele, and 3) Varicocele + sodium hydrosulfide. Varicocele was induced via partial ligation of the left renal veins. Animals in the Varicocele + sodium hydrogen sulfide group received 30 µmol/l NaHS in drinking water for 56 days. On the 57th day of the treatment, blood samples, as well as kidney, liver, and brain tissues, were collected to assess kidney and liver functions, measurement of oxidative stress markers, and histological changes. For evaluation of sperm parameters caudal epididymis was used. The behavioral tests were performed to evaluate the animal’s anxiety-related behaviors. Results:Varicocele caused significant decrease in sperm parameters (motility and viability) and superoxide dismutase activity in the kidney, liver, and brain tissue. Anxiety-related parameters decreased in varicocele. Moreover, varicocele resulted in a significant increase in malondialdehyde levels in the kidney, liver and brain tissue, and liver function enzymes. Varicocele did not alter kidney function parameters. The administration of NaHS improves the above parameters.Conclusion:This study showed that notice to remote organs such as the liver and brain beside reproductive organs in varicocele is important. The administration of NaHS improved remote organ injury in varicocele via its anti-oxidant mechanism.

Effects of Citrullus colocynthis L. in a rat model of diabetic neuropathy

ObjectiveThis study investigated the biochemical, histopathological and physiological effects of Citrullus colocynthis on peripheral neuropathy in rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. MethodsSeventy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were included in the present study. Diabetes was induced in 60 rats, with a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (65 mg/kg). After 4 weeks, the diabetic rats were assessed for neuropathy. Then, the diabetic rats with neuropathy were randomly divided into 6 groups for a 4-week treatment with gabapentin, oral administration of C. colocynthis fruit pulp powder (100 and 300 mg/kg per day), topical preparations as oil-based solution and ointment, or placebo. Changes in metabolic, physiological, biochemical and histological parameters were considered as treatment outcomes. ResultsMetabolic outcomes (body weight and blood glucose level) were improved in the C. colocynthis-treated groups as compared to placebo. Tail-flick and hot-plate tests also had lower latency in the C. colocynthis-treated groups. Measurement of oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and catalase) showed the antioxidant effect of C. colocynthis. Histological evaluation of the sciatic nerve showed that C. colocynthis decreased the number of demyelinated and degenerated nerve fibers. Among the C. colocynthis-treated groups, the one receiving 100 mg/kg power per day orally had the best treatment outcomes. ConclusionThe present study showed that C. colocynthis fruit, through its antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities, has a positive effect in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.

Novel chitosan oligosaccharide-based nanoparticles for gastric mucosal administration of the phytochemical "apocynin".

Background: Apocynin (APO) is a bioactive phytochemical with prominent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. Designing a nano-delivery system targeted to potentiate the gastric antiulcerogenic activity of APO has not been investigated yet. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is a low molecular weight chitosan and its oral nanoparticulate system for potentiating the antiulcerogenic activity of the loaded APO has been described here.Methods: COS-nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with APO (using tripolyphosphate [TPP] as a cross-linker) were prepared by ionic gelation method and fully characterized. The chosen formula was extensively evaluated regarding in vitro release profile, kinetic analysis, and stability at refrigerated and room temperatures. Ultimately, the in vivo antiulcerogenic activity against ketoprofen (KP)-induced gastric ulceration in rats was assessed by macroscopic parameters including Paul’s index and antiulcerogenic activity, histopathological examination, immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression level in ulcerated gastric tissue, and biochemical measurement of oxidative stress markers and nitric oxide (NO) levels.Results: The selected NPs formula with COS (0.5 % w/v) and TPP (0.1% w/v) was the most appropriate one with drug entrapment efficiency percentage of 35.06%, particle size of 436.20 nm, zeta potential of +38.20 mV, and mucoadhesive strength of 51.22%. It exhibited a biphasic in vitro release pattern as well as high stability at refrigerated temperature for a 6-month storage period. APO-loaded COS-NPs provoked marvelous antiulcerogenic activity against KP-induced gastric ulceration in rats compared with free APO treated group, which was emphasized by histopathological, IHC, and biochemical studies.Conclusion: In conclusion, APO-loaded COS-NPs could be considered as a promising oral phytopharmaceutical nanoparticulate system for management of gastric ulceration.

Development of small blood volume assays for the measurement of oxidative stress markers in mammals.

Measuring oxidative stress has become increasingly valuable in ecological studies, especially when different markers are measured on the same individual. However, many of the current methods lack sensitivity for analysis of low blood volume samples, which represent a challenge for longitudinal field studies of small organisms. Small blood volumes can usually only be analysed by using a single assay, therefore providing limited information on individual’s oxidative profile. In this study, we used blood collected from a population of wild eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) and modified methods presented in the literature to improve analytical selectivity and sensitivity required for small blood volumes. Specifically, we proposed a modified malondialdehyde (MDA) analysis protocol by HPLC and also optimized both the uric acid independent ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and hypochlorous acid shock capacity (HASC) assays. Development of the three modified methods was achieved with a sensitivity and repeatability that meets standards of field ecology while allowing measurement of all three assays in duplicate using less than 60 μL of plasma. Availability of these tests using small blood volumes will provide ecologists with a more comprehensive portrait of an individual’s oxidative profile and a better understanding of its determinants and interactions with the environment.

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Measurements of Reactive Oxygen Species by Cyclic Hydroxylamine Spin Probes.

Oxidative stress contributes to numerous pathophysiological conditions such as development of cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases. A variety of measurements of oxidative stress markers in biological systems have been developed; however, many of these methods are not specific, can produce artifacts, and do not directly detect the free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative stress. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is a unique tool that allows direct measurements of free radical species. Cyclic hydroxylamines are useful and convenient molecular probes that readily react with ROS to produce stable nitroxide radicals, which can be quantitatively measured by EPR. In this work, we critically review recent applications of various cyclic hydroxylamine spin probes in biology to study oxidative stress, their advantages, and the shortcomings. Recent Advances: In the past decade, a number of new cyclic hydroxylamine spin probes have been developed and their successful application for ROS measurement using EPR has been published. These new state-of-the-art methods provide improved selectivity and sensitivity for in vitro and in vivo studies. Although cyclic hydroxylamine spin probes EPR application has been previously described, there has been lack of translation of these new methods into biomedical research, limiting their widespread use. This work summarizes "best practice" in applications of cyclic hydroxylamine spin probes to assist with EPR studies of oxidative stress. Additional studies to advance hydroxylamine spin probes from the "basic science" to biomedical applications are needed and could lead to better understanding of pathological conditions associated with oxidative stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1433-1443.

Renal protective effects of thymoquinone against sodium nitrite-induced chronic toxicity in rats: Impact on inflammation and apoptosis

AimsSodium nitrite is a widely used color fixative and preservative. However, it has been reported to exert deleterious toxic effects on various body organs. Moreover, thymoquinone (TQ), the active constituent of Nigella sativa oil is known to possess beneficial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential protective effects of TQ against sodium nitrite-induced renal toxicity. Main methodsMale Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with sodium nitrite (80mg/kg, po, daily) in presence or absence of TQ (25 and 50mg/kg, po, daily). Morphological changes in renal sections were assessed by staining with Hematoxylin/Eosin and Periodic acid–Schiff. Renal homogenate was used for measurement of oxidative stress markers (MDA and GSH), inflammatory markers (CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-4) and apoptotic markers (caspase-3/caspase-8/caspase-9). Key findingsTreatment with sodium nitrite significantly increased markers of renal dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. These effects were markedly attenuated by TQ in dose dependent manner. SignificanceTQ has a potential protective effect against sodium nitrite-induced renal toxicity. This can be attributed to its ability to dampen oxidative stress, restore the normal balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and protect renal tissue form extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis.

Investigating the Effects of Ferula Szowitsiana (Ferula szowitsiana L.) on Antioxidant System Parameters in the Hippocampus of Male Rats to Follow Inducemultiple Sclerosis Disease

Introduction: Oxidative stress is resulting from the imbalance between free radicals and antioxidant system of the body. Increased oxidative stress in the brain causes impaired brain activity, neuronal death, and diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). In this study, the protective effect of Ferula szowitsiana plant against oxidative stress caused by cerebral ventricular injection of ethidium bromide was evaluated. Materials & methods: With direct single injection of 0.01 % ethidium bromide (EB) into the Cornu ammonis (CA1) of hippocampal formation the induction of MS was done. One week after MS induction, animals received intrahippocampal (5 μg/rat and 10 μg/rat) administration of the extract for 3 consecutive days. At the end, the bilateral hippocampi was dissected and used for the measurement of oxidative stress markers. Statistical analysis of the obtained data was performed using one-way ANOVA. Findings: Hippocampal injection of EB caused significant increment of total antioxidant capacity (p less-than 0.001) and activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD and decrease activity of CAT (p less-than 0.01). Short-term local injection of Ferula szowitsiana extract significantly reduced the total antioxidant capacity (p less-than 0.001) and activity of CAT and SOD enzymes (p less-than 0.001) to the normal levels. Discussion & conclusions: The results of the present study show that local injection of EB cause increasing production of the free radicals. The Ferula szowitsiana extract as a potent antioxidant modulates oxidative stress markers, probably through scavenging of reactive oxygen species )ROS( and clearing of free radicals from the cellular milieu.

Thymoquinone restores liver fibrosis and improves oxidative stress status in a lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation model in rats.

Liver fibrosis is the primary sign of chronic liver injury induced by various causes. Thymoquinone (TQ) is the major ingredient of Nigella sativa with several beneficial effects on the body. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of TQ on liver fibrosis in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in male rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=10 in each group) as follow: (1) control; (2) LPS (1 mg/kg/day; i.p); (3) LPS+TQ 2 mg/kg/day (i.p) (LPs+TQ2); (4) LPS+TQ 5 mg/kg/day (LPS+TQ5); (5) LPS+ TQ 10 mg/kg/day (LPS+ TQ10). After three weeks, blood samples were taken for evaluation of liver function tests. Then, the livers were harvested for histological evaluation of fibrosis and collagen content and measurement of oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde (MDA), total thiol groups, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity in tissue homogenates. LPS group showed higher levels of fibrosis and collagen content stained by Masson's trichrome in liver tissue with impaired liver function test and increased oxidative stress markers (p<0.05). Treatment by TQ restored liver fibrosis, improved liver function tests and increased the levels of anti-oxidative enzymes (SOD and catalase), while reduced MDA concentration (p<0.05). Treatment by TQ restores inflammation-induced liver fibrosis possibly through affecting oxidative stress status. It seems that administration of TQ can be considered as a part of liver fibrosis management.