Measuring Zones Of Inhibition Research Articles

Exploiting Image Processing and Artificial Intelligence Techniques for the Determination of Antimicrobial Susceptibility

Antimicrobial susceptibility tests, achieved through the use of antibiotic-impregnated disks in a suitable laboratory environment, are conducted to determine which antibiotics are effective against the bacteria present in the body of an infected patient. The Kirby–Bauer method, a type of disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility test, is currently widely applied in microbiology laboratories due to its proven effectiveness. In our study, we developed an algorithm that utilizes image processing techniques to detect the inhibition zones of bacteria. A certain color depth acts as the threshold for the inhibition zone, with its radius determined according to the size of the reference object. This approach facilitates the measurement of inhibition zones and employs machine learning and deep learning to categorize antibiograms, followed by determination of whether a bacterium on the disk is sensitive or resistant to the antibiotics applied. The focus of this research is creating an automated interpretation system for antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion technique, thus simplifying the measurement and interpretation of inhibition zone sizes.

Testing The Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Manila Sauce Leaves (Manilkara Zapota L) against Bacteria Escherichia Coli: In Vitro Study

Diarrhea remains a significant public health concern globally, particularly affecting children under five years old. Traditional herbal remedies, including Manila Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota L) leaves, have been utilized in Indonesia for treating diarrhea due to their perceived efficacy and safety. This in vitro study aimed to assess the antimicrobial effectiveness of Manila Sapodilla leaf extract against Escherichia coli bacteria, a common cause of diarrhea. True experimental design was employed, utilizing various concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of Manila Sapodilla leaf extract. The extract was obtained through maceration using ethanol followed by dilution with distilled water. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method, measuring inhibition zones formed around Escherichia coli colonies. Results demonstrated that Manila Sapodilla leaf extract exhibited inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli at all tested concentrations, albeit with varying degrees of effectiveness. The inhibition zones ranged from 5.37 mm to 8.53 mm, indicating resistance. Positive control using Ciprofloxacin displayed a significantly larger inhibition zone (21.75 mm), indicating sensitivity. These findings suggest the potential of Manila Sapodilla leaf extract as an alternative treatment for Escherichia coli infections. However, further research, including phytochemical analysis and exploration of different extraction methods and concentrations, is warranted to elucidate its therapeutic potential fully. This study contributes to the ongoing search for alternative herbal-based antibiotics to combat bacterial infections effectively.

Agar diffusion microbiological assay measurement using a smartphone device and its measurement uncertainty using the bootstrapping method

Usually, inhibition zone sizes in agar diffusion microbiological assay of antibiotics are measured using regular callipers. In this study, we proposed the use of a smartphone app for measuring inhibition zone sizes. The smartphone app allows for standardized measurements with a reference scale, which provides measured values comparable to those obtained using regular callipers. The main uncertainty source associated with antibiotic potency is inhibition zone size variability. Here, we suggest using the bootstrapping method, a resampling technique, to estimate measurement uncertainty without complex calculations. This simplifies the process and yields comparable results to the usual measurement uncertainty calculations. Both improvements were successfully applied to determine the potency of gentamicin, linezolid, and cefazolin. The results showed that smartphone-based measurements and the bootstrapping approach are valuable tools in agar diffusion microbiological assays.

Evaluation of Phytochemicals and Antibacterial Usefulness of Citrus Limon & Cicer Arietinum in Synergistic Effect with Antibiotics Against Clinically Important Bacteria

Background: The emergence of antibiotic resistance necessitates exploring alternative treatments, including natural plant extracts. Lemon juice (Citrus limon) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seed aqueous extract, known for their medicinal properties, are investigated for their potential antibacterial effects. Objective: This study aimed to assess the antibacterial efficacy of lemon juice and chickpea seed aqueous extract, individually and in combination with antibiotics, against various pathogenic bacterial strains. Methods: Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. limon and C. arietinum were prepared. Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, sourced from the University of Education, Lahore, was assessed using the disc diffusion method. Extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% were tested. Phytochemical analysis identified active compounds in the extracts. Antibacterial efficacy was quantified by measuring inhibition zones in millimeters. Results: Lemon juice showed dose-dependent antibacterial activity with inhibition zones up to 19.8±0.088 mm at 40% concentration. Chickpea extract was effective against S. aureus with a maximum inhibition of 14±0.577 mm at 40%. Combined treatments enhanced antibacterial effects, particularly against S. aureus, with a combination of lemon juice, chickpea extract, and antibiotics yielding an inhibition zone of 20.1±0.058 mm at the highest concentration. In contrast, chickpea extract alone showed no activity against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, or P. aeruginosa. Conclusion: The study confirms the significant antibacterial potential of lemon juice across multiple bacterial strains and the specific efficacy of chickpea extract against S. aureus. The combination of these extracts with antibiotics suggests a promising avenue for augmenting antibacterial treatment strategies.

Susceptibility of Vibrio spp. from Gill of Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) Towards Antibiotics

Vibrio spp. bacteria are aquatic bacteria that can be found in brackish water and estuaries, and they have opportunistic pathogenic properties. These bacteria are usually dominant in brackish and estuarine areas such as river mouths, rivers, ponds, and seas with salinities between 20-40 ppt and a temperature of 37°C. The aim of this research is to determine the susceptibility and sensitivity of Vibrio spp. bacteria to various types of antibiotics. The Vibrio spp. bacteria isolated in this study were obtained from barramundi fish (Lates calcarifer). If they are still sensitive, the growth of Vibrio spp. bacteria can be inhibited by antibiotic administration. The effectiveness of antibiotics against Vibrio spp. bacteria in barramundi fish was tested using eight types of antibiotics, namely Co-Amoxiclav, Gentamicin, Doxycycline, Tetracycline, Azithromycin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, and Ampicillin. Bacteria that are sensitive to specific types of antibiotics have larger inhibition zones. The measurement of inhibition zones was carried out using a caliper by measuring the vertical and horizontal diameters and then dividing by 2 to obtain the average. This average was compared to a standard interpretative zone diameter chart to determine antibiotic sensitivity and resistance status using the Disk Diffusion method. Tetracycline and Ampicillin antibiotics can inhibit or are resistant to Vibrio spp. bacteria with a percentage of 0.08%. Gentamicin has greater sensitivity compared to the other tested antibiotics. In this study, the Vibrio spp. obtained are still sensitive to certain types of antibiotics and resistant to Ampicillin.

A comparative study of the effect of nanoparticles and antibiotics on the antimicrobial susceptibility of antibiotics for some bacteria isolated from wounds and burns infections.

This study aimed to investigate the isolation and identification of potential bacteria present in burns and wound infections. 100 pus types were taken from many patients who existed in the hospital of Babylon province from November 2021 to February 2022; the positive culture was 80% of the total isolates, while the negative culture was 20% of the total isolates. After the macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical tests, the bacteria were isolated from burn and wound swabs. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates was done using the disc diffusion method in conformity with McFarland standards. MDR of different types of antibiotics was exhibited from bacteria isolated in actual research. Statistical analysis using chisquare test The central objective of this research is to use different concentrations of Zinc oxide nanoparticles to obtain the optimum antibacterial concentration. Males (37.5%) and females (62.5%), with ages ranging from 5 to 55 years. The high percentage was less than ten years old, while the lowest was between (and 50_60). Where Gram-negative bacteria were most common, the concentration of Zinc oxide nanoparticles was 100 μg/ml. 150 μg/ml affects gram-positive and gram-negative growth by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone on the growth culture that is artificial to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria throughout the measuring inhibition zone around the wells. We observed that the diameter of the inhibition zone increased in concentration (150) μg/ml more than the concentration (100) μg/ml. The study showed women of positive growth and the ages compared to males. Multi-Drug Resistance bacteria. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have critical applications as they are antibacterial and effectively dress for burns and wounds . Keywords: Gram-positive Bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, Wounds, Burns, Antimicrobial sensitivity, Multi-Drug Resistant, nanoparticles.

Co-precipitated vanadium oxide-doped carbon spheres and graphene oxide nanorods serve as antimicrobial and catalytic agents: In silico molecular docking study

Undoped V2O5 is characterized by a small surface area and rapid electron-hole recombination, thus rendering it ineffective as a catalytic and antimicrobial agent. In this study, co-precipitation was employed to synthesize vanadium oxide (V2O5) and carbon spheres (CS) followed by doping with specific concentrations (3 and 6 wt%) of graphene oxide (GO) to produce GO/CS-doped V2O5 nanorods (NRs). The enhancement in catalytic and antibacterial activity provided by GO/CS-doped V2O5 was utilized to treat wastewater more efficiently. XRD analysis validated the orthorhombic and tetragonal structure of the synthesized samples. The polycrystalline nature of V2O5 was shown by vibrant circular rings in selected area electron diffraction (SAED) micrographs. TEM analysis endorsed formation of NRs, whereas UV–vis, luminescence (PL) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), probed the absorption and emission along with stretching and bending vibrations in V-O-V bond. The chemically synthesized NRs exhibited excellent catalytic activity (93.71%) against rhodamine B (RhB) dye in the vicinity of NaBH4. In addition, NRs were used to evaluate in-vitro antimicrobial efficiency of 3.75 mmfor Escherichia coli (E. coli) using inhibition zone measurement. Docking investigations of GO/CS-V2O5 NRs for FabH and FabI of E. coli suggested suppression of above-mentioned enzymes as a possible mechanism. These findings demonstrate that (3 and 6 wt%) GO/CS-V2O5 possessed ample potency for industrial dye degradation and antimicrobial activity.

Strontium-doped chromium oxide for RhB reduction and antibacterial activity with evidence of molecular docking analysis.

The emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in aquatic pathogens and the presence of cationic dyes are the leading causes of water contamination on a global scale. In this context, nanotechnology holds immense promise for utilizing various nanomaterials with catalytic and antibacterial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the catalytic and bactericidal potential of undoped and Sr-doped Cr2O3 nanostructures (NSs) synthesized through the co-precipitation method. In addition, the morphological, optical, and structural properties of the resultant NSs were also examined. The optical bandgap energy of Cr2O3 has been substantially reduced by Sr doping, as confirmed through extracted values from absorption spectra recorded by UV-Vis studies. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs illustrate that the composition of Cr2O3 primarily consisted of agglomerated, irregularly shaped NSs with a morphology resembling nanoflakes. Moreover, the presence of Sr in the lattice of Cr2O3 increased the roughness of the resulting NSs. The catalytic activity of synthesized NSs was analyzed by their reduction ability of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye in the dark under different pH conditions. Their antibacterial activity was evaluated against MDR Escherichia coli (E. coli). Sr doping increased antibacterial efficiency against MDR E. coli, as indicated by inhibition zone measurements of 10.15 and 11.75mm at low and high doses, respectively. Furthermore, a molecular docking analysis was conducted to determine the binding interaction pattern between NSs and active sites in the target cell protein. The findings corroborated antimicrobial test results indicating that Sr-Cr2O3 is the most effective inhibitor of FabH and DHFR enzymes.

Toward Efficient Bactericidal and Dye Degradation Performance of Strontium- and Starch-Doped Fe2O3 Nanostructures: In Silico Molecular Docking Studies.

In this study, various concentrations of strontium (Sr) into a fixed amount of starch (St) and Fe2O3 nanostructures (NSs) were synthesized with the co-precipitation approach to evaluate the antibacterial and photocatalytic properties of the concerned NSs. The study aimed to synthesize nanorods of Fe2O3 with co-precipitation to enhance the bactericidal behavior with dopant-dependent Fe2O3. Advanced techniques were utilized to investigate the structural characteristics, morphological properties, optical absorption and emission, and elemental composition properties of synthesized samples. Measurements via X-ray diffraction confirmed the rhombohedral structure for Fe2O3. Fourier-transform infrared analysis explored the vibrational and rotational modes of the O-H functional group and the C=C and Fe-O functional groups. The energy band gap of the synthesized samples was observed in the range of 2.78-3.15 eV, which indicates that the blue shift in the absorption spectra of Fe2O3 and Sr/St-Fe2O3 was identified with UV-vis spectroscopy. The emission spectra were obtained through photoluminescence spectroscopy, and the elements in the materials were determined using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy micrographs showed NSs that exhibit nanorods (NRs), and upon doping, agglomeration of NRs and nanoparticles was observed. Efficient degradations of methylene blue increased the photocatalytic activity in the implantation of Sr/St on Fe2O3 NRs. The antibacterial potential for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was measured against ciprofloxacin. E. coli bacteria exhibit inhibition zones of 3.55 and 4.60 mm at low and high doses, respectively. S. aureus shows the measurement of inhibition zones for low and high doses of prepared samples at 0.47 and 2.40 mm, respectively. The prepared nanocatalyst showed remarkable antibacterial action against E. coli bacteria rather than S. aureus at high and low doses compared to ciprofloxacin. The best-docked conformation of the dihydrofolate reductase enzyme against E. coli for Sr/St-Fe2O3 showed H-bonding interactions with Ile-94, Tyr-100, Tyr-111, Trp-30, ASP-27, Thr-113, and Ala-6.

In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of riboflavin, ultraviolet-A radiation, and combined riboflavin/ultraviolet-A radiation on ocular pathogens.

There is a lack of studies evaluating the antimicrobial effect of riboflavin and ultraviolet-A (UVA) radiation using an epithelium-off cross-linking technique (Dresden protocol) in the literature. This study aimed to demonstrate the antimicrobial properties of riboflavin and UVA radiation and combined riboflavin/UVA radiation on various ocular pathogens Dresden protocol. This was a prospective and comparative study. This study included four groups: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Acanthamoeba. All the groups were tested 12 different times with riboflavin alone, UVA light alone, and combined riboflavin with UVA. The growth inhibition zones were measured. Descriptive statistics were expressed as mean and standard deviation. The main outcome was measurement and analysis of growth inhibition zones. The mean growth inhibition zones following riboflavin and UVA exposure were 9.70 ± 1.63 mm for P. aeruginosa and 7.70 ± 1.08 mm for S. aureus. The mean growth inhibition zones for P. aeruginosa were greater than for S. aureus (t = 2.395, P = 0.038). The mean growth inhibition zones for C. albicans and Acanthamoeba were 0. The mean growth inhibition zones following UVA exposure alone and riboflavin alone for all organisms were also 0. Combined riboflavin and UVA in the clinical dose was effective against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus but ineffective against C. albicans and Acanthamoeba. Our study shows the potential of combined riboflavin and UVA in the treatment of bacterial keratitis.

Bacteria inhibition of platelet concentrates with and without pre-centrifugation metronidazole incorporation on aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

Background: Local administration of antibiotics was one of many approaches for the management of localized periodontal infection with the advantages of smaller total dosage delivered into the pocket, avoiding systemic antibiotic side effects, and increasing the exposure of target microorganism to higher concentration. Incorporating antibiotics into platelet concentrates can be considered for local antibiotic administration.Method: The sample in this study used Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans which was divided into 4 partitions on each plate. Each plate was applied with Platelets Rich Fibrin (PRF) and Injectable Platelet rich fibrin (I-PRF) incorporated with metronidazole pre-centrifugation and two negative controls (PRF and I-PRF without metronidazole). The observation was performed after 1 day and 7 days of incubation by measuring inhibition zone diameter using vernier caliper. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc LSD.Result: I-PRF with metronidazole had the highest bacteria inhibition compared with other groups (p<0,05) on incubation day 1 and 7; I-PRF and PRF with metronidazole showed higher bacteria inhibition compared with I-PRF and PRF without metronidazole (p<0,05).Conclusion: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans inhibition of PRF and I-PRF incorporated with metronidazole was greater compared to PRF and I-PRF without incorporating metronidazole, and A. actinomycetemcomitans inhibition of I-PRF incorporated with metronidazole was greater than PRF incorporated with metronidazole.

Antifungal Activity of N-Hexane Extract of Duku Peel (Lansium domesticum Corr.) Against Candida albicans In Vitro

Introduction: High colonization of Candida albicans in mouth can increase the risk of oral candidiasis. Duku peel (Lansium domesticum Corr.) has potential as antifungal material due to its terpenoid and phenolic content which can be extracted with n-hexane as solvent. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the antifungal activity of n-hexane extract of duku peel against Candida albicans. Methods: This study used laboratorium experimental with post test only control group study design. Antifungal activity was determined using disc diffusion method on five sample groups: n-hexane extract of duku peel 15%, 20%, and 25%, nystatin as positive control, and aquadest as negative control. Antifungal activity was determined by measuring clear zone around the disc and measured with caliper in millimeter. The measurement of inhibition zone was analyzed with One Way ANOVA test. Results: There were no inhibition zone on n-hexane extract of duku peel with concentration of 15%, 20%, 25% and negative control while positive control had average inhibition zone diameter of 11,85 mm. Conclusion: N-hexane extract of duku peel with concentration of 15%, 20%, and 25% did not have antifungal activity against Candida albicans.

The EFEK ANTI-BAKTERI EKSTRAK BIJI PEPAYA (Carica papaya L.) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ATCC 25923 SECARA IN VITRO

Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 is a bacteria that has been resistant to some antibiotics and cause a serious problem in infectious disease. Therefore, an antibacterial agent is necessary to solve this problem. Papaya seeds (Carica papaya L.) contains Flavonoid-Saponin which is very potent as an antibacterial that can be used in world health. The aim of this study is to determine the antibacterial effect of ethanol extract of papaya seed against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Papaya fruit is collected from one plantation in the Tabanan area, Bali. Papaya seeds were extracted by maceration method. Antibacterial test using Kirby-Bauer diffusion method. Kirby-Bauer method is created using a blank disk or disk disc. Six treatments were carried out, namely papaya seed ethanol extract with a concentration of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, and also with the positive control of vancomycin 30µg and the negative control of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Each treatment is repeated fourth times. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity using the agar disk diffusion method is by measuring inhibition zone diameter (mm) and this data was analyzed by SPSS. The result showed that ethanol extract of papaya seeds has an inhibition zone in agar disk. The mean score of the inhibition zone such as 25% is 6.67±0.577 mm, 50% is 9.00±1.000 mm, 75% is 10.00±1.000 mm, and 100% is 11.67±0.577 mm. Compare mean statistical test has results showed that the significant differences in all treatments (p&lt;0.05). Based on the result, the conclusion is the extract of papaya seeds has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 bacteria.

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of nano-copper doped carbon substrates; activated carbon, reduced graphene oxide, and carbon nanofiber

Copper oxides (CuxO) have received considerable attention as a result of their biological activity. Nanoparticles (NPs) of CuxO attached to different substrates exhibit a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity against bacteria and viruses, with similar properties to silver. The antimicrobial activity of CuxO-NPs doped on distinctive carbon materials was investigated for three carbon substrates: apricot stone activated carbon (AAC), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and carbon nanofiber (CNF). The CuxO-NPs (5 wt%) doped AAC and rGO substrates were prepared by impregnation of copper nitrate followed by a thermal treatment process, while a similar weight of CuxO-NPs doped CNF was fabricated by electrospinning copper nitrate with polyacrylonitrile precursor, followed by carbonization. The CuxO species and chemical functions were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Surface morphology was measured using scanning electron microscopy. The antimicrobial activities of the substrates were evaluated by inhibition zone measurement of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results demonstrated significant inhibition distances for different carbon substrates. Interestingly, CuxO-NPs doped over both AAC and rGO surfaces revealed clear zones against bacteria, whereas the inhibition zone was not recorded for CuxO-NPs doped over a CNF substrate. Various parameters such as carbon substrates, particle size, and copper oxide species were investigated.

Drying Kinetic Modeling and Assessment of Mineral Content, Antimicrobial Activity, and Potential α-Glucosidase Activity Inhibition of a Green Seaweed (Ulva spp.) Subjected to Different Drying Methods.

The green algal genus Ulva grows widely on all continents and is used for several applications such as functional foods, cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals due to its nutritional characteristics. However, to increase its shelf-life and retain its bioactive components, it is necessary to apply some conservation technology, such as drying. The aim of this work is to describe the drying kinetic behavior of the green seaweed Ulva spp. by applying three dehydration methods: convective drying (CD), vacuum drying (VD), and solar drying (SD) by mathematical modeling and determining the retention of mineral content by atomic absorption spectroscopy and the antimicrobial potential against four strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Penicillium sp. by measurement of inhibition zones and α-glucosidase activity inhibition, as reported by IC50 determination. A freeze-dried sample was used as the control. The equilibrium moisture values calculated using the Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer model were 0.0108, 0.0108, and 0.0290 g water/g d.m., for CD, VD and SD, respectively. The Midilli and Kucuk model showed robustness to fit all the experimental data of drying kinetic modeling. Ulva spp. is an important source of potassium with a ratio of Na/K < 0.29. Inhibition halos were observed in all samples against S. cerevisiae and Penicillium sp. with higher values than fluconazole action. An inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase activity was observed in all samples, mainly in the freeze-dried sample. Finally, dried Ulva spp. is a rich source of macro- and microminerals with antimicrobial activity and is a potential α-glucosidase inhibitor. Thus, it can be considered as a potential functional ingredient for food manufacturing.

Peel-off Mask Formulation from Stem of Sempeng (Nepenthes gracilis) as Anti Acne Against Propionibacterium acnes Bacteria

Introduction: Stem of Sempeng (Nepenthes gracilis), which contain saponin and tannin has been known had antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes that usually improve severe of acne. Acne is a skin disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the polisebasca that often occurs in adolescence. Aims and Objective: The aims of this research are to develop and test a peel-off mask prepared from stem of Sempeng extracts, which has antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. Materials and Methods: Stem of Sempeng was extracted with soxhletation method by ethanol 96%. The extract was formulated into peel-off mask with different extract concentration (0, 1, 5, 10, 15) %. Then the inhibition test of the extract and peel-off mask was measured against bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. The data analysis technique used in this study was to measure the zone diameter on a petri dish using a caliper with a millimeter (mm) unit and presented in tables and photos, the results of the inhibition zone measurement were compared with the classification of the response of the extract barrier to the growth of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CSLI) standard bacteria. Results: The result showed that the inhibition zone of the peel off mask preparation of sempeng stem extract in F1 and F2 formulations with extract concentrations of 1% and 5% are categorized as resistant, which means that the Propionibacterium acnes bacteria has a low level of sensitivity so that a large inhibition zone is not formed. Whereas in the F3 formulation with a concentration of 10% is categorized as an intermediate, which means in this concentration, the mask can inhibit the growth of the inhibition zone Propionibacterium acnes bacteria which is formed quite well, but in this category it will require repeated use or with high doses of use. Then in the F4 formulation with a concentration of 15%, it is categorized as susceptible, which means the mask have a good inhibitory resistance zone, this shows that the increase in high concentration, the greater the inhibition zone as well. Conclusion: The peel off mask from ethanol extract of Sempeng stem is able to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. The peel mask preparation with concentration 1%, 5%, 10% and 15% forms a clear zone around the disc which means that this peel off mask formulation has activity to inhibits Propionibacterium acnes bacteria and is included in the category of susceptible interpretation according to the CLSI standard.

Efek ekstrak bunga telang (Clitoria ternatea) sebagai anti bakteri alami terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus

This research was conducted to determine the effect of the extract of telang flower (Clitoria ternatea) as a natural antibacterial on the growth of Stapylococcus aureus bacteria in terms of the results of the inhibition test and phytochemical screening. This study used 5 treatments with 5 replications in positive control and negative control, for the extract treatment using duplo replication. P0 as a positive control using Amoxicillin antibiotic, P0 as a negative control using a blank disk, P1 as a treatment using a telang flower extract with a concentration of 80%, P2 as a treatment using a telang flower extract with a concentration of 90%, and P3 a treatment using a telang flower extract with a concentration of 100 %. The results of the inhibition zone measurements showed the highest average in the positive control. The average diameter of the inhibition zone using the Agar Well Diffusion Method showed a significant difference (P&lt;0.05). These results are supported by the ANOVA test with H1 accepted so that it can be said that there is an effect of telang flower extract (Clitoria ternatea) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the telang flower extract contained antibacterial active compounds, namely flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids.

The Combination Effect of Ceftriaxone and Chloramphenicol on Staphylococcus aureus Isolate of Diabetic Gangrene

&#x0D; Background: Diabetic gangrene is a complication of Diabetes mellitus caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The combination of Ceftriaxone and Chloramphenicol is often used to cure gangrene infection, even though, they produce antagonist interaction based on theory. Objectives: To evaluate the potency of Ceftriaxone, Chloramphenicol and its combination on Staphylococcus aureus isolate of Diabetic gangrene. Material and Methods: The research was done by using disc diffusion methods with Muller Hinton media. Ceftriaxone, Chloramphenicol and its combination dose of 7,5 µg/ml, 15 µg/ml and 30 µg/ml, respectively were tested on Staphylococcus aureus culture taken form the diabetic gangrene patients. Antibacterial effect was observed by measuring inhibition zone on bacteria culture. Type of interaction was analyzed by Ameri-Ziaei Double Antibiotic Synergism Test (AZDAST) method. The results of study were tested statistically with One Way ANOVA (p=0.05) followed by Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. Results: The combination of Ceftriaxone and Chloramphenicol showed an antibacterial effect lower than Ceftriaxone. ß-lactam antibiotic like Ceftriaxone require the cell be growing and dividing in order to have a bactericidal action. Meanwhile, Chloramphenicol causes a slow growth of Staphylococcus aureus and impairs bactericidal effect of Ceftriaxone if they are combined. Conclusions: Ceftriaxone and Chloramphenicol combination has lower antibacterial effect than the single antibiotic groups on Staphylococcus aureus isolate of Gangrene diabetic and the type of interaction is antagonistic.

Local epidemiological cutoff values and antimicrobial susceptibility profile for Brazilian Francisella orientalis isolates

Francisellosis is an emerging disease caused by Francisella orientalis and is responsible for major economic losses in tilapia farms worldwide. The method of choice for francisellosis outbreak control is oral antibiotic administration, as no commercial vaccines or autogenous effective vaccines are available. Although there is a standard method recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) for susceptibility testing of fish pathogenic Francisella spp., basic information on culture and growth conditions for this pathogen is scarce. In this study, the antibiotic susceptibility profile of Francisella orientalis was determined using the disk diffusion test. For that, 89 Francisella orientalis samples obtained from disease outbreaks in tilapia farms in 2012–2019 in various Brazilian states were selected for testing against different antibiotics. Because F. orientalis cannot grow on the standard Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar medium, two different culture media were selected for testing: modified heart cystine agar (CHAH) and modified cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton agar (MMHA). Different incubation periods were also tested for more appropriate and accurate measurement data. CHAH was more suitable for performing the diffusion disk tests because MMHA required longer incubation periods and formed overestimated inhibition zones. Incubation time affected the antibiogram results mainly for β-lactam antibiotics, with 48 h being the ideal period for measuring inhibition zones. Epidemiological cutoff values of Francisella orientalis isolates using the normalized resistance interpretation (NRI) methodology were successfully calculated. All 89 isolates (100%) were considered wild type (WT) for florfenicol, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, and doxycycline, whereas 86 isolates (96.6%) were considered WT for amoxicillin, ampicillin, enrofloxacin, and norfloxacin. Three isolates (3.4%) were considered non-wild type (NWT) for enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin. This is the first report of Francisella orientalis isolates resistant to amoxicillin and fluoroquinolones. This study provided important data on Francisella orientalis antibiotic susceptibility. Moreover, it showed that Brazil is already suffering the effects of the inadvertent use of licensed drugs and of off-label drugs, as the aforementioned drug classes are illegally used for farmed fish in the country.

Formulation of Anti Acne Sheet Mask from Bandotan Leaf Extract (Ageratum conyzoides L.) against Propionibacterium acnes

Acne can occur due to increased sebum excretion, inflammation of the skin triggered by the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus. The purpose of this study was to determine the formulation of sheet mask preparations of bandotan leaf extract (Ageratum conyzoides L.) in inhibiting the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. This type of research is an experimental study which include plant identification, making ethanol extract of bandotan leaves, making sheet mask formulations, evaluating the characteristics of the preparation and testing antibacterial activity using disc paper method using Mueller Hinton Agar media. The extract was carried out by maceration using 70% ethanol as a solvent. Testing the effectiveness of antibacterial by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone, after that the data were analyzed using the One Way ANOVA statistical test. The results of the evaluation of the preparation showed that the preparation was homogenous, with pH ranging from 4.5 to 6.5 and the preparation did not cause irritation on volunteers skin. The results of the inhibition zone measurements showed that the inhibition zones at 2.5% concentration is 4.7mm, 5% (6.83mm), 7.5% (10.2mm) and positive control (20.57mm). This means that the higher the concentration, the larger the diameter of the inhibition zone obtained. The conclusion in this study is bandotan leaf extract (Ageratum conyzoides L.) can be formulated into anti acne sheet mask which is stable during storage with a strong inhibitory power at 7.5% concentration, which is 10.2 mm.&#x0D; Keywords: Ageratum conyzoides L., bandotan leaf, Propionibacterium acnes, sheet mask