Occupational Stress Measurement Research Articles

Burnout among the podiatry profession: A survey of podiatrists in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Burnout and occupational stress have not yet been explored within the Aotearoa New Zealand (AoNZ) podiatry workforce despite research suggesting an increased risk among this population. This study aimed to: (i) determine the prevalence and severity of burnout risk and occupational stress among AoNZ podiatrists; (ii) determine the factors associated with burnout risk and occupational stress among AoNZ podiatrists; and (iii) examine the relationship between burnout risk and occupational stress. A cross-sectional online survey study was undertaken involving registered podiatrists practicing in AoNZ. Personal and professional demographic characteristics were captured. Participants also completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (assessing three domains of emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal accomplishment) and the Workplace Stress Scale as measures of burnout risk and occupational stress, respectively. Descriptive statistics, multiple regression analyses and correlation analyses were performed to address the research aims. Responses from 112 AoNZ podiatrists were included in the analyses. High levels of emotional exhaustion were identified in 43.8% of practitioners and were associated with physical activity status, sector of work, working in isolation and work hours (R2=0.304, F (8, N=110)=5.519, p<0.001). High levels of depersonalisation were seen in 13.4% of practitioners and were associated with patient caseload and work hours, (R2=0.183, F (4, N=108)=5.770, p<0.001). Low levels of personal accomplishment were observed in 8.9% of practitioners and associated with ethnicity, physical activity status and patient caseload, (R2=0.152, F (5, N=106)=3.577, p<0.005). A total of 27.7% of practitioners exhibited an overall moderate to high risk of developing burnout. Over a fifth of practitioners exhibited stress at severe or dangerous levels. Stress levels were significantly associated with physical activity status, sector of work and management responsibility, (R2=0.282, F (5, N=47)=3.218, p=0.15). A strong positive relationship was found between emotional exhaustion and stress (rho=0.59, p<0.001). The findings reflect a moderate to severe risk of developing burnout within the workforce, with high workloads and collegial isolation constituting the primary modifiable factors driving burnout development. To maintain retention and well-being within the workforce, mitigation strategies must be implemented to address this issue.

Understanding the Role of Empathy and Gender on EMS Clinician Occupational Stress and Mental Health Outcomes

Background Emergency Medical Service (EMS) clinicians experience high levels of occupational stress due to long hours, short staffing, and patient deaths, among other factors. While gender has been partially examined, little is known regarding the role of empathy on occupational stress and mental health (MH) outcomes among EMS clinicians. Therefore, the current study examines the moderating role of empathy and, separately, gender on associations between occupational stress and mental health. Methods A cross-sectional examination of EMS clinician occupational and personal wellbeing was conducted via an anonymous, electronic survey. Information on clinician demographics, and validated measures of occupational stress, burnout, and MH outcomes were collected. Empathy was assessed using the Toronto Empathy Scale (TEQ). Descriptive/bivariate statistics were conducted for variables of interest. Separate multivariable regression models evaluated associations between occupational stress and mental health outcomes. Empathy and gender were examined as potential moderators using interactions. Results A total of 568 EMS clinicians completed the survey. High levels of mental health difficulties were reported (34.0% anxiety, 29.2% depression, 48.6% burnout). Increased occupational stress was associated with increased anxiety (OR =1.08, 95% CI 1.05-1.10), depression (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.06-1.10), and burnout (OR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.07-1.12). No moderation analyses were significant. Greater resilience was associated with lower depression, anxiety, and burnout. Conclusion EMS clinicians, much like other first responders, experience considerable occupational stress, of which is associated with mental health difficulties and burnout. Findings underscore the need for intervention programs aimed at reducing the impact of occupational stress and the promotion of resilience. Continuing to understand the full scope of EMS mental health, including the role of resilience, is imperative, particularly in light of future public emergencies.

Validation of a Turkish Translation of the Perceived Occupational Stress Scale and Measurement Invariance Across Turkish and Italian Workers.

Measuring and understanding perceived occupational stress is crucial for understanding workers' experiences of stress in the workplace and its potential implications on mental health outcomes and job performance. However, there is a scarcity of brief measures containing relevant items focused solely on occupational stress, suitable for integration with risk assessment tools for work-related stress. This study aimed to validate the Perceived Occupational Stress (POS) scale in Turkish and examined its measurement invariance across Turkish and Italian samples. The participants included 350 Turkish teachers (55.7% male) and 160 Italian workers (60.6% female). The results showed a single-factor structure explaining 69.61% of the total variance for the POS. The internal consistency was found to be high in both samples. The results also indicated that the factor structure of the POS was equivalent across the two groups, supporting measurement invariance. Overall, the POS demonstrated solid measurement properties, including validated factor structure, internal reliability, and measurement invariance.

Assessing the relationship between officers' broad cultural attitudes and their situational perceptions of firearm danger

PurposeThe focus of the current study is to assess whether officers' broad attitudinal orientations are linked with their situational perceptions of danger in various armed citizen encounters.Design/methodology/approachThe authors draw on survey data from 672 officers employed at a large metropolitan police department. The police culture literature is used to inform measures of occupational stress, danger, citizen distrust, views of upper management, and role orientation in relation to how officers perceive danger across a series of scenarios involving armed citizens that varied in terms of firearm placement and citizen resistance. Along with a host of control variables, a series of multivariate models are used to evaluate the degree to which these aggregated cultural views may shape officers' situational perceptions of danger.FindingsThe results indicate that a stronger endorsement of broad attitudinal orientations involving occupational danger and citizen distrust are linked with higher perceptions of danger in armed-citizen encounters, especially as the situations become more discretionary.Originality/valueEmpirical research related to police culture has typically relied upon highly aggregated assessments of how officers view their occupational and organizational work environments. However, yet to be explored is whether these broad views impact officers' assessments of specific encounters, particularly those that are dangerous in nature. The findings from this study also have the potential to inform ambiguous use of force standards that are heavily influenced by officers' situational assessments of danger.

Early Childhood Education Teacher Psychophysiology and Teacher Stress: Prior Findings, Current Studies, and Future Directions

Early Childhood Education Teacher Psychophysiology and Teacher Stress: Prior Findings, Current Studies, and Future Directions

Health and Safety Executive Work Related Stress Scale - Indonesian Version: Reliability and Convergent Validity

Introduction: Existing measures of occupational stress often do not count an essential factor that determines the level of worker stress, which is psychosocial factors. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric features of an adaptation of the Health and Safety Executive-Work Related Stress Scale (HSE-WRSS), a measure that includes psychosocial factors to measure work stress. Methods: Cronbach alpha was used to determine reliability and convergent validity, by correlating it with other instruments, namely the Employee Well Being (EWB) scale and the neuroticism scale as part of the Big Five Inventory (BFI). Questionnaires were distributed online via Google Forms, and data processing was performed using JASP 12. Results: Data on a total of 210 out of 239 employees were processed for reliability testing and item analysis. Meanwhile, data for 37 employees were processed to be tested for a convergent validity test. The dependability of each dimension was between 0.67-0.82. Meanwhile, item analysis revealed that 33 items had a good Crit value with a correlation between item-total &gt;0.30, whereas 2 items had a bad Crit value with a correlation between item-total 0.30. Correlation analysis revealed a positive and substantial relationship between the HSE-WRSS and the EWB scale, and a negative and significant relationship between the HSE-WRSS and neuroticism. Conclusion: In general, the results of this investigation demonstrate that the HSE-WRSS measurement is trustworthy and valid in the Indonesian version.

Effects of Occupational Stress and Health Behaviors on Heart Rate Variability in Live-Fire Instructors.

This study aimed to identify the association between the healthrelated characteristics and the subscales of occupational stress of live fire instructors and heart rate variability (HRV). We conducted questionnaire survey on a general health checkup for 15 live fire instructors. Occupational stress and HRV parameters were measured to determine the association between health behavior, including smoking, drinking, exercise, and sleep-related disorders, and occupational stress of live fire instructors and HRV parameters using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Smoking, insomnia, and job insecurity, a subscale of occupational stress measurement, showed negative Spearman rank correlations with HRV. Insomnia, smoking, and job insecurity (due to occupational stress) among live fire instructors were associated with decreased HRV.

Physical relaxation for occupational stress in healthcare workers: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

ObjectivesWork related stress is a major occupational health problem that is associated with adverse effects on physical and mental health. Healthcare workers are particularly vulnerable in the era of COVID‐19. Physical methods of stress relief such as yoga and massage therapy may reduce occupational stress. The objective of this systematic review and network meta‐analysis is to determine the effects of yoga, massage therapy, progressive muscle relaxation, and stretching on alleviating stress and improving physical and mental health in healthcare workers.MethodsDatabases were searched for randomized controlled trials on the use of physical relaxation methods for occupational stress in healthcare workers with any duration of follow‐up. Meta‐analysis was performed for standard mean differences in stress measures from baseline between subjects undergoing relaxation vs non‐intervention controls. Network meta‐analysis was conducted to determine the best relaxation method.ResultsFifteen trials representing 688 healthcare workers were identified. Random‐effects meta‐analysis shows that physical relaxation methods overall reduced measures of occupational stress at the longest duration of follow‐up vs baseline compared to non‐intervention controls (SMD −0.53; 95% CI [−0.74 to −0.33]; p < .00001). On network meta‐analysis, only yoga alone (SMD −0.71; 95% CI [−1.01 to −0.41]) and massage therapy alone (SMD −0.43; 95% CI [−0.72 to −0.14]) were more effective than control, with yoga identified as the best method (p‐score = .89).ConclusionPhysical relaxation may help reduce occupational stress in healthcare workers. Yoga is particularly effective and offers the convenience of online delivery. Employers should consider implementing these methods into workplace wellness programs.

Dynamic Membership Functions for Context-Based Fuzzy Systems

In fuzzy systems, membership functions determine the groups to which a variable can belong to, and these groups are static or only have one setting in some aspect. However, fuzzy systems typically require to model the dynamic environment they represent. Still, this behavior does not reflect the membership groups in a conventional way. Thus, conventional fuzzy systems are not capable of reflecting the dynamics of the real-time context. The approach presented consists of a fuzzy system where the membership functions can have dynamic transformations, according to contextual variables that influence them, to have a model that adjusts in real time. The membership functions’ dynamism is achieved because the form in the sets can be transformed; the maximum degree of membership of a set is in a range of zero to one; and, the location of the sets in the discourse universe can vary dynamically. The results show the feasibility of a context-based fuzzy system with dynamic membership functions built-in real time, that has been influenced by contextual variables. Therefore, unlike other proposals, this approach allows modeling the influence of the context on a fuzzy system, making it more adjusted to reality. To illustrate our proposed approach, a case study is presented where a fuzzy system estimates the heat stress in a work environment that uses data acquired from wearable devices. This system automatically generates the following indicators: (i) energy level wasted while performing a physical activity, (ii) personalized measurement of workload level, and (iii) measurement of Occupational Heat Stress (OHS).

Using the experience of industrilized countries for reference to promote the prevention and control of occupational stress from research to practice

Occupational stress is one of the major occupational health problems in industrialized countries. In Europe, the United States, Japan, and other countries, occupational stress has been included in the prevention and control of occupational hazards in the workplace. This problem has also become a major risk factor affecting the physical and mental health of the working population in China. Over the last three decades, China had carried out a lot of research on occupational stress and made significant progress, but there is still a big gap between China and industrialized countries in terms of theoretical research on occupational stress, development of measurement tools, research topics and methods, formulation of regulations and standards, and practice of prevention and control. Articles in this key issue report the research on the core scale of occupational stress measurement for the Chinese working population, the scale scoring norm of manufacturing and medical personnel, the research on the relationship between positive psychology variables, and occupational stress and its role in the relationship between occupational stress and health outcomes.

Sleep quality and occupational stress relationship analysis of field gas recovery workers

Objective: To explore the relationship between sleep quality and occupational stress in field gas recovery workers. Methods: In October 2018, cluster sampling method was adopted to conduct cross-sectional survey on 1726 field workers in a gas production oilfield. The individual characteristics, occupational stress factors, stress regulation factors, stress response and sleep quality, social support and coping strategies were evaluated by occupational stress measurement tools and job content questionnaire. Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis H test were used to compare sleep quality scores between the groups. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between sleep quality and occupational stress, and logistic regression analysis was used to analyze multiple factors. Results: There were significant differences in sleep quality scores among different positions, gender, marital status, age, length of service, smoking and drinking (P<0.05) . There were no significant differences in sleep quality scores between different education levels and work shift groups (P>0.05) . Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that sleep quality score was negatively correlated with job satisfaction, reward, job stability, promotion opportunity, positive emotion, respect, self-esteem, control strategy, support strategy and self-efficacy score (r(s)=-0.361, -0.311, -0.238, -0.261, -0.248, -0.212, -0.139, -0.188, -0.152, -0.226, P<0.01) , and was positively correlated with social support, giving, daily tension, negative emotion, work monotony and depression symptom (r(s)=0.312, 0.279, 0.547, 0.493, 0.429, 0.599, P<0.01) . Compared with the high sleep quality score group, the middle and low sleep quality score groups had lower giving, work monotony, daily tension, depressive symptoms, negative emotions and social support (P<0.01) , while the scores of respect, reward, job satisfaction, positive emotion, self-efficacy, job stability, promotion opportunity, control strategy and support strategy were higher (P<0.01) . Multiple depressive symptoms, high daily tension, high negative emotion and high work monotony were the risk factors for sleep disorders (OR=3.417, 2.659, 2.913, 1.543) . Conclusion: Depressive symptoms, daily tension and negative emotion have great influence on sleep quality of field gas recovery workers.

The Correlation of Occupational Stress With Subjective Fatigue Women Workers In Weaving Loom Unit PT. X

Background : An occupation with a high risk of work fatigue is an occupation in textile industry. The involvement of women in the textile industry sector in Indonesia is dominant. Women labors who run work on domestic and public sector will be less inclined a work fatigue. Subjective fatigue is the problem faced by women workers at production division weaving loom unit of PT. X. Purpose : This study aimed to determine occupational stress correlation with subjective fatigue in weaving loom unit PT. X. Methods : Type of this observational analytic study was using a cross sectional design. The number of research subject were 95 people. An occupational stress is independent variable. The dependent variable is a subjective fatigue. Occupational stress measurement was using job stress indicator questionnaire. Subjective fatigue measurement was using Subjective Self Rating Test questionnaires. Chi square test used as significance test. All test used 95% confidence interval and significance level of p=0,05. Result : Chi square test result showed that occupational stress has significant association with subjective fatigue. Conclusion : An occupational stress has a positive correlation with subjective fatigue women workers in weaving loom unit PT. X.

OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AS RISK FACTORS OF SUBJECTIVE FATIGUE FOR WORKERS IN WEAVING LOOM UNIT PT. X

An occupation with a high risk of work fatigue is an occupation in textile industry. The involvement of women in the textile industry sector in Indonesia is dominant. Women labors who run work on domestic and public sector will be less inclined a work fatigue. Subjective fatigue is the problem faced by women workers at production division weaving loom unit of PT. X. This study aimed to determine occupational stress that could cause subjective fatigue in weaving loom unit PT. X. Type of this observational analytic study was using a cross sectional design. The number of research subject were 95 people. An occupational stress is independent variable. The dependent variable is a subjective fatigue. Occupational stress measurement was using job stress indicator questionnaire. Subjective fatigue measurement was using Subjective Self Rating Test questionnaires. The effect of strength is calculated by using Odds Ratio (OR) from bivariate analysis. Chi square test used as significance test. All test used 95% confidence interval and significance level of p 0,05. Result: Chi square test result showed that occupational stress has significant association with subjective fatigue. Women workers with moderate occupational stress has higher risk of subjective fatigue more than low occupational stress, significantly had greater odds ratio (respectively 4,22 and 9,65; 95 % CI; p-value 0,00). Conclusion : An occupational stress is risk factors of subjective fatigue women workers in weaving loom unit PT. X. Keywords: Risk factor; subjective fatigue; occupational stress; women workers; weaving loom unit.

Mediating role of over-commitment in the relationship between effort, reward and burnout

Objective: To explore the mediating role of over-commitment in the relationship between occupational stressors and job burnout, and to offer more specificevidence-based information in exploring the work related health effects of over-commitment. Methods: A total of 1994 samples from electronic manufacturing service industry were collected in Guangdong province based on self-rated questionnaire after written consent from June to July, 2015. The Effort-Reward Imbalance questionnaire and Maslach Burnout Invertory-General Survey were used for the measurement of occupational stress and job burnout. And hierarchical regression and Bootstrap test were conducted for data analysis. Results: High effort (0.28, 0.24-0.33) and low reward (-0.37, -0.42--0.33) were significantly associated with high over-commitment when gender, age and position had been controlled. Standardizedregression coefficient of effort to emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment were 0.63 (95%CI: 0.54-0.71) 、0.18 (95%CI: 0.10-0.26) 、0.32 (95%CI: 0.21-0.43) , P<0.05; and standardized regression coefficient of reward to emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment were-0.60 (95%CI: -0.68--0.52) 、-0.93 (95%CI: -1.01--0.86) 、-0.46 (95%CI: -0.35--0.58) , P<0.05. Bootstrap test indicated the mediation of over-commitment were statistically significant, and mediating effect ranges from 0.093 to 0.218 (P<0.05) . Conclusion: Over-commitment can mediate the relationship between occupational stressors (job effort and reward) and burnout, and the effect varies from different workingconditions.

Stress and Psychological Health: Testing the Mediating Role of Cognitive Appraisal.

This study tested the mediating role of primary (e.g., threat and challenge perceptions) and secondary (e.g., coping potential and control perception) cognitive appraisal in the relationship between occupational stress and psychological health. This mediation was tested using a cross-sectional study based on self-reported measures. The total sample consisted of 2,302 nurses, 1,895 females (82.3%) and 407 males (17.7%), who completed an evaluation protocol with measures of occupational stress, cognitive appraisal, and psychological health. To test the mediating role of cognitive appraisal in the relationship between cognitive appraisal and psychological health, we used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results confirmed that primary and secondary cognitive appraisals partially mediated the relationship between occupational stress and psychological health; however, the direct effects of stress on psychological health cannot be ignored. The findings indicated that cognitive appraisal is an important underlying mechanism in explaining adaptation at work.

The Effect of Stress Management on Occupational Stress and Satisfaction among Midwives in Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Wards in Iran.

Introduction:Occupational stress is one of the major problems of health care staff, substantially affecting their professional and personal performance. This research has been conducted with the aim of determining the effect of stress management on occupational stress and satisfaction among the Midwives in Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital wards at Motahari Hospital in Jahrom, Iran 2013-2014.Methods:This is a Quasi-experimental study of the pre- and post-clinical trials type. The study population included midwives employed in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital wards selected trough census. The samples were categorized into two groups randomly. The intervention group participated in the short-term training workshop of stress management. The studied samples were measured in terms of occupational stress and satisfaction before, right after, and one month after the workshop. Occupational stress measurement was measured by Toft-Anderson occupational stress questionnaire (1981). Similarly, the occupational satisfaction was measured by JDI checklist developed by Stephen Robins (1994). In order to analyze the information, SPSS 16 together with descriptive statistics tests (frequency, percentile, mean, and standard deviation), independent sample t-tests, iterative measurement and Spearman correlation coefficient were used.Results:A total of 70 people (two 35-person groups) of midwives participated in this study. The findings revealed that there was a significant difference between the mean of scores of occupational stress between the two groups before and after the workshop (p=0.001). There was, however, no significant difference between the scores of satisfactions across the two groups.Discussion:Training of skills of coping with stress including stress management can be effective in diminishing level of occupational stress. Mitigation of stress without catering for professional, occupational, organizational, and environmental factors would not lead to development of job satisfaction.

Effects of occupational stress and related factors on depression symptoms in train drivers

To explore the influence of occupational stress and related factors on depression symptoms in train drives. In March 2012, by using cluster sampling method, a cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted in 1 402 train drivers in China. Questionnaires was investigation was conducted by face to face interview. Sample with missing variables on demographic characteristics questionnaire with missed survey variables, and occupational stress related factors and with over 3 item missing in depression symptoms self-rating scale were exclued. Depression symptoms were measured by Center for Epidemiological Survey Depression Scale. The occupational stress related actors were measured by the revised effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model questionnaires and occupational stress measurement scale. Chi-square test was carried out to analyze the differences of the incidence of depressive symptoms among different general characteristics groups, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the influence of occupational stress and related factors on depression symptoms in train drivers. The study showed that the average age of 1 402 subjects was (34.95±9.20) years, the length of service were (13.28±9.78) years, the score of depressive symptoms was (24.14±5.98) scores. 902 subjects (64.3%,902/1 402) were classified as people with depressive symptoms, the incidence of depressive symptoms in EMU or high-speed train drivers were the highest (68.0%,51/75); Incidence of depressive symptoms showed that were statistically significant differences in two groups of technical secondary school and college, and incidence of depressive symptoms in the junior college and above group (68.1%,352/517) was higher than that in the senior high school and below group (62.1%, 550/885) (χ(2)=5.02, P=0.025). The results of the multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that high levels of education (OR=1.63, 95%CI: 1.12-2.19), role conflict (OR=1.65, 95% CI: 1.21-2.24), role ambiguity (OR=1.99, 95% CI: 1.45-2.73), negative emotion(OR=2.87, 95%CI: 2.15-3.82), daily tension(OR=2.86, 95%CI: 2.11-3.86), poor colleagues and family support (OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.11-2.16 and OR=1.75, 95% CI: 1.27-2.41) were risk factors of depressive symptoms, but positive emotion (OR=0.72, 95% CI: 0.53-0.96), self-esteem (OR=0.22, 95% CI: 0.16-0.30), and job itself satisfaction (OR=0.48, 95%CI: 0.35-0.65) were protective factors of depressive symptoms in train drivers. Train drivers, in particular EMU or high-speed train drivers who were prone to depressive symptoms. To arrange reasonably job roles and tasks, increase support from superiors, colleagues, and family, bring up healthy and coordinated personality, keep a good mood, promote job satisfaction, reduce the daily tension have positive effects on reducing the occurrence of depressive symptoms for train drivers.

Relationship between occupational stress and depressive mood among interns and residents in a tertiary hospital, Seoul, Korea.

ObjectiveOccupational stress can have a harmful effect on the individual both physically and psychologically. In Korea, occupational stress of physician is rarely demonstrated. Although it is well reported that physicians tend to have a high incidence of minor psychiatric disorders, the magnitude of the problem remains unclear. Interns and residents are thought to be under substantial amount of stress, and tend to have psychiatric disorder. In this paper, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the occupational stress and depression of residents.MethodsThe participants of this study were surgical and medical residents in a tertiary hospital in Korea. For measurement of occupational stress, we used an occupational stress scale. In addition, to evaluate the prevalence of depression, we used the Beck Depression Inventory.ResultsFemale doctors showed higher degree of occupational stress than the males. The interns and chief residents showed higher degree of occupational stress than the other residents. Interestingly, in this study, most of the participants experienced a depressive mood. Compared with the general population, job demand and culture of workplace were high. Occupational stress was the only significant predictor of a depressive mood.ConclusionHospital residents experience a high degree of occupational stress leading to a depressed mood due to various risk factors. Therefore, it is essential to recognize the occupational stress of residents early, to encourage positive competition and peer and social support, and to help improve the residents’ ability to cope with stress.

Exploring and validating the internal dimensions of occupational stress: evidence from construction cost estimators in China

A recurring feature of modern practice is occupational stress of project professionals, with debilitating effects on the people concerned and indirectly affecting project success. Previous research outside the construction industry has involved the use of a psychology perceived stress questionnaire (PSQ) to measure occupational stress, resulting in the identification of one stressor, demand, and three sub-dimensional emotional reactions in terms of worry, tension and joy. The PSQ is translated into Chinese with a back translation technique and used in a survey of young construction cost professionals in China. Principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis are used to test the divisibility of occupational stress, little mentioned in previous research on stress in the construction context. In addition, structural equation modelling is used to assess nomological validity by testing the effects of the three dimensions on organizational commitment, the main finding of which is that lack of joy has the sole significant effect. The three-dimensional measurement framework facilitates the standardizing measurement of occupational stress. Further research will establish whether the findings are also applicable in other settings and explore the relations between stress dimensions and other managerial concepts.

Social Support, Stress, and Suicidal Ideation in Professional Firefighters

To hypothesize that social support may protect against the effect of firefighter stress on suicidal ideation. Overall, 334 firefighters completed measures of occupational stress, social support, and suicidal ideation. At high levels of social support, no association was observed between occupational stress and suicidal ideation (φ = -.06, ns); however, when social support was low, occupational stress showed a positive association with suicidal ideation (φ = .16, p < .05). The association between occupational stress and suicidal ideation may be reduced by social support. Further research on this topic is warranted.