Energy Measurements Research Articles

The pole of the EU in ensuring the energy security of Ukraine

The role of the European Union (EU) in ensuring Ukraine’s energy security in the conditions of modern geopolitical challenges is studied. Since the onset of Russia’s full-scale aggression against Ukraine, the country’s energy infrastructure has suffered significant damage, leading to an energy supply crisis. In such conditions, cooperation with the EU is critically important for the restoration and stabilization of Ukraine’s energy sector. The key directions and mechanisms of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the field of energy security, including the provision of financial assistance, technical support, as well as the implementation of joint projects in the field of renewable energy and energy efficiency, were considered. Special attention is given to the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) until 2030, developed with EU support and serving as a crucial component of Ukraine’s energy security strategy. The article also analyzes the impact of the implementation of the EU Clean Energy Package on Ukraine’s regulatory environment, promoting predictable conditions for investors and facilitating Ukraine’s integration into the European energy market. The role of market incentives in attracting investments in renewable energy sources and their impact on Ukraine’s energy security is examined. he impact of the implementation of the EU Clean Energy Package on the regulatory and legal environment of Ukraine is analyzed, which contributes to the creation of predictable conditions for investors and ensures the integration of Ukraine into the European energy market. The significant role of international cooperation and the role of international financial institutions in providing the necessary funding for the implementation of the NECP is also discussed. Particular attention is given to the potential of Ukraine’s renewable energy sector, including opportunities for expanding wind, solar, biomass, and hydropower capacities. The implementation of distributed generation, energy storage systems, and microgrids, which contribute to enhancing energy independence and resilience at the community level, is also considered. Conclusions were made about the need for further close cooperation between Ukraine and the EU to ensure Ukraine’s energy security, as well as Ukraine’s prospects for becoming a leader in the field of renewable energy in the region. The article provides recommendations on priority areas for the development of the energy sector and measures that will strengthen Ukraine’s energy security in the context of European integration.

Research on anomaly detection and correction of power metering data based on machine learning algorithm

Electric energy measurement is the basis of marketization of electric energy. If the power metering device is abnormal, it will directly affect the economic interests of both sides. At present, the electric energy measurement data of power grid enterprises has generally adopted the mode of remote centralized collection. The existing methods of abnormal detection and location of electric energy metering are mainly through the analysis of the abnormal data alarm issued by the electric energy acquisition system and the on-site inspection of the metering device. With the continuous expansion of the scale of electric power data, the existing methods highlight the shortcomings of low accuracy and low efficiency. In order to explore the optimal solution to the above problems, this paper constructs a multi-model fusion anomaly detection method of electric energy measurement data based on machine learning, and gives the anomaly correction scheme of electric energy measurement data. The results show that the fusion model has the best performance in the actual situation, with AUC reaching 0.9653 and TPR exceeding 0.64 under the condition of zero FPT. The comprehensive performance is better than that of other single models.

Global quantum thermometry based on the optimal biased bound

Thermometry is a fundamental parameter estimation problem that is crucial for the advancement of natural sciences. One widely adopted approach to address this issue is the local thermometry theory, which employs classical and quantum Cramér-Rao bounds as benchmarks for thermometric precision. However, this theory is constrained to decrease temperature fluctuations around a known temperature value, hardly tackling the precision thermometry problem over a wide temperature range. To overcome this limitation, we derive two basic bounds on thermometry precision within a global framework, i.e., classical and quantum optimal biased bounds. By implementing energy measurements on a thermal equilibrium system, the quantum optimal biased bound can be saturated. Furthermore, we demonstrate their thermometry performance through two specific applications: a noninteracting spin-1/2 gas and a thermalized quantum harmonic oscillator. Our results indicate that, compared to local thermometry, global thermometry provides superior temperature estimation performance. Notably, global error bound approaches its local approximation under asymptotic cases. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

A weight-based efficiency measure for energy dissipating devices for flexible rockfall barriers

Flexible barriers are essential passive measures which are able to protect human life, structures and infrastructures from rockfall hazards. When a barrier is impacted, a significant portion of energy dissipation is concentrated in targeted components, named brakes, which can be replaced after the rockfall event. Several technologies exist, differing in both constitutive elements and energy dissipation mechanisms, but experimental data are generally restricted by producers. The present paper compares the various technologies thanks a new efficiency index, that is the ratio between the component potentially dissipated energy and its weight. To analyse the effects of the design parameters, four of the most common brakes are analytically modelled. It is shown that the performance of the devices is variable and depends on the working mechanism and the adopted material. In particular, plastic deformation energy dissipation induced by buckling is generally more efficient than the one caused by bending. Finally, a discussion on the force that activates the brake is proposed. The proposed analyses are of paramount importance for the conceptual design of new energy dissipation devices in rockfall risk mitigation structures.

Mechanical and surface characterisation of additively manufactured polyetheretherketone for the tribo test

Purpose The additive manufacturing process, such as fused filament fabrication based on material extrusion, fabricates the samples layer-by-layer. The various parameters in the process significantly affect the dimensions, structure and mechanical properties of the fabricated parts. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the surface and mechanical properties that can affect the contact characteristics with other materials during tribological tests. Design/methodology/approach The investigation of 3D-printed Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) includes the measurement of dimensions, microhardness, surface roughness, surface energy and tensile strength to define material characteristics. The crystallinity is measured using an X-ray diffractometer to understand the hardness behaviour. Findings The printing parameters affect its surface roughness, hardness and crystallinity. This change in parameters such as layer thickness and infill density impacts mechanical properties such as hardness and surface roughness, which will influence the contact mechanism with the counter body during any tribological test. The change in a single parameter during the sample fabrication and the change in the surface and mechanical properties are observed. Research limitations/implications The material cost plays an important role in conducting numerous destructive tests, which is a major limitation to conducting parameter optimisation by varying more parameters. The study is limited to the as-fabricated samples rather than finished samples and without any heat treatment. Achieving optimal parameters is integral to the success of additive manufacturing, ensuring the production of components with consistent performance. Practical implications The study aims at the application of 3D-printed PEEK for bush or journal bearings that can be directly used in practice. The mechanical properties discussed in this paper can fill the gap between theory and practice. Social implications The research provides all fundamental properties, including the printing parameters and their effect on the dimensions and surface structure, which are required to understand the material and its use. The results are consistent as at least four samples were tested for tribological behaviour. The conclusion is updated as per suggestions. Originality/value The study outlines the relationship between the change in layer thickness and infill density with changes in surface energy, surface roughness, hardness and tensile strength. The deformation and adhesion during the friction test depend on these properties.

Distinct Contributions of Particle Adsorption and Interfacial Compression to the Surface Pressure of a Fluid Interface.

Particle-laden interfaces stabilize emulsions and foams and can serve as a platform for multiscale materials. Favorable wetting of a particle to a fluid interface reduces the apparent interfacial tension through area replacement with a linear relationship between the apparent surface pressure and the particle area fraction. The area replacement model is widely employed, often up to particle area fraction reaching the maximum hexagonal packing. However, data directly supporting the area replacement model are limited, and the description ignores contributions from particle-particle interactions and does not describe the surface pressure during the compression of a particle-laden interface. This work reports on the direct validation of the area replacement model through the direct measurement of the adsorption energy, surface pressure, and area fraction of adsorbed particles. Experiments combining tensiometry and confocal imaging during the adsorption of colloidal particles to the oil-water interface confirm the area replacement model within the observed range of area fraction, but only when the drop area is kept constant. Results highlight the importance of keeping the droplet area constant during particle adsorption to extract the adsorbed amount from tensiometry experiments. As particles adsorb to the interface, the droplet area tends to change and compresses or expands the interface. This change in area is associated with an increase in area fraction at nearly constant surface pressure, which deviates from the area replacement model. In contrast to particle adsorption, slow compression of the fluid interface leads to a negligible change in surface pressure up to an area fraction of η ∼ 0.26 for the materials systems investigated. Increase in surface pressure during compression is due to particle-particle interactions, while compression at higher strain rates introduces additional contributions from interfacial rheology.

Investigations of the Interface Design of Polyetheretherketone Filament Yarn Considering Plasma Torch Treatment

Taking advantage of its high-temperature resistance and elongation properties, conductive-coated polyetheretherketone (PEEK) filament yarn can be used as a textile-based electroconductive functional element, in particular as a strain sensor. This study describes the development of electrical conductivity on an inert PEEK filament surface by the deposition of metallic nickel (Ni) layers via an electroless galvanic plating process. To enhance the adhesion properties of the nickel layer, both PEEK multifilament and monofilament yarn surfaces were metalized by plasma torch pretreatment, followed by nickel plating. Electrical characterizations indicate the potential of nickel-coated PEEK for structural monitoring in textile-reinforced composites. In addition, surface energy measurements before and after plasma torch pretreatment, surface morphology, nickel layer thickness, chemical structure changes, and mechanical properties were analyzed and compared with untreated PEEK. The thickness of the Ni layer was measured and showed an average thickness of 1.25 µm for the multifilament yarn and 3.36 µm for the monofilament yarn. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of new functional groups on the PEEK surface after plasma torch pretreatment, indicating a successful modification of the surface chemistry. Mechanical testing showed an increase in tensile strength after plasma torch pretreatment but a decrease after nickel plating. In conclusion, this study successfully developed conductive PEEK yarns through plasma torch pretreatment and nickel plating.

Heterogeneous Online Computational Platform for GEM-Based Plasma Impurity Monitoring Systems

The fusion energy research field presents many intricate challenges that require resolution. Many diagnostic systems employed in experiments are approaching the limits of current technology. Implementing efficient measurements requires using an appropriate set of tools to facilitate the optimal utilization of hardware. Fusion energy measurements must provide low latency processing with the capacity for future improvements and the ability to handle complex data flows efficiently. The presented work addresses these requirements and describes the implementation of a high-performance, low-latency software platform with convenient development for soft X-ray (SXR) plasma impurities emission tracing—the Asynchronous Complex Computation Platform (AC2P). This article presents the architectural design, implementation details, and performance and latency measurements based on the raw data acquired from the WEST tokamak and laboratory tests. AC2P provides the tools to develop low-latency, multi-core, multi-device complex data flow graph scale-up solutions for measuring impurities in hot plasmas. The system has been designed to operate online during experiments, calculate the energy distribution, position and occurrence time of SXR photons, monitor the data stream’s quality and archive any abnormalities for subsequent offline verification and algorithm improvement. This article presents AC2P, which operates as part of the SXR measurement system on the WEST tokamak.

Enhancing Expert Decision-Making for Wastewater Treatment Plants with Seidel Laplacian Energy and Cosine Similarity Measure in Intuitionistic Fuzzy Graphs

Wastewater treatment facilities’ main goal is to protect the public and environment from the hazardous and poisonous materials found in wastewater. Water treatment facilities were developed to speed up the natural process of cleansing water. A novel cosine similarity measure across intuitionistic fuzzy graphs has been proven to be more effective than certain present ones in group decision-making issues using example verification. This paper provides a unique approach for calculating expert-certified, well-known scores by finding the ambiguous information of intuitionistic fuzzy preference relations as well as the regular cosine similarity grades from one separable intuitionistic fuzzy preference relation to another. The new technique considers both "objective" and "subjective" information provided by experts. Using intuitionistic fuzzy preference relations, we provide workable techniques for judging experts’ eligible reputational ratings. This can be used to raise or decrease the relevance of the stated criteria in an evaluation that takes into account several competing elements. We give a solution to a decisional problem by using two effective methods: the newly constructed cosine similarity measure and the Seidel Laplacian energy (SLe+) of an intuitionistic fuzzy graph. Finally, two working procedures and circumstances are offered to show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed techniques.

The Way Forward in the Energy Transition; Good Practices and Challenges at Wageningen University & Research

Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to changes in energy used in buildings is the most successful part of Wageningen University & Research’s (WUR) climate policy. In this article the authors evaluate sustainable energy measures and identify key success factors, based on internal documents, discussions with stakeholders, and relevant literature. The role of government and stakeholders has been important, as were the technical possibilities to take a major step with constructing the heat and cold storage on campus. Geopolitical factors also played a role, in particular the war in Ukraine, which increased energy prices, acutely reinforcing the need for energy savings. In addition to saving energy, WUR aims to contribute to the energy transition by generating green electricity with wind turbines and solar panels. Furthermore, electricity used from the grid is offset with wind energy through Dutch guarantees of origin (GVOs), allowing us to offset GHG emissions for electricity at zero. Yet, there are other reasons to save as much as possible on electricity use. In addition to environmental considerations, congestion of the electricity grid plays a role, which is largely associated with the energy transition. Looking ahead, we describe further potential energy reduction opportunities and related challenges. As described in the Rough Outline of WUR Energy Transition 2050 [1], WUR provides clear targets and possible sets of measures to achieve these targets. Challenges include the uncertainty surrounding technological solutions and the availability of funding. We recently expanded our carbon footprint to include Scope 3 emissions of purchased goods and services. An additional challenge is the reduction of implicit energy use through the purchasing chain.

Analysis and correction of crosstalk in the side-on transition radiation detector prototype for HERD

The side-on Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) is an essential component of the High Energy cosmic-Radiation Detection (HERD) facility aboard the China Space Station (CSS). Utilizing the proportional correlation between the Lorentz factor γ and Transition Radiation (TR) intensity, the side-on TRD collaborates with the HERD calorimeter for cross-calibration in the TeV energy range while orbiting. This paper focuses on analyzing and correcting signal crosstalk in the side-on TRD prototype. A signal caused by crosstalk, referred to as the “reversed polarity signal”, affects the particle signal and biases the prototype's energy measurement. To address the issue of energy deviation and select the most suitable capacitance for the prototype to correct crosstalk, we analyze the source of the reversed polarity signal and the effectiveness of adding a decoupling capacitor to the voltage divider circuit. Additionally, we use a combination of simulation and experimentation to investigate the specific relationship between the reversed polarity signal and the decoupling capacitance. The comparison between the simulation results and the experimental results show consistent trends. Measured energy spectra shows that correcting crosstalk eliminates a maximum measurement deviation of approximately 10.79% in the prototype. Following this correction, the side-on TRD prototype completed beam experiments in 2022.

Timepix3: single-pixel multi-hit energy-measurement behaviour

The event-driven hybrid-pixel detector readout chip, Timepix3, has the ability to simultaneously measure the time of an event on the nanosecond timescale and the energy deposited in the sensor. However, the behaviour of the system when two events are recorded in quick succession of each other on the same pixel was not studied in detail previously. We present experimental measurements, circuit simulations, and an empirical model for the impact of a preceding event on this energy measurements, which can result in a loss as high as 70%. Accounting for this effect enables more precise compensation, particularly for phenomena like timewalk. This results in significant improvements in time resolution — in the best case, multiple tens of nanoseconds — when two events happen in rapid succession.

On an extension of Fuglede’s theory of pseudo-balayage and its applications

For suitable function kernels κ on a locally compact space, we develop a theory of inner pseudo-balayage ω̂A of signed (Radon) measures ω of finite energy onto a quasiclosed set A, ω̂A being defined as the solution to the problem of minimizing the Gauss functional ∫κ(x,y)d(μ⊗μ)(x,y)−2∫κ(x,y)d(μ⊗ω)(x,y),where μ ranges over all positive measures of finite energy concentrated on the set A. If A is Borel, the concept of inner pseudo-balayage ω̂A is shown to coincide with that of outer pseudo-balayage, introduced in Fuglede’s work (Fuglede, 2016), which was however only concerned with ω⩾0, whereas the investigation of signed ω requires essentially different methods and approaches. The theory of pseudo-balayage thereby established enables us to improve substantially our recent results on the well-known inner Gauss variational problem (Zorii, 2024), by strengthening their formulations and/or by extending the area of their validity. This study covers many interesting kernels in classical and modern potential theory, which looks promising for further applications.

Design studies on electronics and data acquisition of a real time diamond spectrometer for the SPARC neutron camera.

The design of a compact 2 × 2 diamond matrix with independent and redundant pixels optimized for the spectrometric neutron camera of the SPARC tokamak is presented in this article. Such a matrix overcomes the constraints in dynamic range posed by the size of a single diamond sensor while keeping the ability to perform energy spectral analysis, marking a significant advancement in tokamak neutron diagnostics. A charge pre-amplifier based on radio frequency amplifiers based on InGaP technology transistors, offering up to 2GHz bandwidth with high robustness against radiation, has been developed. A first single-channel device has been tested and proven to provide a fast signal development time of 20-25ns, necessary to mitigate pileup effects while offering precise energy measurements. As the diamond sensors may suffer from polarization effects due to the trapping of charges at the diamond/metal interface, a periodical bias inversion can guarantee optimal performance. To facilitate that, a reversible high voltage power supply has been developed. The ongoing development of data acquisition equipment and real-time processing algorithms based on programmable gate arrays further enhances the neutron camera's capabilities.

Impact of inhomogeneous diffusion on secondary cosmic ray and antiproton local spectra

Recent γ-ray and neutrino observations seem to favor the consideration of non-uniform diffusion of cosmic rays (CRs) throughout the Galaxy.In this study, we investigate the consequences of spatially-dependent inhomogeneous propagation of CRs on the fluxes of secondary CRs and antiprotons detected at Earth. A comparison is made among different scenarios in search of potential features that may guide us toward favoring one over another in the near future. We also examine both the influence of inhomogeneous propagation in the production of secondary CRs from interactions with the gas, and the effects of this scenario on the local fluxes of antiprotons and light antinuclei produced as final products of dark matter annihilation. Our results indicate that the consideration of an inhomogeneous diffusion model could improve the compatibility of the predicted local antiproton flux with that of B, Be and Li, assuming only secondary origin of these particles. In addition, our model predicts a slightly harder local antiproton spectrum, making it more compatible with the high energy measurements of AMS-02.Finally, no significant changes are expected in the predicted local flux of antiprotons and antinuclei produced from dark matter among the different considered propagation scenarios.

Design and Development of Energy Particle Detector on China’s Chang’e-7

Particle radiation on the Moon is influenced by a combination of galactic cosmic rays, high-energy solar particles, and secondary particles interacting on the lunar surface. When China’s Chang’e-7 lander lands at the Moon’s South Pole, it will encounter this complex radiation environment. Therefore, a payload detection technology was developed to comprehensively measure the energy spectrum, direction, and radiation effects of medium- and high-energy charged particles on the lunar surface. During the ground development phase, the payload performance was tested against the design specifications. The verification results indicate that the energy measurement ranges are 30 keV to 300 MeV for protons, 30 keV to 12 MeV for electrons, and 8 to 400 MeV/n for heavy ions. The energy resolution is 10.81% for 200 keV electrons of the system facing the lunar surface; the dose rate measurement sensitivity is 7.48 µrad(Si)/h; and the LET spectrum measurement range extends from 0.001 to 37.014 MeV/(mg/cm2). These comprehensive measurements are instrumental in establishing a lunar surface particle radiation model, enhancing the understanding of the lunar radiation environment, and supporting human lunar activities.

Detection of low-energy electrons with transition-edge sensors

We present the detection of electrons with kinetic energy in the 100 eV range with transition-edge sensors (TESs). This has been achieved with a (100×100)-μm2 Ti/Au bilayer TES, with a critical temperature of about 84 mK. The electrons are produced directly in the cryostat by an innovative cold source based on field emission from vertically aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes. We obtain a Gaussian energy resolution between 0.8 and 1.8 eV for fully absorbed electrons in the (90–101)eV energy range, which is found to be compatible with the resolution of this same device for photons in the same energy range. This work opens possibilities for high-precision energy measurements of low-energy electrons. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Precision and uncertainty in natural gas calorific value estimation: advanced combinatorial predictive models for complex pipeline systems

Abstract In recent years, natural gas pipelines have been characterized by multiple intake points, the mixing of different gas sources, and significant variations in gas quality. The existing volumetric measurement system is no longer suitable for the development and operation of natural gas pipelines in China. To ensure accurate and equitable implementation of natural gas measurement, there is a gradual shift towards energy measurement. However, due to numerous measurement interfaces, installing chromatographs at all measurement stations would lead to substantial investment costs. Therefore, predicting the calorific value of natural gas is a key technology for energy measurement. In view of the issues existing in the current methods of obtaining natural gas calorific value, different prediction models of natural gas calorific value are constructed. According to the influencing factors of natural gas calorific value, the uncertainty evaluation is carried out, and the accuracy of different calorific value prediction models is analyzed by case data. The maximum error of regression equation, response surface analysis, BP neural network and genetic algorithm prediction model is 2.29%, 0.43%, 0.59% and 0.45% respectively. However, the combined calorific value (CCV) prediction model is 0.41%. The results indicate that the predicted value calculated by the CCV prediction model is closer to the actual value and has higher prediction performance, which provides a new method for the calorific value prediction and measurement management of natural gas.

Assessing climate strategies of major energy corporations and examining projections in relation to Paris Agreement objectives within the framework of sustainable energy

The study presents a comparative analysis of emission scenarios proposed by key institutions, including Shell, British Petroleum (BP), the International Energy Agency (IEA), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), within the framework of the Paris Agreement's ambitious goals. The Agreement seeks to limit global temperature rise to below 2 °C, ideally to 1.5 °C. Using a comprehensive analytical framework, the study evaluates each institution's projected carbon pathways, energy compositions, and policy recommendations. The findings reveal that IPCC scenarios demonstrate the strongest alignment with the Paris Agreement's targets, emphasizing a rapid transition to renewable energy and stringent mitigation measures. In contrast, the scenarios put forward by Shell and BP, although showing significant carbon reductions, remain heavily dependent on fossil fuels, raising concerns about the ability to meet the 1.5 °C and 2 °C targets. The IEA scenarios provide a middle ground, promoting decarbonization while still supporting natural gas as a transitional energy source. Disparities in transparency and methodological consistency are also identified across the scenarios, with the IPCC leading in clarity and scientific rigor. Ultimately, the research underscores the importance of harmonizing the strengths of different institutional approaches, while addressing the respective limitations, to ensure that the global community can stay on track to meet or exceed the climate objectives outlined in the Paris Agreement's. The study concludes that collective action, accelerated technological advancement, and policy shifts are crucial to achieving a sustainable, Net Zero future.

Inhibition of ketohexokinase prevents fructose-induced insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction in high fat and sucrose-fed mice via enhancing energy expenditure

Abstract Introduction Cardiovascular disease linked to fatty liver poses a significant threat to health. Consumption of high-fat diets (HFD) is known to trigger a cascade of health issues including obesity, diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These conditions are exacerbated, with the addition of dietary sugar to high-fat diets (HFSD), resulting in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Studies have shown that fructokinase (ketohexokinase or KHK) knockdown protects mice from HFSD-induced NASH. Purpose This study focused on examining the temporal changes of metabolic perturbations, triggered by sugar consumption, particularly in the transition from fatty liver to cardiovascular disease. Methods C57/BL6 wild type (WT) and KHK-knockout mice were fed with HFD or HFSD for different durations between 6 to 20 weeks, to induce NAFLD and NASH. Western blotting and quantitative-PCR were carried out on tissues and isolated endothelial cells for protein and mRNA expressions, respectively. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests and whole-body energy measurements were performed at different time-points. Combined Laboratory Animal Monitoring System was used to monitor various parameters of energy expenditure. Functional interactions between endothelial cells and adipose tissues were carried out using an in-house Organ-On-a-chip technology. Endothelial function was studied by measuring isometric tensions in organ bath. Results KHK-deficient mice had significantly lower weight compared to WT littermates. Wild-type mice fed HFD and HFSD exhibited significant glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction compared to KHK-knockout mice. However, HFSD led to more severe outcomes compared to HFD, demonstrating differing temporal effects on glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Interestingly, KHK-knockout mice were significantly protected from the effects induced by HFSD, as well as, such as increased body weight, fasting hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and endothelial function. KHK-knockout mice exhibited significant increase in oxygen consumption and energy expenditure, both in HFD and HFSD-fed conditions. These data suggest that high energy-expenditure is one of the primary mechanisms, in reducing adiposity and body weight in HFSD-fed knockout mice. Notably, KHK-deficient mice were protected against sugar-induced fat accumulation, random hyperinsulinemia and significant impairment of endothelial function. Conclusions A novel finding in this study is that KHK ablation protects not only against HFSD-induced, but also HFD-induced pathologies via significantly enhancing energy expenditure. The results suggest that targeting KHK could potentially mitigate the development of fatty liver and cardiovascular diseases, induced by high calorie diets.