Measurement Of Serum Triglycerides Research Articles

Metabolic effects of training endurance horses in a field setting

Abstract Changes in serum biochemistry and skeletal muscle of horses in response to individual endurance rides of varying distance have been reported, as have the effects of submaximal treadmill training. This study evaluated the effects of a controlled field endurance training programme on energy metabolism. Five Arabian horses 6.8 ± 2.0 years (mean ± standard deviation) were trained for 16 weeks over progressively longer distances. The biceps femoris, triceps long head, and semitendinosus muscles were biopsied before and after 4-weekly runs of 10, 20 and 30 miles, respectively, and before and after 10, 20, 30 and 50 miles of a fourth run at the end of the training programme to measure 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (HAD) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities and triglyceride (TG) and glycogen concentrations in those biopsies. Blood samples were obtained simultaneously to measure serum TG, free fatty acid (FFA), glycerol, glucagon, insulin, and cortisol concentrations. Data were analysed using RM-ANOVA for effects of training and distance. was considered significant. Training increased resting glycogen and TG concentrations in the biceps (, ), triceps (, ) and semitendinosus (, ), respectively. Both HAD and SDH activities increased in the biceps femoris (; ) and triceps (; ), respectively, but not in the semitendinosus. There was no training effect detected on serum hormone responses to exercise distance although serum glycerol (), glucagon () and cortisol () concentrations increased with increasing run distance, while insulin concentration decreased (). Glucagon and cortisol concentrations were correlated (r = 0.67; ). Serum TG decreased with exercise but at a slower rate following training, and serum FFA were higher during exercise following training when compared to the partially trained state. Overall, endurance training enhanced peripheral mobilisation of fat and its utilisation by working muscle, and resting muscle glycogen stores increased.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among women with different PCOS phenotypes – a prospective study

Objective To study prevalence of different polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) phenotypes in our population and to compare the anthropometric measurements and metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors among different phenotypes. Material and methods Two hundred and forty-eight PCOS women were prospectively classified into four phenotypes based on Rotterdam criteria, over a period of 18 months from June 2018 to November 2019. MetS was defined as per International diabetes federation consensus held in 2009. To evaluate the prevalence of MetS, we measured serum triglyceride levels, HDL cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, and waist circumference. Results The mean age group of the study population was 23.16 ± 4.42, with maximum cases belonging to 20–25 years age group (40.72%). The prevalence of Phenotypes A, B, C, and D were 36.7%, 10.1%, 4.4%, and 48.8%, respectively. Phenotype D had the highest prevalence of MetS (14.9%). Phenotype A had significantly higher waist circumference, hip circumference, cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL values as compared to Phenotype D (p<.05). Conclusions Phenotype A was at higher risk of adverse MetS risk profile. The overall prevalence of MetS was quite low as compared to similar Indian studies. A substantial proportion of study cohort had higher waist circumference (almost 60%) and lower HDL levels (88.70% cases), hence all women with PCOS should be screened for metabolic profile risk factors at a young age itself.

Evaluating the need for free glycerol blanking for serum triglyceride measurements at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital.

Background The accurate and precise measurement of triglycerides is important due to the adverse effects associated with hypertriglyceridaemia. Most laboratory methods are based on enzymatic hydrolysis of triglycerides with measurement of the total glycerol. An elevated free glycerol concentration may result in overestimation of triglyceride concentrations. The removal of free glycerol by blanking may therefore be of clinical importance. The aim of this study was to compare the glycerol blanking and non-glycerol blanking triglyceride methods. Methods This was a method comparison study of 1518 samples from both in-patients and out-patients at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital. Triglycerides were measured in each sample using both the blanking and the non-blanking methods. Analytical performance was assessed based on the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) goals. Clinical impact was assessed according to the NCEP Adult Treatment Program III (ATP III) risk classification. Results The method median was significantly higher in the non-blanking compared to the blanking method (1.33 vs. 1.12 mmol/L, p < 0.0001) in all patients. The average bias was above the total allowable error of 15% across all groups. There was a significant change in NCEP ATP III risk classification, with fewer patients classified as normal (67.6% vs. 74.6%, p < 0.0001) with the non-blanking method compared to the blanking method. Conclusions There was a significant error when glycerol blanking for triglyceride determination was not performed. The non-blanking triglyceride method overestimates triglyceride concentrations. This does not only exceed analytical performance goals, but also impacts on patient categorisation and clinical decision making in all patients.

Very Severe Hypertriglyceridemia in a Large US County Health Care System: Associated Conditions and Management.

ContextPatients with very severe hypertriglyceridemia (triglyceride levels ≥2000 mg/dL; 22.6 mmol/L) require aggressive treatment. However, little research exists on the underlying etiologies and management of very severe hypertriglyceridemia.ObjectiveWe hypothesized (i) very severe hypertriglyceridemia in adults is mostly associated with secondary causes and (ii) most patients with very severe hypertriglyceridemia lack appropriate follow-up and treatment.DesignWe queried electronic medical records at Parkland Health and Hospital Systems for lipid measurements in the year 2016 and identified patients with serum triglyceride levels ≥2000 mg/dL (22.6 mmol/L). We extracted data on demographics, underlying causes, lipid-lowering therapy, and follow-up.ResultsOne hundred sixty-four serum triglyceride measurements were ≥2000 mg/dL (22.6 mmol/L) in 103 unique patients. Of these, 60 patients were admitted to the hospital (39 for acute pancreatitis). Most were Hispanic (79%). The major conditions associated with very severe hypertriglyceridemia included uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (74%), heavy alcohol use (10%), medication use (7%), and hypothyroidism (2%). Two patients were known to have monogenic causes of hypertriglyceridemia. After the index measurement of triglycerides ≥2000 mg/dL (22.6 mmol/L), the use of triglyceride-lowering drugs increased, most prominently the use of fish oil supplements, which increased by 80%. However, in follow-up visits, hypertriglyceridemia was addressed in only 50% of encounters, and serum triglycerides were remeasured in only 18%.ConclusionIn summary, very severe hypertriglyceridemia was quite prevalent (∼0.1% of all lipid measurements) in our large county health care system, especially in Hispanic men. Most cases were related to uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, and follow-up monitoring was inadequate.

The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in the Different Phenotypes of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.

To evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the phenotypes of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). This was a cross-sectional study involving 111 women aged between 18 and 39 years old diagnosed with PCOS, according to the Rotterdam Criteria, and grouped into four phenotypes: A: ovulatory dysfunction + hyperandrogenism + polycystic ovaries; B: ovulatory dysfunction + hyperandrogenism; C: hyperandrogenism + polycystic ovaries; D: ovulatory dysfunction + polycystic ovaries. To evaluate the presence of MetS, we measured serum triglyceride levels, HDL cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, and waist circumference. The prevalence of MetS found in this sample was 33.6%, and there was no statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) among the 4 phenotypes. However, phenotype D presented a significantly higher mean glucose level after fasting (93.6 mg/dL) and 2 hours after ingesting a solution with 75 g of anhydrous glucose (120 mg/dL), as well as the lowest mean level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (44.7 mg/dL). The women in this group demonstrated a high prevalence of abdominal circumference ≥ 80 cm (68.2%), as well as the highest mean abdominal circumference (90.1 cm). Amongst the women with an abdominal circumference ≥ 80 cm, phenotype A increased approximately six-fold the chance of developing metabolic syndrome in relation to phenotype C. The four phenotypes of PCOS demonstrated similar prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome; abdominal obesity presented a relevant role in the development of metabolic alterations, regardless of the phenotype.

Low dose combination of aspirin and clopidogrel retards the progression of atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemia rabbits via interfering with inflammatory and oxidative responses.

The objective of this study to evaluate the effect of the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel in low doses on the progression of atherosclerosis.A total of 35 local domestic rabbits was assigned to five groups. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment (8-weeks) for measurement of serum triglycerides,total cholesterol (TC),HDL-C,plasma high sensitive C-reactive protein,plasma malondialdehyde andplasma reduced glutathione. Compared to normal control,levels of lipid profile, atherogenic index,hsCRP,and MDA are increased while GSH were decreased in animals on an atherogenic diet. immunohistochemical analysis showed that aortic expression of VCAM-1,MCP-1,TNF-α and IL-17A were significantly increased in the atherogenic control group compared to a normal control group. A combination of low doses aspirin and clopidogrel causes statistically significant reduction in hsCRP and MDA. A combination of low doses aspirin and clopidogrel treatment significantly reduced aortic expression of VCAM-1,MCP-1,TNF-α and IL-17A. Histopathologic examination of aortic arch showed that the combination of low doses aspirin and clopidogrel significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion. Aspirin treatment considerably reduced aortic expression of VCAM-1,MCP-1,TNF-α and IL-17A. It thus can conclude that a combination of aspirin and clopidogrel in low doses has a reducing effect on lipid peroxidation,systemic inflammation and aortic expression of inflammatory marker and hence reduce the progression of atherosclerosis.

Triglyceride concentrations in neonatal foals: Serial measurement and effects of age and illness

Few studies have evaluated the effects of age and illness on serum triglyceride concentrations in neonatal foals. The objectives of this study were to evaluate triglyceride concentrations in neonatal foals and their dams through serial measurement immediately postpartum and at 1–2 days and 10–12 days of age, as well as to measure them in sick foals.Serially measured serum triglycerides in seven healthy foals varied with age. Median (range) triglyceride concentrations were 28mg/dL (12–50mg/dL), 89mg/dL (51–264mg/dL), and 60mg/dL (28–135mg/dL) immediately postpartum, at 1–2 days of age, and 10–12 days of age, respectively (P<0.001). Triglyceride concentrations varied hourly by up to 117mg/dL in individual foals. The dams had lower triglycerides (median, 20mg/dL; range, 12–49mg/dL) than the foals, once foals were >24h old. Sick foals <24h old had lower triglycerides than sick foals aged 1–7 days (median, 41mg/dL [range, 16–116]; median, 110mg/dL [range, 24–379mg/dL]; P<0.001). Age and triglyceride concentration showed a non-linear association independent of foal health status (P=0.01). Sick foals with positive bacterial cultures had higher triglycerides than those with negative cultures (median, 111mg/dL [range, 10–379mg/dL] and median 53mg/dL [range, 17–271mg/dL], respectively; P=0.033). Nonsurvivors had higher triglycerides than survivors (median, 116mg/dL [range, 41–379mg/dL] and median, 55mg/dL [range, 10–311mg/dL], respectively; P=0.04). In conclusion, triglycerides were highest in healthy neonatal foals aged 1–2 days, and in nonsurviving sick foals and those with positive bacterial cultures. Age was associated with triglyceride concentration regardless of health status.

Antiatherosclerotic potential of aspirin: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory approaches

Objective: this study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of aspirin on the progression of atherosclerosis. Materials and methods: A total of 28 local domestic rabbits were assigned to four groups: Group I (normal control), Group II (atherogenic control), Group III (vehicle control),Group IV (aspirin 10 mg\kg daily). Blood samples were collected at the end of experiment (8 weeks) for measurement of serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, plasma high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and plasma reduced glutathione (GSH). Immunohistochemical analysis (VCAM-1, MCP-1, and TNF-α) and histopathologic assessment of aortic atherosclerotic changes were also performed.&#x0D; Results: Compared to NC, levels of lipid profile, atherogenic index, hsCRP, and MDA are increased while GSH were decreased in animals on atherogenic diet (p&lt; 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that aortic expression of VCAM 1, MCP-1, and TNF-α were significantly increased in AC group compared to NC group (p&lt;0.001). Histopathologic finding showed that animals on atherogenic diet have significant atherosclerotic lesion compared to NC group. Compared to AC group aspirin don’t have significant effect on lipid profile. Aspirin causes statistically significant reduction in hsCRP and MDA (p&lt;0.05). Aspirin treatment causes significantly increase the level of GSH. Aspirin treatment significantly reduced aortic expression of VCAM-1, MCP-1, and TNF-α (p&lt;0.05). Histopathologic examination of aortic arch showed that aspirin significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion (p&lt;0.05).Conclusions: It thus can conclude that aspirin reduces lipid peroxidation, systemic inflammation and aortic expression of inflammatory markers used in this study and hence reduce the progression of atherosclerosis.

Effect of montelukast on progression of atherosclerosis

Objective: this study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of montelukast on the progression of atherosclerosis. Materials and methods: A total of 28 local domestic rabbits were assigned into four groups: Group I (normal control), Group II (atherogenic control), Group III (vehicle control),Group IV (montelukast 1.5 mg\kg daily). Blood samples were collected at the end of experiment (8 weeks) for measurement of serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, plasma high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and plasma reduced glutathione (GSH). Immunohistochemical analysis (VCAM-1, MCP-1, and TNF-α) and histopathologic assessment of aortic atherosclerotic changes were also performed.&#x0D; Results: Compared to NC, levels of lipid profile, atherogenic index, hsCRP, and MDA are increased while GSH were decreased in animals on atherogenic diet (p&lt; 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that aortic expression of VCAM 1, MCP-1, and TNF-α were significantly increased in AC group compared to NC group (p&lt;0.001). Histopathologic finding showed that animals on atherogenic diet have significant atherosclerotic lesion compared to NC group. Compared to AC group montelukast don’t have significant effect on lipid profile. Montelukast causes statistically significant reduction in hsCRP and MDA (p&lt;0.05). Montelukast treatment causes significantly increase the level of GSH. Montelukast treatment significantly reduced aortic expression of VCAM-1, MCP-1, and TNF-α (p&lt;0.005). Histopathologic examination of aortic arch showed that montelukast significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesion (p&lt;0.005).Conclusions: It thus can conclude that montelukast reduces lipid peroxidation, systemic inflammation and aortic expression of inflammatory markers used in this study and hence reduce the progression of atherosclerosis.

Serum triglyceride measurements: the commutability of reference materials and the accuracy of results.

Background We aimed to evaluate the commutability of external quality assessment (EQA) materials, aqueous solutions, and commercial reference materials (calibrators and controls), and the accuracy of routine systems for serum triglyceride measurements. Methods According to the clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) EP14-A3 protocol, we analyzed 43 fresh patient specimens and 32 processed materials including lyophilized samples, human serum pools, liquid reagents, swine sera and aqueous solutions by 14 routine methods (evaluated methods) and an isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method (ID-LC/MS/MS) (comparative method). The accuracy of the routine method was evaluated by analyzing the absolute bias, relative bias, and the bias at three medical decision levels based on CLSI EP9-A3. Results Frozen serum samples and swine sera were commutable for all of the assays. The EQA/PT materials, commercial calibrators and control materials showed matrix effects differently on routine methods. The aqueous glycerol solutions were generally noncommutable for routine method. All except one routine analytical systems met the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) recommended analytical performance guideline analytical quality criteria for total error. Conclusions Matrix effects and calibration biases existed in measurements of serum triglyceride. Continued efforts are needed to improve the accuracy and comparability of routine measurements.

Sulforaphane attenuates the development of atherosclerosis and improves endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.

The aim of the present work was to explore possible protective effects of sulforaphane (SFN) against atherosclerosis development and endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Rabbits were assigned to three groups of five: group I fed normal chow diet for four weeks, group II fed 1% high cholesterol diet (HCD) and group III fed HCD + SFN (0.25 mg/kg/day). Blood samples were collected for measurement of serum triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Aortic malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total nitrite/nitrate (NOx) were measured. Vascular reactivity and intima/media (I/M) ratio were analyzed. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation in aortic endothelial cells was identified immunohistochemically. HCD induced significant increases in serum TGs, TC, LDL-C, LDH, and CRP, and aortic MDA and SOD. Moreover, HCD caused significant reductions in serum HDL-C, aortic GSH and NOx. SFN administration significantly decreased HCD-induced elevations in serum TC, LDL-C, CRP, and LDH. while significantly increased HDL-C and GSH levels and normalized aortic SOD and NOx. Additionally, SFN significantly improved rabbit aortic endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine. Moreover, SFN significantly reduced the elevation in I/M ratio. This effect was confirmed by aortic histopathologic examination. The expression of NF-κB in aortic tissue showed a marked reduction upon treatment with SFN. In conclusion, this study reveals that SFN has the ability to ameliorate HCD-induced atherosclerotic lesions progression and vascular dysfunction, possibly via its lipid-lowering and antioxidant effects and suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammation.

오메가-3 지방산 함유 복분자종자유에 의한 고지방식이 유도 고지혈증 마우스의 혈중 중성지방 및 콜레스테롤 감소 효과

To investigate the effect of n-3 fatty acid from Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miq.) seed oil (BSO), we examined improvement of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol in vivo. Five-week-old ICR mice were divided into five groups of six mice each; Control, high fat diet (HFD) control (negative control), salmon oil control (positive control, HFD+commercial n-3 fatty acid), and BSO experimental groups (HFD+1 g/60 kg BW/d, HFD+2 g/60 kg BW/d). After 4 weeks of BSO treatment, we measured serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The levels of low-density lipoprotein/very-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and total cholesterol were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the group fed BSO at 2 g/60 kg BW/d compared to the negative control. Levels of triglycerides, which are similar to cholesterol, were also significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the same group. To investigate further, we tested blood coagulation parameters. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were not significantly different among the five groups according to BSO. However, the 2 g/60 kg BW/d BSO group treated with PT and aPTT showed a tendency to live longer than the negative control. Taken together, BSO might improve blood homeostasis mediated via hypo-lipidemic and anti-coagulation activities.

The assessment of carotid intima-media thickness, lipid profiles and oxidative stress markers in Helicobacter pylori-positive subjects

Helicobacter pylori infection has been suggested to be associated with atherosclerosis. The issue is still controversial. It is well known that abnormal lipid profile and oxidative stress are related to atherosclerosis and the measurement of carotid intima-media thickness. The aim of this study was to investigate carotid intima-media thickness and oxidative stress along with lipid parameters in Helicobacter pylori-positive and -negative subjects. Thirty Helicobacter pylori-positive subjects and 31 Helicobacter pylori-negative subjects were enrolled. Helicobacter pylori infection was diagnosed by noninvasive tests. Serum total oxidant status and total antioxidant capacity levels were measured. Oxidative stress index was calculated based on total oxidant status/total antioxidant capacity ratio. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors were recorded, and laboratory analysis included measurement of serum triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. carotid intima media thickness was assessed by high-resolution ultrasound. We found that the mean and maximum values of right and overall carotid intima-media thickness in Helicobacter pylori-positive subjects were significantly thicker than in Helicobacter pylori-negatives (p < 0.05). Serum triglycerides levels of Helicobacter pylori-positive subjects were significantly higher than in Helicobacter pylori-negatives (p < 0.05). Total oxidant status, total antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress index values were significantly higher in Helicobacter pylori-positive subjects compared with negatives (p < 0.05). No significant correlation was observed between oxidative stress markers and carotid intima-media thickness values. Carotid intima-media thickness, total oxidant status, total antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress index, and triglycerides values are increased in Helicobacter pylori-positive subjects compared to Helicobacter pylori-negatives. These data indicated that Helicobacter pylori infection may have a role in atherosclerotic processes.

Gene-gene interactions among the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor polymorphisms for hypertriglyceridemia

To investigate the association of ten SNP at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα, δ, γ) with hypertriglyceridemia and the gene-gene interaction. Participants were recruited from the Prevention of MetS and Multi-metabolic Disorders in Jiangsu province of China Study (PMMJS). A total of 820 subjects were selected from the 4083 participants who had received follow-up examination, by using simple random sampling. Participants in baseline and follow-up study surveys were both collected blood samples 11 ml in the morning after at least 8 hours of fasting. Blood samples which collected at the baseline were subjected to PPARα, PPARδ and PPARγ genotype analyses. Blood samples which collected at the follow-up were used to measure serum triglyceride levels. The logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between different SNP and hypertriglyceridemia, and the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) was applied to explore the gene-gene interaction. The samples included 474 in the non-hypertriglyceridemia group and 346 in the hypertriglyceridemia group. The genotype frequencies of rs1800206 in the hypertriglyceridemia group were 211 (61.0%) for LL, 132 (38.2%) for LV and 3 (0.9%) for VV, and in the non-hypertriglyceridemia group were 411 (86.7%) for LL, 59 (12.4%) for LV and 4(0.8%) for VV (χ(2) = 74.18, P < 0.01). V allele frequencies of rs1800206 in the hypertriglyceridemia group was 138(19.9%), and in the non-hypertriglyceridemia group was 67 (7.1%) (χ(2) = 60.62, P < 0.01). The genotype frequencies of rs2016520 in the hypertriglyceridemia group were 177 (51.2%) for TT, 154 (44.5%) for TC and 15 (4.3%) for CC, and in the non-hypertriglyceridemia group were 211 (44.5%) for TT, 212 (44.7%) for TC and 51 (10.8%) for CC(χ(2) = 15.93, P < 0.01). C allele frequencies of rs2016520 in the hypertriglyceridemia group was 184(26.6%), and in the non-hypertriglyceridemia group was 314 (33.1%) (χ(2) = 8.07, P < 0.01). The genotype frequencies of rs3856806 in the hypertriglyceridemia group were 149 (43.1%) for CC, 156 (45.1%) for CT and 41 (11.8%) for TT, and in the non-hypertriglyceridemia group were 269 (56.8%) for CC, 170 (35.9%) for CT and 35 (7.4%) for TT (χ(2) = 15.93, P < 0.01). T allele frequencies of rs3856806 in the hypertriglyceridemia group was 238(34.4%), and was 240 (25.3%) in the non-hypertriglyceridemia group (χ(2) = 15.96, P < 0.01). The genotype frequencies of rs1805192 in the hypertriglyceridemia group were 145 (41.9%) for PP, 158(45.7%) for PA and 43(12.4%) for AA, and in the non-hypertriglyceridemia group were 314 (66.2%) for PP, 137(28.9%) for PA and 23(4.9%) for AA (χ(2) = 50.92, P < 0.01). A allele frequencies of rs1805192 in the hypertriglyceridemia group was 244(35.2%), and was 183 (19.3%) in the non-hypertriglyceridemia group(χ(2) = 52.89, P < 0.01). After adjusting age, gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, high-fat diet, low -fiber diet and occupational physical activity factors, rs1800206, rs2016520, rs3856806 and rs1805192 were significantly associated with hypertriglyceride, while the OR (95%CI) was 3.88 (2.69 - 5.60), 0.71 (0.52 - 0.96), 1.40 (1.03 - 1.90) and 2.56 (1.88 - 3.49), respectively (P < 0.05). GMDR model analysis showed that the second-order model (rs1800206 and rs1805192) was the best model when quality traits of triglyceride was chosen as outcome (P < 0.01); while third-order model (rs1800206, rs1805192 and rs2016520) was the best model when quantitative traits of triglyceride was chosen as outcome (P < 0.01). The rs1800206, rs2016520, rs3856806 and rs1805192 were significantly associated with hypertriglyceridemia. There was a gene-gene interaction between multiple SNP.

Clinical and biochemical validation of two endophenotypes of schizophrenia defined by levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in red blood cells

BackgroundPolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are bimodally distributed in acute schizophrenia, suggesting two endophenotypes. We intended to characterize these endophenotypes clinically. Our a priori hypothesis was that low PUFA patients have more negative symptoms. Patients and methodsPatients (aged 18–39) with schizophrenia, schizoaffective or schizophreniform disorders were recruited at hospital admission during an acute episode. The baseline Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, vital signs and biochemical variables were measured in 97 patients with available RBC PUFA levels. Adjustment for multiple testing was not performed. ResultsThe median Negative Subscale score was higher (p=0.04) in the low PUFA (25 points, n=30) than in the high PUFA group (19 points, n=67). Among 95 patients with measurements of serum triglycerides, hypertriglyceridaemia was more prevalent (p=0.009) among low PUFA patients (66%) than high PUFA patients (36%). PUFA modified the effect of antipsychotics on triglycerides (p=0.046). Serum glucose and mean corpuscular haemoglobin were higher (p=0.03, 0.001, respectively) in low PUFA than in high PUFA patients. Low PUFA men were heavier (p=0.04) than high PUFA men. ConclusionsDuring an acute episode of schizophrenia, patients with low RBC PUFA have more negative symptoms and more metabolic and haematological abnormalities than those with high PUFA. This indicates that PUFA levels define two clinically distinct endophenotypes of the disorder.

Abstract 114: Pomegranate Regressed Atheroma in Carotid and Coronary Arteries: Fiction or Fact?

Background: Atherosclerosis is a disease of large and medium-sized muscular arteries and is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and the buildup of lipids, cholesterol, calcium, and cellular debris within the intima of the vessel wall, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) can reduce the expression of nitric oxide synthase, the enzyme that produces nitric oxide. Nitric oxide reduces injury to the vessel walls, which also helps prevent the development of atherosclerosis Recently, they discovered that pomegranate juice enhances the bioactivity of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells. Furthermore, pomegranate’s antioxidant properties protect nitric oxide from oxidative destruction, thus augmenting its biological actions. Therefore the objective of present study was to assess the effect of pomegranateon atherosclerosis regression via interfering with inflammatory and oxidative pathways. Methods: 60 local domestic rabbits were assigned to three groups: Group I (n = 30) fed normal diet,Group II ( n = 30) Rabbit fed high cholesterol-diet (induced untreated group), Group III ( n = 30) high cholesterol-diet for 12 weeks but adding oral pomegranate juice at 6 weeks .Blood samples were collected at (0 time ), after 6 and 12 weeks for measurement of serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C and serum high sensitive C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP), serum IL-6 and serum TNF-a. At the end of 12 weeks,both carotid and right coronary arteries was removed, part of it for histopathology to assess the atherosclerotic change according to AmericanHeart Association classification of atherosclerosis phases and for aortic intema-media thickness also part of it homogenized for malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Results: Compared with the control, levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, atherogenic index, hsCRP, IL-6, TNF-a and arterial MDA were increased and arterial GSH and serum HDL-C were decreased in the animals with a high-choleterole diet ( P &lt; 0.01). Histologically all induced-untreated rabbit showed significant atherosclerosis lesions in both arteries ( P &lt; 0.01) all occurred at 6 and 12 weeks. While in pomegranate treated group at 12 weeks, levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, atherogenic index, hsCRP, IL-6, TNF-a and arterial tissue of MDA were decreased and coronary and carotid GSH and serum HDL-C were increased relatively ( P &lt; 0.01).Low power microscopic morphologic analysis revealed that pomegranate treated group markedly regressed ( P &lt; 0.01) the atherosclerotic lesion in form of decrease intima-media thickness in histomorphometric measurements in the studied arteries at 12 weeks compared with rabbits on a high-fat diet at same period. In conclusion pomegranate juiceregressed atherosclerosis in carotid and coronary arteries in hypercholesterolemic rabbit via inhibition of inflammatory, oxidative pathways, reduced level of lipid parameters and decreased aortic intima-media thickness.

Abstract 135: Evaluation of the Effects of Glimepiride (Amaryl) and Repaglinide (Novonorm) on Atherosclerosis Progression in High Cholesterol-Fed Male Rabbits

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the blood vessel wall, characterized in early stages by endothelial dysfunction, recruitment and activation of monocyte/macrophages. Glimepiride is one of the third generation sulphonylurea drugs useful for control of diabetes mellitus type two and it may exert anti inflammatory activity by induction of nitric oxide production or through selective suppression of the cyclooxygenase pathway . Repaglinide is a new hypoglycemic agent, a member of the carbamoylmethyl benzoic acid family. Some results from the literature demonstrate that repaglinide has a favorable effect on the parameters of antioxidative balance. Objectives: The objective of present study was to assess the effect of glimepiride and repaglinide on atherosclerosis via interfering with inflammatory and oxidative pathways. Methods: twenty four local domestic male rabbits were involved in this study. The animals were randomly divided into four groups; Group I rabbits fed normal chow (oxiod) diet for 10 weeks. Group II rabbits fed with 1% cholesterol enriched diet. Group III rabbits fed with 1% cholesterol enriched diet together with Glimepiride (0.1mg/kg once daily before morning feed). Group IV rabbits fed with 1% cholesterol enriched diet together with Repaglinide (0.3mg/kg once daily before morning feed). Blood samples were collected before (0 time) and every two weeks of experimental diets for measurement of serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, high sensitive C - reactive protein (hsCRP), IL-6 and TNF-α level. At the end of 10weeks the aorta was removed for measurement of aortic Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and aortic intimal thickness. Results: Glimepiride and repaglinide treatment did show significant effect on lipid parameters compared with induced untreated group ( P &gt; 0.05).Also they were significantly reduced the elevation in hsCRP, IL-6, TNF-α, aortic MDA and aortic intimal thickness compared with induced untreated group ( P &lt; 0.05),and they restore aortic GSH level ( P &lt; 0.05) . Conclusions: Glimepiride and repaglinide may reduce atherosclerosis progression in hypercholesterolemic rabbit via interfering with inflammatory and oxidative pathways without affecting lipid parameters.

Triglyceride levels and apolipoprotein E polymorphism in patients with acute pancreatitis

Hypertriglyceridemia is an unusual cause of acute pancreatitis and sometimes considered to be an epiphenomenon. This study aimed to investigate the clinical and analytical features and the APOE genotypes in patients with acute pancreatitis and severe hypertriglyceridemia. We undertook a one-year, prospective study of patients with acute pancreatitis whose first laboratory analysis on admission to the emergency department included measurement of serum triglycerides. The APOE genotype was determined and the patients answered an established questionnaire within the first 24 hours concerning their alcohol consumption, the presence of co-morbidities and any medications being taken. The patients' progression, etiological diagnosis, hospital stay and clinical and radiological severity were all recorded. Hypertriglyceridemia was responsible for 7 of 133 cases of pancreatitis (5%); the remaining cases were of biliary (53%), idiopathic (26%), alcoholic (11%) or other (5%) origin. Compared with these remaining cases, the patients with hypertriglyceridemia were significantly younger, had more relapses, and more often had diabetes mellitus. They usually consumed alcohol or consumed it excessively on the days before admission. Also, the ε4 allele of the APOE gene was more common in this group (P<0.05). One of 20 episodes of acute pancreatitis is caused by hypertriglyceridemia and it is linked to genetic (ε4 allele) and comorbid factors such as diabetes and, especially, alcohol consumption.

Evaluation of the effects of glimepiride (Amaryl) and repaglinide (novoNorm) on atherosclerosis progression in high cholesterol-fed male rabbits

Background:Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the blood vessel wall, characterized in early stages by endothelial dysfunction, recruitment and activation of monocyte/macrophages. Glimepiride is one of the third generation sulphonylurea drugs, useful for control of diabetes mellitus type two and it may exert anti inflammatory activity, by induction of nitric oxide production or through selective suppression of the cyclooxygenase pathway. Repaglinide is a new hypoglycemic agent, and a member of the carbamoylmethyl benzoic acid family. Some results from the literature demonstrate that repaglinide has favorable effects on the parameters of antioxidative balance.Objectives:The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of glimepiride and repaglinide on atherosclerosis via interfering with the inflammatory and oxidative pathways.Materials and Methods:Twenty four local domestic male rabbits were involved in this study. The animals were randomly divided into four groups; Group I rabbits fed normal chow (oxiod) diet for 10 weeks. Group II rabbits were fed with 1% cholesterol enriched diet. Group III rabbits were fed with 1% cholesterol enriched diet together with Glimepiride (0.1 mg/kg once daily before morning feed). Group IV rabbits were fed with 1% cholesterol enriched diet together with Repaglinide (0.3 mg/kg once daily before morning feed). Blood samples were collected before (0 time) and every two weeks of experimental diets for measurement of serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), high sensitive C - reactive protein (hsCRP), Interleukin – 6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) levels. At the end of 10 weeks, the aorta was removed for measurement of aortic Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and aortic intimal thickness.Results:Glimepiride and repaglinide treatment did show significant effect on lipid parameters compared with induced untreated group (P < 0.05). Also, they significantly reduced the elevation in hsCRP, IL-6, TNF-α, aortic MDA and aortic intimal thickness compared with induced untreated group (P < 0.05), and they helped to restore the aortic GSH levels (P < 0.05).Conclusions:Glimepiride and repaglinide may reduce atherosclerosis progression in hypercholesterolemic rabbits by interfering with the inflammatory and oxidative pathways without affecting lipid parameters.

Suppression of Oxidative Stress as a Mechanism of Reduction of Hypercholesterolemic Atherosclerosis by Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors

Hypercholesterolemia increases the formation of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. Reactive oxgyen species (ROS) are generated during the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) from arachidonic acid. ROS have been implicated in the development of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis. Inhibition of the synthesis of PGs by indomethacin or naproxen, therefore, should be able to prevent the generation of ROS and hence the development of atherosclerosis. The objective of this study was to determine if indomethacin or naproxen reduces the development of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis and if this reduction is associated with decrease in the oxidative stress. Rabbits were assigned to 5 groups: Group I, control; Group II, indomethacin control (6 mg·kg body wt−1·d−1 PO); Group III, 0.5% cholesterol; Group IV, 0.5% cholesterol plus indomethacin (6 mg·kg body wt−1·d−1 PO); Group V, 0.5% cholesterol plus naproxen (10 mg·kg body wt−1·d−1 PO). Blood samples were collected before (time 0) and after 1 and 2 months of experimental diets for measurement of serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL and HDL cholesterol (LDL-C, HDL-C), serum malondialdehyde (MDA), and white blood cell chemiluminescence (WBC-CL), a measure of ROS produced by WBC. At the end of the protocol, the aorta was removed for measurement of atherosclerotic plaques, MDA, an aortic tissue lipid peroxidation product, and aortic tissue chemiluminescence (Aortic-CL), a marker of antioxidant reserve. Serum TG, LDL-C, HDL-C and the ratio TC/HDL-C increased to a similar extent in Groups III, IV and V at months 1 and 2 compared with time 0. Indomethacin and naproxen had practically no effect on serum lipid levels. Serum MDA increased to a similar extent in Groups III and IV and to a greater extent in Group V compared with 0 time. WBC-CL activity was similar in the 5 groups. There was an increase in the levels of aortic-MDA in Groups III and IV as compared to Group I or II, the increase being smaller in Group IV than in Group III. Aortic MDA values in Group V were lower than those in all other groups. Antioxidant reserve increased in Groups III and V but remained unchanged in Group IV compared to Groups I or II. Indomethacin and naproxen reduced hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis by 46.73% and 46.56%, respectively. Indomethacin and naproxen, the inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, reduced hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis and this effect was associated with a decrease in the oxidative stress. These results suggest that ROS generated during synthesis of prostaglandins in hypercholesterolemia might in part contribute to the development of hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis.