Area Measurements Research Articles

Novel digital technique for assessing circumferential peri-implant bone height.

To introduce a novel digital technique for precise assessment of peri-implant bone heights, enhancing accuracy and objectivity in dental implantology research. This study utilized digital intraoral scans and digitized impressions obtained during implant exposure surgery, combined with computer-aided design (CAD) software, to measure peri-implant bone heights accurately during flap-raising procedures. The peri-implant bone measurements were quantified circumferentially and validated through a comparative analysis of intraoral and extraoral scans. The technique demonstrated high precision, with a strong correlation (ICC = 0.902) between bone heights determined from intraoral and extraoral scans, highlighting minimal deviations and similar measurement outcomes. This approach enables comprehensive circumferential data and surface area measurements of peri-implant bone levels. The proposed digital technique provides an objective, reliable method for peri-implant bone height assessment, offering precise, reproducible data that addresses the limitations of traditional probing and conventional imaging methods. This technique has broad applicability in dental implantology research, particularly for assessing peri-implant bone levels when a flap is raised.

Design of a computer vision system for accurate measurement of mango skin defects by surface image slicing

Abstract External features such as color, size, weight, and defect area are among the critical parameters for grading mangoes for export purposes. This paper describes a novel computer vision system (CVS) for the accurate measurement of mango skin defects. A novel algorithm called mango skin image slicing (MSIS) was developed to generate mango slices, each of which includes points of pseudo-equidistance from the camera to accurately calculate the defect area. Based on images captured from 360-degree views, defects on the entire mango surface can be detected. For the first time, a strategy for preventing multiple considerations of the same defects from 360-degree images was introduced based on MSIS. The experimental results revealed that recalculations of the same defects were avoided, and negligible minor defects were excluded, complying with the guidance of the mango exporting firms. The measurement accuracy was evaluated with artificial defects of 100 mm2, yielding a mean error of 6.0 ± 1.4 mm2, which was suitable for defect area measurement considering the mango grading standard. The CVS throughput of approximately 644 mangoes per hour was also a reasonable trade-off for the achieved accuracy and great potential of extending the CVS for more sophisticated classification of non-negligible defects based on the advantages of mango images captured at closer camera–object distances.

The Effect of Palm Char Properties on Malaysian Ilmenite Ores by Carbothermal Reduction

To identify the mineral grade ore, two distinct Malaysian ilmenite ores (FeTiO3) from different placers deposits were examined. The sources of ilmenite ore were the Kinta Valley in Perak and the Langkawi Black Sand Beach in Kedah. Both of the ores were reduced by palm char as a sustainable carbon reductant. The study examined carbon characteristics and phase transitions following carbothermal reduction at 1550°C. Prior to the studies, the reductant palm char was characterized by XRF, BET surface area measurement, SEM, and ultimate with proximate analyses. It is shown that the palm char had low moisture (4.10 wt.%) and high fixed carbon (75.40 wt.%). The high carbon content, volatile matter, and porous structure of palm char played a significant role in the gas generated during the carbothermal reduction of ilmenite ores. Carbothermal reduction of both ilmenite ores with palm char-produced rutile, iron, titanium carbide, and pseudobrookite. The XRF analysis exhibits the existence of 18.41 and 35.76 wt.% of Fe and TiO2 respectively in Perak ilmenite ore. While Langkawi ilmenite ore shows 9.28 and 22.72 wt.% of Fe and TiO2 respectively.

Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence as a biomarker of outdoor time in myopic children

IntroductionThe prevalence of myopia has increased significantly in recent years including an earlier onset of myopia development on the pediatric population. The main objective of the study is to compare CUVAF (Conjunctival Ultraviolet Autofluorescence) in children with and without myopia to validate its usefulness as an outdoor protective biomarker.MethodsA case–control observational study was conducted in a child cohort from subjects that attended to the Ophthalmology Department of Clínica Universidad de Navarra for an ophthalmological examination. The general exclusion criteria were (among others): amblyopia, congenital myopia, general ophthalmic disease, and any conjunctival alteration that might difficult the measurement of the CUVAF area. All participants underwent an automatic objective refraction under cycloplegic effect, biometry to measure axial length (AL) and central corneal radius (CCR), and completed a questionnaire about their lifestyle habits. A total of 4 images of the bulbar conjunctiva were taken with blue light in order to quantify the CUVAF area.ResultsA total of 263 subjects (6 to 17 years old) were analyzed with no significant differences in demographic data between case group and control group. There were 50 non-myopic subjects (19%) and 213 myopic subjects (81%). In relation to the outdoor activities (OA), myopic subjects spent significantly fewer hours per week outdoors than the control-group (p = 0.03). About the CUVAF area, the differences between groups were statistically significant, showing that the myopic group has a significantly smaller CUVAF area than the control-group (0.33 ± 0.72 mm2 vs. 0.78 ± 1.22 mm2; p = 0.0023), likewise, the frequency of CUVAF area absence between both groups showed an odds ratio (OR) of 2.52 (CI95% 1.33–4.74). A Pearson correlation test was done, obtaining a strong significant inverse correlation between myopia degree-CUVAF area (r = 0.1877; IC95% 0.068–0.302), and also ratio (AL/CCR)-CUVAF area (p = 0.002 and p = 0.04) respectively.ConclusionCUVAF is a useful biomarker for OA and it has an inverse relationship with myopia degree also in pediatric age, especially after the age of 12, so it could be useful to differentiate the risk of developing myopia. Having a CUVAF area greater than that corresponding to age, protect to myopia 2.5 times, being almost 5 times the protection in case of high myopia.

Scaling relationships of lamina mass per unit area, mean thickness, and leaf bulk tissue density across nine diverse species.

Although previous studies have reported a positive correlation between leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA) and mean leaf thickness (LT), the LMA versus LT scaling relationship has not been determined due to limited sample sizes, despite its importance in estimating leaf bulk tissue density (mass per unit volume). This issue was addressed using between 174 and 185 leaves from each of nine phylogenetically diverse species to investigate the LMA vs. LT scaling relationship. For each leaf, lamina thickness was measured at 12 positions (avoiding midribs and major veins) to calculate LT, and LMA was measured based on leaf area and dry mass measurements. Reduced major axis regression protocols were used to determine the LMA vs. LT scaling exponent (i.e., the slope). Bootstrap percentile methods were used to calculate the 95% confidence intervals of slopes. A statistically significant LMA vs. LT relationship was found for each species; seven of the nine scaling exponents were significantly greater than unity indicating that LMA (and thus leaf bulk tissue density) disproportionately increased with increasing LT. In addition, the conspecific variation in LMA exceeded the interspecific variation in LMA as a consequence of differences in LT. These results indicate that empirical measurements of LMA and LT can be used to accurately estimate leaf bulk tissue density, which provides insights into adaptive life-history strategies, conspecific variation, and (with sufficiently large data sets) phylogenetic trends.

Left-right difference in acetabular articular cartilage surface area and the quantification of acetabular fractures.

X-ray computer tomography scans were carried out on 11 female and 9 male dry bony pelvises. A 512 x 512 image matrix was used with a slice thickness and separation of 2 mm. Images were transferred onto a computer and the articular cartilage marked on each relevant image. The points were connected to form a triangle mesh and the total articular cartilage area calculated by summing the area of each triangle. There was a highly significant difference (p < 0.001) between the male and female acetabular areas, 25.4 ± 2.7 cm2 and 19.5 ± 2.0 cm2, respectively. The mean left-right difference was 0.2 ± 0.9 cm2 for males and-0.2 ± 0.47 cm2 for females. When the sign of the differences are removed, the mean and standard deviations of the differences is 0.5 ± 0.46 cm2 (2.3% ± 1.8%) for males and females, 0.66 ± 0.61 cm2 for males and 0.4 ± 0.27 cm2 for females. Each articular surface was outlined twice in order to assess the repeatability of the technique. The left-right variation in articular surface area was found to be similar to the variation in repeatability, suggesting that if any left-right difference does exist it is too small to be reliably detected by this technique. This enables the area of articular cartilage of the fragments of a fractured acetabulum to be compared directly with surface area of the contralateral intact acetabulum. Acetabular fractures can therefore be quantified by measurement of the articular surface area of the fracture components. Comparison with the clinical results will enable surface area to be developed as a prognostic factor in the management of acetabular fractures.

A feasibility study using quantitative and interpretable histological analyses of celiac disease for automated cell type and tissue area classification

Histological assessment is essential for the diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Current scoring systems, including modified Marsh (Marsh–Oberhuber) score, lack inter-pathologist agreement. To address this unmet need, we aimed to develop a fully automated, quantitative approach for histology characterisation of celiac disease. Convolutional neural network models were trained using pathologist annotations of hematoxylin and eosin-stained biopsies of celiac disease mucosa and normal duodenum to identify cells, tissue and artifact regions. Biopsies of duodenal mucosa of varying celiac disease severity, and normal duodenum were collected from a large central laboratory. Celiac disease slides (N = 318) were split into training (n = 230; 72.3%), validation (n = 60; 18.9%) and test (n = 28; 8.8%) datasets. Normal duodenum slides (N = 58) were similarly divided into training (n = 40; 69.0%), validation (n = 12; 20.7%) and test (n = 6; 10.3%) datasets. Human interpretable features were extracted and the strength of their correlation with Marsh scores were calculated using Spearman rank correlations. Our model identified cells, tissue regions and artifacts, including distinguishing intraepithelial lymphocytes and differentiating villous epithelium from crypt epithelium. Proportional area measurements representing villous atrophy negatively correlated with Marsh scores (r = − 0.79), while measurements indicative of crypt hyperplasia positively correlated (r = 0.71). Furthermore, features distinguishing celiac disease from normal duodenum were identified. Our novel model provides an explainable and fully automated approach for histology characterisation of celiac disease that correlates with modified Marsh scores, potentially facilitating diagnosis, prognosis, clinical trials and treatment response monitoring.

Arthroscopic Autologous Minced Cartilage Implantation of Cartilage Defects in the Knee: A 2-Year Follow-up of 62 Patients.

Symptomatic cartilage defects of the knee joint are frequently diagnosed and can be treated with different available surgical methods. Nevertheless, there is currently no gold standard treatment for all indications. Minced cartilage implantation is increasingly coming into focus as a refined surgical technique. To investigate the 2-year clinical and radiological outcomes of arthroscopic autologous minced cartilage repair with the standardized commercial implantation system AutoCart. Case series; Level of evidence, 4. A total of 62 consecutive patients were included and prospectively evaluated preoperatively and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. Outcomes were assessed using the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE), and Tegner activity scale at all follow-up time points. The examination of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed using the Area Measurement and Depth and Underlying Structures (AMADEUS) score, and the examination of MRI at 24 months was performed using the Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) 2.0 score. There were 34 male and 28 female patients (mean age, 38.79 ± 10.78 years) with symptomatic cartilage lesions with a mean defect size of 2.53 ± 1.24 cm2. Lesions were predominantly International Cartilage Repair Society grade 3 located in the region of the femoral condyles. Concomitant surgery was performed in 40.3% of patients. The total KOOS score significantly improved from 62.4 ± 13.1 at baseline to 74.4 ± 15.9 at 24 months (P < .001). The secondary outcome measures of the VAS, WOMAC, and SANE showed a similar pattern, with score improvements in the follow-up period compared to baseline. The mean AMADEUS score was 64.75 ± 13.87, while the mean MOCART 2.0 score was 62.88 ± 9.86, among 20 available patients. The revision surgery rate was 8.1% mainly because of hypertrophy (6.5%). Among this cohort of patients, minced cartilage implantation demonstrated satisfying 2-year outcomes with increased patient-reported outcome measure scores from 3 to 24 months postoperatively. Regenerated tissue quality on MRI was comparable to that using other cartilage repair methods and showed no associations with patient characteristics or patient-reported outcome measures. Larger cohorts, longer postoperative intervals, and comparable trials are needed to further evaluate the role of this technique in treating cartilage defects.

Electrochemical evaluation of the real surface area of copper-zinc alloys

Accurate measurements of real surface area (RSA) are essential in fundamental electrocatalysis for evaluating the intrinsic activity of various materials. However, existing electrochemical methods for determining RSA values in metallic alloys, particularly those containing active metals, remain underexplored. This study critically assesses the efficacy of capacitance measurement techniques for calculating RSA values in copper-zinc alloys, which are commonly employed as electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. We investigate optimal conditions for estimating RSA through cyclic voltammetry, focusing on electrolyte selection and appropriate potential ranges to ensure reliable RSA assessments. Additionally, we emphasize the necessity of using suitable reference samples for accurate specific capacitance calculations. Our findings reveal that potential uncertainties arising from the use of inappropriate reference samples across different Cu-Zn compositions can reach an order of magnitude, rendering them unsuitable for electrocatalytic studies. This research highlights the need for robust surface area quantification techniques to reduce uncertainties in reporting the activities of alloy-based materials in various electrochemical applications.

Enhanced super capacitance performance of V₂O₅·nH₂O/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterizations, and electrochemical properties

The primary problem addressed in this study is to enhance the performance of supercapacitor electrode materials by developing a cost-effective, and efficient synthesis method for nanocomposites with high capacitance. Hence, in this study, we report the synthesis of V2O5·nH2O/g-C3N4 nanocomposites using a cost-effective hydrothermal method, resulting in four distinct samples: pristine V2O5·nH2O nanoribbons (VO) and three composites with varying amounts of g-C3N4 (10, 20, and 30 mg), labelled as VCN1, VCN2, and VCN3. Structural, morphological, optical, and electrochemical characterizations were conducted to assess their potential as supercapacitor electrode materials. Electrochemical analysis, including cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), confirmed pseudocapacitance behavior in all samples. VCN1, containing 10 mg of g-C3N4 in V2O5·nH2O matrix, exhibited the highest specific capacitance of 230 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/s in a 3M KOH electrolyte. This enhancement in capacitance is attributed to the added g-C3N4, which increases active sites, as confirmed by Electrochemically Active Surface Area (EASA) measurements. Additionally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) supported VCN1's superior performance, identifying it as a promising, cost-effective electrode material for super capacitor applications.

Synthesis of MnMoO4/α-MoO3 composite materials for supercapacitor

In the quest for developing supercapacitors with enhanced energy density, we have successfully synthesized MnMoO4/MoO3 composite materials tailored for supercapacitor applications. The synthesis process utilized (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O and MnCl2·4H2O as precursors. The resulting composite materials were thoroughly characterized using a suite of analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, the supercapacitive performance of the MnMoO4/α-MoO3 composite materials was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and constant current charge–discharge methods. The synthesis yielded an ideal composite material, with low-resistance MnMoO4 seamlessly integrated with high ion-conductive MoO3. At a current density of 3 A/g, the specific capacitance was measured at 1878.7 F/g, achieving an energy density of 260.9 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 1.448 kW kg−1. The composite materials demonstrated significant potential for the production of high-density supercapacitors.

Synthesis, modification, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of chitosan-hyaluronic acid coated MIL-100 (Fe) nanoparticles for methotrexate delivery in rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, leading to pain, swelling, and potential joint destruction. Effective management of RA is crucial to improve patients' quality of life and prevent long-term disability. Methotrexate (MTX) is a widely used disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) that has shown efficacy in treating RA. However, its use is often limited by significant adverse effects, particularly on healthy tissues and organs, including hepatotoxicity, myelosuppression, and gastrointestinal complications. Therefore, developing targeted drug delivery systems (DDSs) for MTX is essential to enhance its therapeutic effects while minimizing systemic toxicity. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), specifically MIL-100(Fe), present a promising approach for targeted drug delivery in RA treatment due to their high porosity, large surface area, and excellent loading capacity. The acid-responsive properties of MIL-100(Fe) make it particularly suitable for targeting the acidic microenvironment of inflamed joints. In this study, we synthesized MIL-100(Fe) using a microwave-assisted method and embedded MTX within these nanocarriers. The nanocarriers were subsequently coated with chitosan and modified with hyaluronic acid through 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC). Comprehensive characterization techniques such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were employed to evaluate the nanoparticles. Additionally, we assessed cell cytotoxicity and cellular uptake in macrophage cell lines. Overall, the results indicate that the prepared MIL-100(Fe) nanoparticles are a suitable DDS for targeted MTX delivery in RA treatment.

Exploring discrepancies in muscle analysis with ImageJ: understanding the impact of tool selection on echo intensity and muscle area measurements.

The aim was to compare the use of different tools within the ImageJ program (polygon vs. segmented line) and their impact on the calculation of muscle area and echo intensity (EI) values in ultrasound imaging of the vastus lateralis muscle. Thirteen volunteers participated in this study. Ultrasound images of the vastus lateralis muscle were acquired using 2D B-mode ultrasonography and analyzed using both the polygon and segmented line tools by the same evaluator. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV) assessed the tools' reliability. Bland-Altman plots were employed to verify the agreement between measurements, and linear regression analysis determined proportional bias. A paired t-test was conducted to analyze differences between the tools. The reliability between tools for muscle area calculation was weak (r = 0.000; CV = 138.03 ± 0.34%), while it was excellent for EI (r = 0.871; CV = 15.19 ± 2.96%). The Bland-Altman plots indicated a large bias for muscle area (d = 195.2%) with a proportional bias (p < 0.001). For EI, the bias was (d = 15.2) with proportional bias (p = 0.028). The paired t-test revealed significant differences between the tools for area (p < 0.001) but not for EI (p = 0.060). The study found significant differences in measurements obtained with the polygon and segmented line tools in ImageJ, with the polygon tool showing higher values for muscle area and lower values for EI.

Diffusion-weighted imaging as a non-gadolinium alternative for immediate assessing nonperfused area of adenomyosis after magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) ablation: a potential technique but with slightly overestimate.

It is a technical challenge to monitor ablation outcome during magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) treatment using non-gadolinium technique. The study aimed to investigate the value of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for immediately assessing nonperfused area of adenomyosis after MRgFUS treatment. We retrospectively included patients with adenomyosis who underwent MRgFUS ablation and underwent both DWI (b=800 sec/mm2) and contrast-enhanced (CE) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging within 15 minutes after treatment. Two blinded observers independently reviewed the DWI scan of the ablated necrotic lesions and measured their area in the central slice of DWI and CE imaging. Consistency and differences in the assessment result were compared. A total of 48 women with adenomyosis (mean age 39.6±4.9 years) were analyzed. Abnormal signals were observed in all 48 adenomyosis lesions on DWI images and could be categorized into 3 types: large area of central low-signal with complete (type 1) or incomplete (type 2) high-signal ring, or inhomogeneous high-signal areas without a ring sign (type 3). Intra- and interobserver intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were 0.84 and 0.80, respectively, for categorizing the DWI signal types (both P<0.001). The DWI abnormal signals and nonperfused areas were essentially corresponding. ICCs were ranged from 0.85 to 0.91 for area measurements using DWI vs. CE MR imaging (all P<0.001). The area of necrotic lesions measured using DWI images was larger than that using CE images (17.17±7.79 vs. 15.41±7.36 cm2, P<0.001). DWI can serve as a non-gadolinium technique for the initial evaluation of nonperfused area of adenomyosis after MRgFUS ablation. However, it is also important to note that DWI may slightly overestimate the nonperfused area.

The value of volume measurement in CT in the follow-up of Stanford B aortic dissection after TEVAR

BackgroundTo investigate the value of dual-source CT combined with volumetric measurement in the follow-up of Stanford Type B aortic dissection (TBAD) intrathoracic aortic repair (TEVAR).Methods40 TBAD patients in our hospital were treated with TEVAR and followed up at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. Dual-source CT and volumetric measurements were used to calculate the diameters and areas of the true and false lumen and the total lumen of the left subclavian artery at a distance of 2 cm (P1), the middle part of the descending aorta (P2), the opening of the abdominal trunk (P3) and the anterior bifurcation of the abdominal aorta (P4) before and after surgery. The maximum diameter, maximum area, volume and modified aortic remodeling index (MARI) of the true and false lumen of the distal abdominal aortic dissection were measured to evaluate the postoperative vascular remodeling.ResultsThe true cavity diameter of P1 and P2 increased gradually, the false cavity diameter decreased gradually (P < 0.05), and the total and true cavity diameter of P3 and P4 increased (P < 0.05). After operation, the true cavity area of P1 and P2 gradually increased, and the false cavity area decreased (P < 0.05). The total area of P3, P4, and true cavity increased gradually after operation (P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in true and false lumen volume and MARI before and after surgery (P < 0.05).ConclusionCompared with diameter measurement and area measurement, volume measurement can more accurately reflect the remodeling of the true and false lumen of the uncoated aortic dissection.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.

Eco-friendly fabrication of copper oxide nanoparticles using peel extract of Citrus aurantium for the efficient degradation of methylene blue dye

This study presents a simple, sustainable, eco-friendly approach for synthesizing copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles using Citrus aurantium peel extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized CuO and CuO-OP were characterized using various techniques, including surface area measurement (SBET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). DRS analysis determines band gap energy (Eg) of 1.7 eV for CuO and 1.6 eV for CuO-OP. FTIR confirmed the presence of Cu–O bond groups. The XRD and HRTEM results revealed monoclinic and spherical nanostructures, with average particle sizes ranging from 53.25 to 68.02 nm, as determined via Scherer’s equation. EDX analysis indicated incorporation of carbon (1.6%) and nitrogen (0.3%) from the peel extract. The synthesized CuO and CuO-OP NPs exhibited excellent photocatalytic efficiencies for methylene blue dye under UV irradiation, reaching 95.34 and 97.5%, respectively, under optimal conditions; the initial dye concentration was 100 mg/L, the pH was 10, the catalyst dosage was 1 g/L, and the contact time was 120 min. Isothermal studies showed that the adsorption of MB onto the nanoparticles followed the Freundlich isotherm model (R2 = 0.97 and 0.96). Kinetic studies indicated that the degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with rate constants (K1) of 0.0255 min−1 for CuO and 0.033 min−1 for CuO-OP. The sorption capacities were calculated as 98.19 mg/g for CuO and 123.1 mg/g for CuO-OP. The energy values obtained from the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm were 707.11 and 912.87 KJ mol−1, suggesting that chemisorption was the dominant mechanism.

Understanding the nature of landslides through detailed geomorphological mapping on the Sumbing Volcanic Landscape, Java Island, Indonesia

ABSTRACT A 1:2,500-scale geomorphological map was created to illustrate the landslide characteristics on the southern flank of the Sumbing Volcanic Landscape (SVL), Java Island, Indonesia. High-resolution LiDAR Digital Terrain Model (DTM), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based aerial photographs, and field surveys were integrated to enable detailed landform interpretation of post-volcanic mass wasting processes. Landslides were classified by type, activity level, and origin. Additionally, morphometric analysis, including slope and area measurements, was conducted. Through this detailed geomorphological mapping process, it reveals that most recent landslides have developed within relict landslides, which were previously overlooked. It also detects smaller, more hazardous landslides caused by human activities, in addition to those triggered by natural forces. This study represents the first large-scale geomorphological mapping effort integrating high-resolution datasets in Indonesia’s dormant volcanic landscapes. It will enhance understanding of landslide characteristics and will support disaster management strategies.

AQSA-Algorithm for Automatic Quantification of Spheres Derived from Cancer Cells in Microfluidic Devices.

Sphere formation assay is an accepted cancer stem cell (CSC) enrichment method. CSCs play a crucial role in chemoresistance and cancer recurrence. Therefore, CSC growth is studied in plates and microdevices to develop prediction chemotherapy assays in cancer. As counting spheres cultured in devices is laborious, time-consuming, and operator-dependent, a computational program called the Automatic Quantification of Spheres Algorithm (ASQA) that detects, identifies, counts, and measures spheres automatically was developed. The algorithm and manual counts were compared, and there was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.167). The performance of the AQSA is better when the input image has a uniform background, whereas, with a nonuniform background, artifacts can be interpreted as spheres according to image characteristics. The areas of spheres derived from LN229 cells and CSCs from primary cultures were measured. For images with one sphere, area measurements obtained with the AQSA and SpheroidJ were compared, and there was no statistically significant difference between them (p = 0.173). Notably, the AQSA detects more than one sphere, compared to other approaches available in the literature, and computes the sphere area automatically, which enables the observation of treatment response in the sphere derived from the human glioblastoma LN229 cell line. In addition, the algorithm identifies spheres with numbers to identify each one over time. The AQSA analyzes many images in 0.3 s per image with a low computational cost, enabling laboratories from developing countries to perform sphere counts and area measurements without needing a powerful computer. Consequently, it can be a useful tool for automated CSC quantification from cancer cell lines, and it can be adjusted to quantify CSCs from primary culture cells. CSC-derived sphere detection is highly relevant as it avoids expensive treatments and unnecessary toxicity.

A modified calculation formula for meibomian gland grading

This study aimed to establish a modified calculation formula for the grading of meibomian glands. Meibography images from 102 participants by different examiners on separate machines on two consecutive days were analyzed, quantified and compared side-by-side. Measure and calculate the ratio of the MGs area to the whole eyelid area and the ratio of the MGs to the corneal base area. Our findings demonstrate that there were significant differences in the ratio of the meibomian gland area to the whole eyelid area between two measurements, but not in the ratio of the meibomian gland area to the corneal base area. The measurement of the eyelid area showed bigger variations and poorer repeatability than the meibomian gland area and the corneal base area. As such, the ratio of the meibomian gland area to the corneal base area is a more stable indicator for the grading of meibomian glands over multiple measurement.

Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt–Organic Framework as an Electrocatalyst for Water Splitting Application

ABSTRACTClimate change is seen as a crucial environmental dilemma that humanity will confront in the upcoming decade. For this purpose, the solvothermal‐assisted technique is used to create metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), which are porous materials characterized by strong connections between organic ligands and metal ions. The MOF discussed here contains cobalt as the metal node and a linker derived from 2‐aminobenzoic acid and terephthalaldehyde. The prepared powder underwent analysis using various techniques including Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurement, and thermal analysis. BET analysis revealed a surface area of 1587.06 m2/g, a total pore volume of 0.86394 cc/g, and an average pore size of 1.088 nm. The RGO@Co‐MOF prepared was utilized to evaluate water splitting efficiency, demonstrating favorable catalytic activity like most reported modified MOF catalysts under low current density conditions of 10 mA/cm2.