Measurement Of Fat Content Research Articles

Biochemical Analysis of Fruiting Bodies of Cordyceps Militaris Grown on Brown Rice

Cordyceps militaris is a medicinal fungus known for its diverse biofunctional properties. This subject has been extensively analyzed over the past decade. The diverse pharmacological potential of C. militaris has garnered significant global interest recently. This research aims to determine the proximate composition of in vitro cultivated C. militaris fruit bodies. The analysis of proximate composition included measurements of crude protein, fat, crude fiber, ash, total carbohydrate, and moisture content. The research focused on quantifying the overall nutritional value of the fruit bodies and evaluating biological efficiency, in addition to key bioactive compounds including cordycepin, ergosterol, and Vitamin D2. The results demonstrated that the carbohydrate content constituted 47.67% of dry weight, the protein content was 30.41%, and the fiber content accounted for 15%. The fruit bodies contained 39.82 mg/kg of cordycepin and 61.73 mg/100g of ergosterol, whereas vitamin D2 was absent in the cordyceps mushroom sample. The findings demonstrate that in-vitro-cultivated C. militaris fruit bodies exhibit considerable nutritional and therapeutic potential.

The association between food insecurity and obesity, a body shape index and body roundness index among US adults

Research has established a positive association between food insecurity and obesity, typically assessed by body mass index (BMI); However, studies examining the relationship between food insecurity and measures of body fat content and distribution are lacking. The aim of this study was to examine the association between food insecurity and obesity ([BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m2) and body fat indicators assessed by body roundness index ([BRI] > 6.72) and a body shape index ([ABSI] > 0.08). This is a cross-sectional study using NHANES data 2007–2020. Household food security was assessed by U.S. Food Security Survey Module questionnaire. Multivariable-adjusted binary logistic regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratios and 95% CIs. Compared to those with full food security, the adjusted ORs for obesity were 1.28 (95% CI:1.18, 1.39), 1.40 (95% CI:1.28, 1.53), and 1.43 (95% CI:1.30, 1.57) for those with marginal, low and very low food security, respectively. The corresponding ORs for high BRI were, respectively, 1.39 (95% CI:1.26, 1.52), 1.50 (95% CI:1.36, 1.66), and 1.60 (95% CI:1.43, 1.78). Similar results were observed for ABSI. The analyses of BMI suggested a potential sex difference, as significant associations were found in women, but not in men. This study confirms previous evidence of the positive association between food insecurity and obesity among US adults.

Measurement of periarticular subcutaneous fat on CT images and adverse outcomes following total knee arthroplasty

BackgroundObesity is associated with a higher rate of wound complications following primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). With readily available computer tomography (CT) images from robotic-assisted TKA, we analyzed measurement of fat content on preoperative CT images as a possible predictor of wound complications following primary TKA. MethodsPatients who underwent robotic-assisted TKA at one institution in 2018 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Two independent reviewers measured three SCF areas at different axial CT cuts and normalized them by dividing the area of the distal femur. These areas were distributed into 4 groups. Any wound complication that required clinical or surgical intervention was reviewed and analyzed. For further comparison, prepatellar SCF thickness ratio measured on CT scan and BMI were grouped and analyzed similarly for wound complications. We also analyzed any association of SCF measurement with secondary outcomes such as operative time, length of stay, readmission, and reoperation. ResultsOne hundred fifty patients with diagnosis of osteoarthritis, mean age of 64 years and BMI of 34.3 kg/m2 were included in this study. Ninety-one patients (61 %) were female. Normalized SCF measurements at 2 cm above the patella, mid-patella, and tibial tubercle had excellent intraclass correlation coefficient at 0.987, 0.989, and 0.989, respectively. When SCF at 2 cm above patella was analyzed, Group 1 (smallest amount of SCF) had a significantly higher wound complication rate compared with Groups 2 and 3 combined (18.9 vs 5.3 %, p = 0.036). Group 4 (largest amount of SCF) also had a significantly higher wound complication rate compared with Groups 2 and 3 combined (18.9 vs 5.3 %, p = 0.036). ConclusionsAccurate and consistent measurement of periarticular fat around the knee based on axial CT images demonstrated that moderate amount of fat is associated with better clinical outcomes following primary TKA. Our study did not find any clinical significance of gender difference in fat distribution. Therefore, more studies should be undertaken to evaluate for any clinical association of gender-specific fat distribution and to confirm our finding that a certain amount of fatty tissue is necessary for improved outcomes following TKA.

Application of proton density fat fraction imaging in risk stratification of prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) as one of the most prevalent malignancies in men. We introduced a non-invasive quantitative measurement of intraprostatic fat content based on magnetic resonance proton density fat fraction (PDFF) imaging. The study aims to determine the fat fraction (FF) of PCa using proton density magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), gather clinical and routine MRI characteristics, and identify risk factors for high-risk PCa through multifactorial logistic regression. Clinical and imaging data from 191 pathologically confirmed PCa patients were collected. Patients were stratified based on Gleason score (GS), with 63 in the intermediate- and low-risk group (GS =3+3, 3+4) and 128 in the high-risk group (GS ≥4+3). All patients underwent routine prostate MRI and FF imaging. Clinical and imaging data related to PCa were analyzed, including age, body mass index (BMI), prostate volume (PV) measured by MRI, smoking history, alcohol history, diabetes history, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value, T2 signal intensity (T2SI), Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System 2.1 (PI-RADS 2.1) score, GS, lesion FF, whole gland FF, periprostatic fat thickness (PPFT), and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT). Independent risk factors for stratifying PCa risk were identified through multivariate logistic regression analysis, and a predictive model was established. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted for visual analysis. Significant differences were found in BMI, PV, PSA, tumor ADC value, standard T2SI, PI-RADS score, lesion FF, and PPFT between low- and medium-risk and high-risk groups (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in age, smoking history, drinking history, diabetes history, and SFT between the two groups (P>0.05). GS correlated significantly with FF (ρ=0.6, P<0.001), PSA (ρ=0.432, P<0.001), ADC value (ρ=-0.379, P<0.001), and PI-RADS (ρ=0.366, P<0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that an increase in FF, a PI-RADS score increase of 5 points, and a decrease in ADC value and PV were independent predictors of high-risk PCa (P<0.05). The ROC curve showed that the best cut-off value for the model was 0.67, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.907, sensitivity of 78.1%, and specificity of 88.9%. The FF of PCa determined by proton density MRI is significantly associated with GS, serving as an independent predictor of high-risk PCa.

Fat Content and Antioxidant Activity in Coconut Milk-Based Ice Cream with Cashew Milk Combination

Among frozen dairy products, ice cream is a product that is produced and consumed in large quantities. Coconut milk contains different types of fats, such as saturated fats, polyunsaturated fats, omega-3 fats, omega-6 fats, and monounsaturated fats. To improve the quality of ice cream in terms of taste, aroma, texture, and flavor, one can combine two ingredients, namely coconut milk and cashew milk. Cashews contain 40-57% fat and 21% protein. The purpose of this study is to measure fat content and antioxidant activity and determine the effect of cashew milk combination on fat content and antioxidant activity of coconut milk-based ice cream. This study is an experimental study with a factorial design in the form of a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). It consists of three treatments with different percentage compositions of coconut milk and cashew milk: A (60%:40%), B (50%:50%), and C (40%:60%). The experiment was conducted with two replications The parameters analyzed were fat content and antioxidant activity. The data obtained were processed using editing, coding, tabulating, and entry procedures. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using statistical tests in the form of One-Way ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test to determine the effect of the combination of coconut milk and cashew milk on ice cream products. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the use of coconut milk and cashew milk on fat content with p = 0.000 (p ≤ 0.05) and antioxidant activity with p = 0.001 (p ≤ 0.05).

Estimation of udder emptying based on milk constituents of strip samples after milking

Milk ejection disorders were induced by oxytocin receptor blockade. We tested the hypothesis that the degree of udder emptying at incomplete milk ejection can be estimated based on the concentration of various milk constituents in different milk fraction samples. To induce different levels of spontaneous udder emptying (SUE) 10 Holstein dairy cows were milked either with or without i.v. injection of the oxytocin receptor blocking agent atosiban (ATO). In ATOearly, 12 µg/kg BW ATO was injected immediately before and in ATOlate directly after a 1-min manual udder preparation. The normal milking routine served as the control treatment. In all 3 treatments the udder was completely emptied by the i.v. injection of 10 IU oxytocin (OT) at the end of spontaneous milk flow. During all experimental milkings 4 milk samples were taken in all treatments: at the start of udder preparation (foremilk; FM), immediately after cessation of spontaneous milk flow and cluster detachment by hand stripping (strip milk; SM), from spontaneous removed milk in bucket 1 (milk before OT; MBOT) and from the milk obtained after OT injection in bucket 2 (milk after OT; MAOT). Fat, protein, lactose, and electrolytes (Na, Cl, and K) were measured in each milk sample. In addition, electrical conductivity (EC) was determined in parallel to continuous milk flow recording. The treatments induced individual degrees of SUE; therefore, the final evaluations of data were based on SUE classes instead of treatments. The most pronounced differences of milk constituents at different degrees of SUE were found for the milk fat content. The fat content of SM and MBOT remained almost unchanged up to 60% SUE, but was considerably higher if >80% of the milk was spontaneously removed. The concentrations of Na and Cl were highest and of K lowest if less than 20% of milk was received in the different samples. The EC was higher in SM and MBOT if <20% of milk was received. In conclusion, the blockade of the OT effect influences primarily the fat content, which confirmed an OT-induced fat secretion during milking. Similar effects are likely found in situations of disturbed milk ejections, caused by a lack of or reduced release of OT in response to different degrees of tactile udder stimulation. Our results show that the measurement of fat content and the EC in SM samples collected after cluster detachment can be used to estimate the completeness of udder emptying.

Current Issues in Determining Fat Content in Food Products and Food Raw Materials (Review)

The article raises the problem of incomparability of measurement results obtained by different methods of measuring fat content in food products and food raw materials. The problem identified by the author can be solved by developing metrological support for measurements in the food industry. The purpose of the study is to analyze methods for measuring fat content in food products and food raw materials, as well as to revise the state of their metrological support. A brief description, applications, advantages and limitations of extraction-gravimetric, butyrometric, refractometric, chromatographic, ultrasonic, turbidimetric, NMR, and IR spectroscopic methods for measuring fat content are presented. Standardized measurement techniques regulated in national (GOST R), interstate (GOST), and international (ISO, AOAC) standards are analyzed, taking into account the method used, areas of application, and metrological characteristics. An overview of testing equipment and measuring instruments for implementing various methods for determining fat content is given. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of certified express analyzers of food products and food raw materials. A list of certified reference materials for the composition of dairy and grain-milk products, fish and meat products, oilseeds and their processed products, compound feed, egg powder and wheat crackers with a certified value of the mass fraction of fat is provided, their metrological characteristics and certification methods are listed. Based on the results of the study, the main features and problems of ensuring the uniformity of measurements of fat content in food products and food raw materials were formulated, and perspective directions for the development of metrological support were identified.

The Relationship between Myopia and Obesity in Adults.

To investigate the relationship between myopia and obesity through direct measurements of fat content. A cross-sectional study used a stratified, multistage survey, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2010). Subjects 19 years or older (n = 10,305) were included. Participants were divided into three groups according to refractive status: myopia (spherical equivalent [SE] ≤ -1.0 diopter [D]), emmetropia (-1.0 D &lt; SE ≤ 1.0 D), and hyperopia (SE &gt; 1.0 D). Obesity was investigated with assessment of fat mass and body mass index or waist circumference. Fat mass was measured with whole-body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Body fat percentage was calculated as (total fat mass / body weight × 100). Higher obesity index was found in individuals with myopic eyes after adjustment for age, sex, education level, income status, physical activity, residence, and serum vitamin D level. The significant difference in total body fat percentages among myopia, emmetropia, and hyperopia was significant in the young age group (19-39 years, p &lt; 0.05) but not in the middle age group (40-64 years) and the old age group (≥65 years). Individuals with a higher percentage of total body fat had greater odds ratios for myopia (fourth quartile of body fat; odds ratio, 1.352; 95% confidence interval, 1.178-1.551). An association was found between adiposity and myopia in relatively young adults using direct measurements of fat mass.

Acrylamide–Fat Correlation in Californian-Style Black Olives Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Californian-style is one of the most important black table olive elaborations. During its processing, table olives produce acrylamide, a potential carcinogen compound generated during sterilization. In the present study, total fat and acrylamide content in Californian-style table olives were determined and a regression between them was performed (acrylamide concentration range: below limit of detection—2500 ng g−1 and 8–22% for total fat). Nowadays, there are fast and efficient new techniques, such as Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure fat content parameters. In that sense, NIRS was used to perform a fat content quantification model in olives in order to indirectly determine acrylamide content. Calibration models for fat quantification were obtained in defatted olive pastes from a unique variety and for olive pastes from different varieties. In the first case, best results were obtained since only one variety was used (R2 = 0.9694; RMSECV = 1.31%; and REP = 8.4%). However, in the second case, results were still acceptable R2 = 0.678, RMSECV = 2.3%, REP = 17.7% and RMSEV = 2.17%. Regression coefficients showed the most influence variables corresponded with fat. The determination coefficient for the fat and acrylamide correlation was high (r = 0.877), being an efficient approach to find out the contribution of fat degradation to acrylamide synthesis in table olives.

Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Qualities of Raw Milk from Collection Centers and Hawking Activity in the Rabat-Salé-Kenitra Region (Morocco)

The study aims to analyze the two circuits of the dairy chain: authorized and unauthorized, by studying the parameters influencing the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of milk in both networks. Samples of raw milk (n=22), collected from nine collection centers (CCL): four authorized and five unauthorized in the region of Kenitra, and four hawking points in the region of Rabat, during a period between March and May 2022, were analyzed to evaluate their physicochemical and bacteriological qualities. The physicochemical quality of the milk included the measurement of chlorides, lactose and fat content, and the determination of titratable acidity and freezing point. The bacteriological quality was assessed by counting the total aerobic mesophilic flora (TAMF), total and fecal coliforms, presumed pathogenic staphylococci and searching for Salmonella. The fat content varies considerably depending on where the milk samples are collected; the average is 4.13% for licensed collection centers, versus 2.94% for unlicensed collection centers and 2.82% for hawking activity. In terms of hygienic quality, the average bacterial load of TAMF in milk from the authorized collection centers is 3.8×108 CFU/ml. Total coliforms (TC) are present with an average rate of 9.37 ×105 CFU/ml with an average portion of 7.87 ×103 CFU/ml in fecal coliforms (FC), and 1.03 ×106 CFU/ml for presumed pathogenic staphylococci. On the other hand, milk samples from unauthorized collection centers and hawking activity showed higher levels of microbial contamination than those from licensed collection centers. Salmonella was not detected in any of the samples analyzed. The non-compliance with hygiene practices and the late application of cold during the milking, the collection, and the transportation of raw milk, partly explain the origin of this finding.

Comprehensive analyses of circulating cardiometabolic proteins and objective measures of fat mass

BackgroundThe underlying molecular pathways for the effect of excess fat mass on cardiometabolic diseases is not well understood. Since body mass index is a suboptimal measure of body fat content, we investigated the relationship of fat mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with circulating cardiometabolic proteins.MethodsWe used data from a population-based cohort of 4950 Swedish women (55–85 years), divided into discovery and replication samples; 276 proteins were assessed with three Olink Proseek Multiplex panels. We used random forest to identify the most relevant biomarker candidates related to fat mass index (FMI), multivariable linear regression to further investigate the associations between FMI characteristics and circulating proteins adjusted for potential confounders, and principal component analysis (PCA) for the detection of common covariance patterns among the proteins.ResultsTotal FMI was associated with 66 proteins following adjustment for multiple testing in discovery and replication multivariable analyses. Five proteins not previously associated with body size were associated with either lower FMI (calsyntenin-2 (CLSTN2), kallikrein-10 (KLK10)), or higher FMI (scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain-containing group B protein (SSC4D), trem-like transcript 2 protein (TLT-2), and interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha (IL-6RA)). PCA provided an efficient summary of the main variation in FMI-related circulating proteins involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, appetite regulation, adipocyte differentiation, immune response and inflammation. Similar patterns were observed for regional fat mass measures.ConclusionsThis is the first large study showing associations between fat mass and circulating cardiometabolic proteins. Proteins not previously linked to body size are implicated in modulation of postsynaptic signals, inflammation, and carcinogenesis.

Similarities and differences in skeletal muscle and body composition between sexes: an MRI study of recreational cyclists

ObjectivesThis study aims to quantitatively evaluate whether there are muscle mass differences between male and female recreational cyclists and compare muscle quality and body composition in the pelvis region between...

Magnetic resonance imaging detects white adipose tissue beiging in mice following PDE10A inhibitor treatment

Weight gain is a common harmful side effect of atypical antipsychotics used for schizophrenia treatment. Conversely, treatment with the novel phosphodiesterase-10A (PDE10A) inhibitor MK-8189 in clinical trials led to significant weight reduction, especially in patients with obesity. This study aimed to understand and describe the mechanism underlying this observation, which is essential to guide clinical decisions. We hypothesized that PDE10A inhibition causes beiging of white adipose tissue (WAT), leading to weight loss. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods were developed, validated, and applied in a diet-induced obesity mouse model treated with a PDE10A inhibitor THPP-6 or vehicle for measurement of fat content and vascularization of adipose tissue. Treated mice showed significantly lower fat fraction in white and brown adipose tissue, and increased perfusion and vascular density in WAT versus vehicle, confirming the hypothesis, and matching the effect of CL-316,243, a compound known to cause adipose tissue beiging. The in vivo findings were validated by qPCR revealing upregulation of Ucp1 and Pcg1-α genes, known markers of WAT beiging, and angiogenesis marker VegfA in the THPP-6 group. This work provides a detailed understanding of the mechanism of action of PDE10A inhibitor treatment on adipose tissue and body weight and will be valuable to guide both the use of MK-8189 in schizophrenia and the potential application of the target for weight loss indication.

IBU SANGGAR MARIA NYAK DESA G1. MATARAM

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was an effect of reducing fat levels on the women of Maria Nyak Village, G1 Village. Mataram after being given aerobic exercise treatment. This research is an experimental research that uses the One Group Pretest – Posttest Design. The population in this study were all members of the Maria Nyak Studio, G1 Mataram Village. The sample selected using the Random Sampling technique, amounting to 10 people. The data analysis used is the t-test statistic. The instrument used in this study was to use a caliper to measure fat content. The results of the initial test mean 43.7 and the final test with a mean of 33.6. From these results it has a difference of 10.1 with a t count value of 6.899 and a t table value of 1.883 with a significance of 0.00 &gt; 0.05. So it can be concluded that the aerobic exercise method can reduce fat levels.

Non-invasive evaluation of liver steatosis with imaging modalities: New techniques and applications.

In the world, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) accounts for majority of diffuse hepatic diseases. Notably, substantial liver fat accumulation can trigger and accelerate hepatic fibrosis, thus contributing to disease progression. Moreover, the presence of NAFLD not only puts adverse influences for liver but is also associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, early detection and quantified measurement of hepatic fat content are of great importance. Liver biopsy is currently the most accurate method for the evaluation of hepatic steatosis. However, liver biopsy has several limitations, namely, its invasiveness, sampling error, high cost and moderate intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility. Recently, various quantitative imaging techniques have been developed for the diagnosis and quantified measurement of hepatic fat content, including ultrasound- or magnetic resonance-based methods. These quantitative imaging techniques can provide objective continuous metrics associated with liver fat content and be recorded for comparison when patients receive check-ups to evaluate changes in liver fat content, which is useful for longitudinal follow-up. In this review, we introduce several imaging techniques and describe their diagnostic performance for the diagnosis and quantified measurement of hepatic fat content.

Ascaridoid parasites in European sardine throughout the annual cycle: Variability in parasitic load according to host stock features.

In recent years, a drop in the condition of the European sardine has been observed. Although several causes have been attributed to this issue, as overfishing and climate change, little is known about the link between ascaridoid nematode parasitisation and fish status. In this study, sardines were obtained from four fishing grounds along the Mediterranean (Alboran, Northern Spain, Northern Adriatic, and Aegean), and one location in the Atlantic Ocean (Southern Portugal). After analysing individual fish body condition (by direct tissue fat content measurements and condition indices), and reproductive status (by a detailed gonadal examination) throughout the entire annual cycle, ascaridoids were recognised by combining naked eye and UV-press method along flesh, viscera, and gonads. Afterwards, sequence analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers region (ITS) and the mtDNA cox2 gene were used to identify and characterise the different species of ascaridoids from the fish host in the localities throughout the seasons. The main species found along different areas was Hysterothylacium aduncum, present in the Northern Adriatic (prevalence of 7.6%, mean intensity 1.700), the Atlantic (7.5%, 3.889), and the Northern Spain (3.9%, 1.600). Moreover, few individuals of Anisakis simplex (s.s.) and A. pegreffii were observed in the Atlantic (1.7% and 0.8%, respectively), and the latter species was also found in the Adriatic stock (0.8%). All ascaridoid specimens were found in viscera. Obtained results seem to indicate that in stocks with medium sizes, small variations in length are related to parasite intensity. This study highlights the importance of seasonal parasitological analyses at stock level and, especially, in capital breeders, as relationships between condition and reproduction parameters and parasitism are conditioned by seasonality.

Estimation of fat content in soft tissues using dual frequency ultrasound—A phantom study

This paper presents an initial investigation into the use of dual frequency pulse-echo ultrasound, second order ultrasound field (SURF) imaging, to measure the fat content of soft tissues. The SURF imaging method was used to measure the non-linear bulk elasticity (NBE) of several fatty phantoms that were created by mixing different mass fractions of soybean oil uniformly into agar phantoms. The median of the measured NBE within the estimation region was found to increase linearly with fat mass fraction (R2 = 0.99), from 1.7 GPa-1 at 9.6% fat to 2.52 GPa-1 at 63.6% fat, thus, showing promise as a sensitive parameter for fat content measurement. Comparisons to mixture laws in earlier literature are made, and the most important error sources that need to be considered for the in vivo applications of the method are discussed.

Quantitative study of 3T MRI qDixon-WIP applied in pancreatic fat infiltration in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

To investigate the application value of 3T MRI qDixon-WIP technique in the quantitative measurement of pancreatic fat content in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The 3T MRI qDixon-WIP sequence was used to scan the livers and the pancreas of 47 T2DM patients (experimental group) and 48 healthy volunteers (control group). Pancreatic fat fraction (PFF), hepatic fat fraction (HFF), Body mass index (BMI) ratio of pancreatic volume to body surface area (PVI) were measured. Total cholesterol (TC), subcutaneous fat area (SA), triglyceride (TG), abdominal visceral fat area (VA), high density lipoprotein (HDL-c), fasting blood glucose (FPC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c) were collected. The relationship between the experimental group and the control group and between PFF and other indicators was compared. The differences of PFF between the control group and different disease course subgroups were also explored. There was no significant difference in BMI between the experimental group and the control group (P=0.231). PVI, SA, VA, PFF and HFF had statistical differences (P<0.05). In the experimental group, PFF was highly positively correlated with HFF (r=0.964, P<0.001), it was moderately positively correlated with TG and abdominal fat area (r=0.676, 0.591, P<0.001), and it was weakly positively correlated with subcutaneous fat area (r=0.321, P=0.033). And it had no correlation with FPC, PVI, HDL-c, TC and LDL-c (P>0.05). There were statistical differences in PFF between the control group and the patients with different course of T2DM (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in PFF between T2DM patients with a disease course ≤1 year and those with a disease course <5 years (P>0.05). There were significant differences in PFF between the groups with a disease course of 1-5 years and those with a disease course of more than 5 years (P<0.001). PVI of T2DM patients is lower than normal, but SA, VA, PFF, HFF are higher than normal. The degree of pancreatic fat accumulation in T2DM patients with long disease course was higher than that in patients with short disease course. The qDixon-WIP sequence can provide an important reference for clinical quantitative evaluation of fat content in T2DM patients.

Effect of Cow-Calf Supplementation on Gene Expression, Processes, and Pathways Related to Adipogenesis and Lipogenesis in Longissimus thoracis Muscle of F1 Angus × Nellore Cattle at Weaning

The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes, biological processes, and metabolic pathways related to adipogenesis and lipogenesis in calves receiving different diets during the cow-calf phase. Forty-eight uncastrated F1 Angus × Nellore males were randomly assigned to two treatments from thirty days of age to weaning: no creep feeding (G1) or creep feeding (G2). The creep feed offered contained ground corn (44.8%), soybean meal (40.4%), and mineral core (14.8%), with 22% crude protein and 65% total digestible nutrients in dry matter. After weaning, the animals were feedlot finished for 180 days and fed a single diet containing 12.6% forage and 87.4% corn-based concentrate. Longissimus thoracis muscle samples were collected by biopsy at weaning for transcriptome analysis and at slaughter for the measurement of intramuscular fat content (IMF) and marbling score (MS). Animals of G2 had 17.2% and 14.0% higher IMF and MS, respectively (p < 0.05). We identified 947 differentially expressed genes (log2 fold change 0.5, FDR 5%); of these, 504 were upregulated and 443 were downregulated in G2. Part of the genes upregulated in G2 were related to PPAR signaling (PPARA, SLC27A1, FABP3, and DBI), unsaturated fatty acid synthesis (FADS1, FADS2, SCD, and SCD5), and fatty acid metabolism (FASN, FADS1, FADS2, SCD, and SCD5). Regarding biological processes, the genes upregulated in G2 were related to cholesterol biosynthesis (EBP, CYP51A1, DHCR24, and LSS), unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis (FADS2, SCD, SCD5, and FADS1), and insulin sensitivity (INSIG1 and LPIN2). Cow-calf supplementation G2 positively affected energy metabolism and lipid biosynthesis, and thus favored the deposition of marbling fat during the postweaning period, which was shown here in an unprecedented way, by analyzing the transcriptome, genes, pathways, and enriched processes due to the use of creep feeding.

PENGARUH SENAM AEROBIK TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR LEMAK IBU-IBU SANGGAR MARIA NYAK DESA G1. MATARAM

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was an effect of reducing fat levels on the women of Maria Nyak Village, G1 Village. Mataram after being given aerobic exercise treatment. This research is an experimental research that uses the One Group Pretest – Posttest Design. The population in this study were all members of the Maria Nyak Studio, G1 Mataram Village. The sample selected using the Random Sampling technique, amounting to 10 people. The data analysis used is the t-test statistic. The instrument used in this study was to use a caliper to measure fat content. The results of the initial test mean 43.7 and the final test with a mean of 33.6. From these results it has a difference of 10.1 with a t count value of 6.899 and a t table value of 1.883 with a significance of 0.00 &gt; 0.05. So it can be concluded that the aerobic exercise method can reduce fat levels.