Hip Circumference Measurements Research Articles

The relationship between core endurance, physical activity level and balance in office workers

Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between core endurance tests and physical activity level, balance, ergonomics and pain in office workers. Methods. The study included 57 office workers who had been employed for at least 1 year. Core endurance was assessed using McGill core endurance tests. Physical activity, balance, pain and ergonomic risks were evaluated with the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ), timed up and go (TUG), visual analog scale (VAS) and rapid office strain assessment (ROSA), respectively. Results. A significant correlation was found between balance and static core endurance tests. However, no significant correlation was found between ergonomics and physical activity level and core endurance tests except for trunk extension and prone bridge tests. In addition, there was a significant difference in core endurance tests for patients with and without regular exercise habits. Waist circumference and hip circumference measurements were found to be significantly negatively associated with static core tests. Conclusion. Core endurance was found to be associated with exercise habits, balance, hip and waist circumference and ergonomics in office workers. Improving core endurance may be beneficial for preventing musculoskeletal risks in office workers.

Sarcopenia prevalence between obese and morbid obese patients in an obesity center

Background/Aim: Sarcopenia and obesity are independent diseases that result in decreased muscle strength and function. Few studies have been conducted on the association of sarcopenia and obesity, especially in women. This study aims to measure the possibility of sarcopenic obesity in women with obesity. Methods: Our study was organized using a prospective cross-sectional study in Turkey. A total of 135 volunteer were included in the study. Inclusion criteria required the patients to have a BMI >35 kg/m2 or BMI >40 kg/m2 and no current comorbid disease. The exclusion criteria included: age (<18 and >70 years were excluded), history of muscle disease, malignancy, psychiatric disorders such as bipolar disease and psychosis, malnutrition, and recent corticosteroid (CS) use (within the last three months). Probable sarcopenia is determined by low skeletal muscle strength, and confirmed sarcopenia is defined if there is both low skeletal muscle mass and low skeletal muscle quality. Muscle strength was measured with isometric dynamometry using the handgrip method. A six-minute walk test (6MWT), in which we measured walking speed, was performed to determine the physical performance of the patients. We adjusted appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM) using height squared (ASM/height2) bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to measure the muscle mass. Results: Patients’ mean age was 43 (11.4) (20-69) years. Of the total participants, 64.6% were in the age range of 40-59; 19.2% of patients were defined as possible sarcopenia; and 2.2% had confirmed sarcopenia. A total of 78.5% of patients did not meet any of the sarcopenia criteria. We determined that there was no difference in anthropometric measurements between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic patients (P>0.05), except for waist and hip circumferences. However, we did observe a noteworthy distinction in waist and hip circumference measurements between the two groups, with sarcopenic patients exhibiting larger circumferences (P=0.05 and P=0.032, respectively). Our study revealed a significant disparity in the results of the six-minute walk test and handgrip strength values between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic patients (P<0.001). Specifically, non-sarcopenic patients demonstrated higher values in both tests.. Conclusion: Obesity and sarcopenic obesity will continue to be a public health problem in the future among middle-aged women. It should be considered that the prevalence of decreased muscle strength was high in our study group, and physical performance decreased due to muscle strength. We concluded that as success in the six-minute walk test and handgrip values increased, the diagnosis of sarcopenia decreased, and each increase in platelet count increased the risk of sarcopenia in obese female patients.

The relationship between dental caries, dietary intake and body composition in school-age children

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between dental caries, food intake, and body composition in school-age children.MethodsThe study was conducted on 210 children, 105 boys and 105 girls, aged 6–12 years, without mental and/or physical disorders. Oral examinations of the children were performed by paediatric dentists and DMFT–DMFS and dmft–dmfs values were recorded. A detailed food frequency questionnaire was applied to determine the consumption frequency of dairy products and sugar‐added foods. Children’s height, waist and hip circumference measurements were taken by the researcher; body weight and body composition were evaluated with a Tanita body analyzer.ResultsThe DMFS value of children who consumed white cheese daily is lower than children who did not (p < 0.05). The DMFT and DMFS values were found to be higher in children who consumed sweets, biscuits, and spreadable chocolate daily compared to children who did not (p < 0.05). Body weight and waist circumference are positively correlated with DMFT and negatively correlated with dmft. BMI is positively correlated with DMFT and negatively correlated with dmft (p < 0.05). In binary logistic regression, it was found that maternal education level, frequency of added sugar intake and body fat ratio were predictors of the presence of caries.ConclusionIn this study, dental caries was associated with food consumption and body mass index. In children, consumption of sugary foods should be reduced and consumption of dairy products should be increased.

Understanding the Association Between Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Case-Control Study.

Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) represents a sleep-related impairment linked to upper airway function. The question of whether OSA drives obesity or if shared underlying factors contribute to both conditions remains unresolved. Hence, this present study aims to understand the interplay between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and obesity through in-depth analysis of anthropometric data within control subjects and OSA patients. Methodology A case-control study was conducted, which included 40 cases and 40 matched healthy controls. Study participants with reported symptoms of snoring, daytime drowsiness, or both were included in the study. All the study participants underwent comprehensive anthropometric assessments such as height, weight, body mass index (BMI), neck circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, skin-fold thickness, and thickness measurements of biceps, triceps, suprailiac, and subscapular muscles. Results Within the OSA group, significant disparities emerged in mean age, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and diverse fat accumulations encompassing visceral, subcutaneous, trunk, and subcutaneous leg fat. Notably, skin-fold thickness at specific sites - biceps, triceps, subscapula, and suprailiac - demonstrated considerable augmentation relative to the control group. Furthermore, mean values associated with height, weight, BMI, neck circumference, fat percentage, subcutaneous arm fat, entire arm composition, and trunk skeletal muscle either equaled or exceeded those in the control group. However, statistical significance was not attained in these comparisons. Conclusion This investigation underscored a pronounced correlation between numerous endpoints characterizing OSA patients and markers of obesity. Consequently, addressing altered levels of obesity-linked anthropometric variables through pharmacological interventions might hold promise as a pivotal strategy for improving symptoms associated with OSA.

Prevalence and incidence of MAFLD and associated anthropometric parameters among prepubertal children of the Shanghai Birth Cohort.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in adolescent and adult population. However, the epidemiologic data of MAFLD in prepubertal children remain limited. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and incidence of MAFLD and assess the role of anthropometric parameters in identifying and predicting MAFLD in this population. Children from the Shanghai Birth Cohort Study who underwent an 8-year follow-up with anthropometric measurements and transient elastography FibroScan-502 examination (M probe, Echosens, Paris, France) were enrolled. Some of them also completed a 5-year follow-up. Diagnosis of fatty liver disease (FLD) was based on the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) value exceeding 248dB/m, and MAFLD was defined as FLD combined with obesity or central obesity. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of anthropometric parameters for MAFLD. A total of 848 children (431 boys) from the Shanghai Birth Cohort Study were followed up for 8years, and among them, 385 children (189 boys) also participated in the 5-year follow-up. The prevalence of FLD and MAFLD at 5years old was 3.90% and 0.52%, respectively, while at 8years old, the prevalence rates increased to 5.07% for FLD and 3.42% for MAFLD. The 8-year-old children with MAFLD exhibited significantly higher weight, body mass index (BMI), chest circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-height ratio, waist-to-hip ratio, and liver stiffness measurement compared to those without MAFLD (all p < 0.05). The incidence rates of FLD and MAFLD at 8years old, considering the 5-year follow-up data, were 3.78% (14/370) and 3.13% (12/383), respectively. Obese or centrally obese children at 5years old had a higher incidence of FLD and MAFLD at the 8-year follow-up. Waist circumference and BMI showed significant associations with the presence and incidence of MAFLD, respectively, with the largest AUC values in ROC curve analysis. In addition, chest circumference was significantly associated with MAFLD in obese children. This study provides insights into the incidence and prevalence of MAFLD in prepubertal children. It underscores the importance of anthropometric parameters in identifying and predicting MAFLD in this population. Further research encompassing a broader age range and incorporating these indicators and additional metabolic markers is necessary to enhance the understanding and management of MAFLD in children.

Correlation Between Body Fat Composition and Blood Pressure Level Among Medical Students in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital In Pokhara, Nepal

IntroductionIncrease in body fat is a common finding in young adults due to sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy dietary habits predisposing an individual to increase in blood pressure which is a common cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine the association between body fat composition and BP level in young adults.MethodsA cross sectional study was conducted among 350 students of Manipal College of Medical Sciences from January to June, 2020. A structured proforma was used to collect the required information about the subjects and measurement of height, weight, waist and hip circumference, BP was done following standard methods. Body fat percentage was assessed by skinfold thickness.ResultsThe prevalence of were overweight and obesity was found to be 35.14%. Systolic, diastolic and combined hypertension was found in 64.7%, 53.26% and 57.64% respectively, in overweight and obese population. Increase in body fat percentage in boys and increase in waist hip ratio in girls showed no correlation with increase in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure. However, increase in BMI was strongly correlated (p&lt;0.05) with increase in all the measures of blood pressure- systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure.ConclusionsBody mass index is a better predictor of increased blood pressure level than body fat percentage and waist hip ratio.

Physical activity is associated with adiposity in older adults with HIV in the modern HIV era.

People with HIV (PWH) are aging and are experiencing higher rates of abdominal adiposity. Physical activity is an effective nonpharmacological strategy to reduce adiposity in the general aging population. Yet, the relationship between physical activity and adiposity in people with well controlled HIV is unclear. Our objective was to describe the association between objectively-measured physical activity and abdominal adiposity in PWH. As part of the multisite, observational PROSPER-HIV study, virologically suppressed, adult PWH wore an Actigraph accelerometer for 7-10 days and completed duplicate waist and hip circumference measures. Demographic and medical characteristics were abstracted from the CFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Systems dataset. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the data. On average, our 419 PWH were 58 years of age [interquartile range (IQR): 50, 64], male (77%), Black (54%), and currently taking an integrase inhibitor (78%). PWH completed a mean of 7.06 (±2.74) days of total actigraphy wear time. They took an average of 4905 (3233, 7140) steps per day and engaged in 5.4 h of sedentary time per day. Controlling for age, sex, employment and integrase inhibitor use, the number of steps taken per day was associated with reduced abdominal adiposity ( F = 3.27; P < 0.001) and the hours of daily sedentary time was associated with increased abdominal adiposity ( F = 3.24; P < 0.001). Greater physical activity is associated with reduced abdominal adiposity in aging PWH. Future work should investigate how to tailor the amount, type and intensity of physical activity needed to reduce adiposity in PWH taking contemporary HIV medication. NCT03790501.

Major dietary patterns of community dwelling adults and their associations with impaired blood glucose and central obesity in Eastern Ethiopia: Diet-disease epidemiological study.

Unhealthy dietary intake is an important preventable risk factor for obesity and impaired blood glucose (IBG), ultimately increasing the risk of non-communicable diseases. When compared to individual food intakes, dietary patterns are a stronger predictor of health outcomes and should be systematically evaluated where such evidence is lacking. This study evaluated dietary patterns and their association with the risk of central obesity and IBG among adults. A community-based survey was conducted among 501 randomly-selected adults from Eastern Ethiopia. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire during a face-to-face interview that included sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, as well as a validated 89-item food frequency questionnaire (collected over one month). Principal component analysis was used to derive the dietary pattern. While central obesity was assessed using waist and/or hip circumference measurements, fasting blood sugar was used for IBG. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted with an odds ratio, 95% confidence intervals, and p-values reported. A total of 501 adults (95.3%) were interviewed, with a mean age of 41 years (±12). Five major dietary patterns explaining 71% of the total variance were identified: "nutrient-dense foods", "high fat and protein", "processed foods", "alcohol drinks", and "cereal diets". While 20.4% (17.0-24.2%) had IBG, 14.6% (11.8-17.9) were centrally obese, and 94.6% (92.3-96.3) had an increased waist-to-hip circumference ratio. Central obesity is associated with upper wealth status (AOR = 6.92; 2.91-16.5), physical inactivity (AOR = 21.1; 2.77-161.4), a diet high in nutrient-dense foods (AOR = 1.75; 0.75-4.06), processed foods (AOR = 1.41; 0.57-3.48), and cereal diets (AOR = 4.06; 1.87-8.82). The burden of IBG was associated with upper wealth status (AOR = 2.36; 1.36-4.10), physical inactivity (AOR = 2.17; 0.91-5.18), upper tercile of nutrient-dense foods (AOR = 1.35; 0.62-2.93), fat and protein diet (AOR = 1.31; 0.66-2.62), and cereal diet consumption (AOR = 3.87; 1.66-9.02). IBG and central obesity were prevalent and predicted by upper tercile consumption of nutrient-dense foods, high fat and protein diets, processed foods, and cereal diets, which could guide dietary interventions.

Obezite geliştirme riskini öngörebilecek bazı ölçüm parametrelerinin analizi: klinik bir çalışma

Aim: Obesity is a severe and chronic disease, which is currently increasing rapidly. The aim of this study was to reveal some parameters that can predict the risk of obesity and to create a new scale using these parameters.Material and Method: The demographic information of the study subjects was recorded, together with the anthropometric measurements of Body Mass Index (BMI), blood pressure, height, body weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference were recorded.Results: Evaluation was made of 74 subjects, comprising 11 (14.9%) females and 63 (85.1%) males with a median age of 34 years (24-45). Mean body weight was measured as 77.3±12.46 kg, height as 174.3±8.86 cm, waist circumference as 84 (66-103) cm, hip circumference as 97 (83-121) cm, and BMI as 25.4±3.21 kg/m2. It was seen that the risk of developing obesity could increase when age and duration of work increased, with an increased frequency of eating outside the home, in the absence of regular exercise, and when the waist and hip circumference values increased. Regression analysis showed that body weight, waist, and hip circumference measurement values could be used to predict the obesity development risk. Finally, a valid and reliable scale called OBEZRISK was created that would easily predict the risk of obesity development in individuals.Conclusion: The study results showed that body weight, waist, and hip circumference measurement values could be used to predict the risk of obesity development in individuals. It was also concluded that the OBEZRISK scale could be used to predict the risk of developing obesity.

Comparative evaluation of the results of anthropometric indicators and measurements of body composition by bioimpedancemetry

Background. Various anthropometric and instrumental methods are used to assess the correspondence between height and body weight of a person.&#x0D; Aim. Carrying out a comparative assessment of the results of anthropometric indicators and bioimpedance analysis among men and women fitness center visitors.&#x0D; Material and methods. A cross-sectional study of 58 men and 62 women was carried out. Participants underwent standard anthropometry (measurement of height with a stadiometer; body weight with an electronic scale; measurement of waist circumference and hip circumference with a centimeter tape) and bioimpedancemetry. Statistical processing was carried out by non-parametric methods: to study the relationship between the phenomena, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used, the differences in the average indicators were calculated by the Student's t-test, relative indicators by the Pearson 2 test, the differences were considered statistically significant at p 0.05.&#x0D; Results. Correlation analysis of the main calculated anthropometric and bioimpedance parameters established a strong relationship between body mass index and adipose tissue content (r=0.87). According to the data of bioimpedance analysis in the group of men, there was a significant predominance of muscle mass over fat, both in normal and overweight (p 0.0001). In the course of a comparative assessment of body mass index and bioimpedance analysis indicators, it was found that the use of body mass index is more often associated with overdiagnosis of overweight (p=0.0067). In the group of women, bioimpedancemetry analysis showed the predominance of muscle tissue over adipose tissue only with a normal body mass index, with overweight, the predominance of adipose tissue was found (p 0.0001). According to the results of bioimpedancemetry, the frequency of the norm decreased by 1.5 times compared with the body mass index (p=0.0017), the proportion of obesity increased by 4 times (p=0.0017) and the proportion of overweight almost 1.4 times.&#x0D; Conclusion. A comprehensive assessment of the body composition by bioimpedancemetry in men established the predominance of muscle mass over fat, which made it possible to reduce the frequency of overdiagnosis of excess body weight by 2 times; in women, body mass index was associated with underdiagnosis of overweight.

Evaluation of different anthropometric indices for predicting metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome is a condition characterized by metabolic abnormalities. Its overall prevalence increases with age, in turn resulting in a substantial burden of disease all around the world. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of several anthropometric indices for predicting metabolic syndrome among the elderly people. This study was conducted on 348 elderly people aged 65 and over, including those who were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome based on the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III criteria and those who did not suffer from metabolic syndrome. A trained dietitian performed body weight, height, waist circumference, and hip circumference measurements. Furthermore, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio, conicity index, abdominal volume index, body shape index, and body roundness index values were measured. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to assess the capability of these indices to predict metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: Of the 348 subjects recruited, 56.0% had metabolic syndrome. Body Roundness Index had the largest area under the curve for predicting metabolic syndrome in both males and females (0.678 and 0.645, respectively), followed by abdominal volume index (0.673 and 0.626, respectively) and waist circumference (0.672 and 0.626, respectively). Body roundness index was more effective compared to the other seven indices for predicting metabolic syndrome in the elderly population in Turkey.

EVALUATION OF DYNAMIC BALANCE IN WOMEN ACCORDING TO SOME ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIABLES

The aim of the study is to examine the dynamic balance order in women in the context of age, height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), leg length, waist and hip circumference measurement values. Thirty-five female volunteers with a mean age of 39.03 ± 7.51 years were included in the study. Participants' ages, heights, body weights, BMI, leg lengths, waist and hip circumference values were determined. Again, the balance values reached on the Anteroposterior (AP) axis and the balance values reached on the Horizontal axis (ML) were determined, including the right, left and double feet of the participants. In the analysis of the data obtained, descriptive and anova tests were used in the SPSS 22 package program. Among the dynamic balance types, it was determined that only the bilateral AP balance level of the participants differed significantly according to the age variable (p= 0.015) and the right foot AP balance level differed significantly according to the body weight (p= 0.030). It was revealed that the balance types in question did not differ significantly (p&lt;0.05) in all other anthropometric characteristics evaluated. As a result, it was determined that the left foot AP and ML balance values in the variables included in the study were at the level of normal or ideal balance values. On the other hand, the AP and ML balance values of the right foot were generally found to be at the level of weak balance values.

Body Mass Index, Abdominal Adiposity, and Incidence of Parkinson Disease in French Women From the E3N Cohort Study.

Previous studies on the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and Parkinson disease (PD) provided inconsistent results, likely due to reverse causation explained by weight loss during the prodromal phase. We examined the association of BMI and abdominal adiposity with PD incidence using lagged analyses to address the potential for reverse causation and compared BMI trajectories in patients before diagnosis and matched controls. We used data from the E3N cohort study of French women with a 29-year follow-up (1990-2018). BMI (kg/m2) was computed based on self-reported weight and height up to 11 times; up to 6 waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference measures were available. PD diagnoses were validated based on medical records and drug claim databases. Multivariable time-varying Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs according to BMI categories (underweight <18.5 kg/m2; normal = [18.5-25.0[ kg/m2; overweight = [25.0-30.0[ kg/m2; obese ≥30.0 kg/m2). Exposures were lagged by 5 years in main analyses; we used longer lags (10 and 20 years) in sensitivity analyses. We examined trajectories of BMI categories within a nested case-control study using multivariable generalized estimating equations multinomial logistic models. Of 96,702 women (baseline age = 40-65 years), 1,164 developed PD. PD incidence was lower (HR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.59-0.98, p = 0.032) among women with obesity compared with those with normal BMI. There was a similar association in analyses using longer lag times (20 years, 598 cases, HR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.30-0.88, p = 0.016). A similar pattern was seen for WC and waist-height ratio but not waist-hip ratio. Trajectories of BMI categories (1,196 patients and 23,876 controls) showed that obesity was less frequent in patients with PD before diagnosis than in controls, with a statistically significant difference 29 years before. In addition, the frequency of obesity decreased 5-10 years before diagnosis in patients. In this large cohort of women with a long follow-up, obesity was associated with a lower hazard of PD, even when measured 20 years before diagnosis, in agreement with Mendelian randomization studies. Our analyses underscore the importance of lagged analyses to account for reverse causation. These findings warrant further investigations to understand the mechanisms underlying this inverse association.

The relation between obesity and hypertension

Aim: Hypertension is an emerging health problem related to cardiovascular disease, and many reports have shown the link between hypertension and obesity in different populations. In that study, we would like to evaluate the body fat accumulation type and obesity-related parameters with hypertension. Material and Methods: Hypertensive and normotensive individuals were enrolled in Bandırma Training and Research Hospital, Cardiology Units. The cardiologist examined the demographic data, obesity-related parameters, and current health status. Blood pressures were measured under the European Heart Society Recommendations. The data was accepted statistically within the 95% confidence interval (p&lt;0.05). Results: The mean age of hypertensive and normotensive individuals was 60.25±12.45 vs. 57.78±11.17, p=0.05), respectively. A statistically significant increase was observed in BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) status in hypertensive patients compared to controls. In contrast, hip circumference (HC) measurement is only higher only in hypertensive women than in normotensive (110.61±18.23 vs. 100.69±20.46; p:0.005), and there is no difference among men (108.56±16.16 vs107.93±16.78 p:0.82). Conclusion: Abdominal weight gain is an important issue for cardiovascular disease; thus, waist circumference (WC) is essential to evaluate the hypertension risk more than obesity status. Hypertensive women are more prone to have apple-type body shapes than hypertensive men were pear body shapes. In conclusion, body fat accumulation is a more crucial triggering factor for hypertension than body fat. Keywords: Hypertension, body fat, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, Waist to height ratio

Gluteal Reshaping Using a Simple Device for Collecting Fat

Introduction: Liposuction was popularized in the 80s of the previous century. Later, fat graft was widely used to augment different parts of the body especially the gluteal area. Fat collection is a part of the process of fat injection. Different methods have been described for fat collection. The objective is to address the outcome results of collecting large amount of fat using a chest tube canister for gluteal augmentation. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 females were operated for gluteal reshaping. Our choice was fat grafting for augmentation and correction of any depressed scars. The fat was collected using a canister of chest tube. Patients were assessed by measurement of hip circumference and by the usage of Likert scale with some modifications. Results: The mean amount of liposuction was about 4315 cm3 and the mean amount of fat injected was about 1250 cm3 per secession. After 6 months, hip circumference was increased by 4.045 cm. Actually, more than half of patients (65%) were strongly satisfied. One patient suffered from oily cyst that was excised surgically. Conclusion: The canister is safe, cheap, and effective method for collection and preparation of large volume of fat.

İstanbul'da 6-15 Yaş Arası Çocuklarda Obezite Prevalansı

Aim: This research aims to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and nutritional habits in children aged 6-15 in a district of Istanbul.Method: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 2452 students aged 6-15 in 19 primary schools in Avcılar district of Istanbul. A face-to-face questionnaire was applied about the children's nutrition habits and food consumption frequencies. Children's height, weight, waist and hip circumference measurements were taken. Children were categorized according to Z-scores. Statistics were made using the SPSS 21 program. Results: A total of 47.8% of students were boys, 52.2% were girls. The mean age of the students was 9.47±2.21 years, average BMI was 18.7±3.73 kg/m2. Overweight and obesity prevalence was 20.3% and 13.2%, respectively. The obesity prevalence of 9-y-old was at the highest level, and males were more obese than females (p&amp;lt;0.001). A significant difference was found between obese and non-obese students in terms of snacking while studying and watching TV, and the frequency of some food consumption (p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusion: It was found that one out of every three children was overweight. In addition to national and international policies, regional and local follow-ups and taking necessary precautions may be beneficial in controlling childhood obesity.

Hand-Eye Coordination and its Relationship with Anthropometric characteristics of Professional Football Players based on their Playing Position

Football is the most popular sport characterized by high and low intensity movements with repeated physical contact. Anthropometric characteristics, coordination motor skills, and functional movement abilities are part of important determinants of success in a football game. This study investigated the relationship between hand-eye coordination and anthropometric characteristics of professional football players based on their playing position. A correlational research design was utilised for this study. The population for this study comprised of 29 professional football players who are members of a professional football club in Nigeria. The participants comprised of 12 forwards, 6 midfielders, 4 goalkeepers and 7 defenders. The weight, height, waist circumference, and hip circumference measurements were obtained using standardised procedures. The body mass index and waist to hip ratio scores of the participants were calculated. The alternate hand wall toss test was used to determine the hand-eye coordination of the participants. Pearson’s product moment correlation and linear regression were used to analyse the results. The level of significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. A significant negative strong correlation was observed between waist to hip ratio and coordination among midfielders (r = -0.841, p = 0.036). There was no significant correlation between waist to hip ratio and coordination among forwards, defenders, and goalkeepers. In addition, there was no significant correlation between body mass index and coordination as well as waist circumference and coordination among football players in all the playing positions. Waist to hip ratio is an important anthropometric measure that can affect the coordination of midfielders in a football team. This should be considered by the coaches and football regulatory bodies before players are assigned to playing positions in the game of football. Position-specific training programmes should be encouraged to enhance football players' performance.

Influence of antipsychotics on metabolic syndrome risk in patients with schizophrenia.

ObjectiveMany studies so far have shown that antipsychotic therapy may have an effect on the development of metabolic syndrome in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Our goal was to determine whether our respondents are at risk for developing metabolic syndrome and who is more predisposed to it.MethodsIn a stable phase, 60 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were equally divided into three groups according to the drug (risperidone, clozapine, and aripiprazole monotherapy). Control group had 20 healthy examinees. Patients were evaluated first using The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Prolactin, lipid status, glycemia, insulin, cytokine values (IL-33, TGF-β, and TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Also, Body mass index (BMI), Homeostatic Model Assesment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA index), waist and hip circumference (WHR) and blood pressure (TA) measurement were performed in the study.ResultsPatients treated with risperidone compared to healthy control subjects and aripiprazol group of patients had statistically significant difference in prolactin levels. In clozapine group compared to healthy control group values of HDL cholesterol and glucose level were statistically significant different. In aripiprazole group compared to healthy control group value of BMI was statistically significant different. Statistically significant correlations were found in TNF-α with glucose and HOMA index in risperidone treated patients and with BMI in clozapine group of patients; IL-33 with glucose in risperidone and with BMI in clozapine group of patients and TGF-β with glucose in risperidone group, with insulin and HOMA index in clozapine group and statistically significant negative correlation with LDL cholesterol in aripiprazole group of patients.ConclusionPatients on risperidone and clozapine therapy may be at greater risk of developing metabolic syndrome than patients treated with aripiprazole. Statistically significant difference in concentration of TNF-α and TGF-β was in the group of patients treated with risperidone compared to healthy control group.

O-182 No higher prevalence of metabolic dysfunction among subfertile women in an urban population

Abstract Study question What is the prevalence of metabolic dysfunction, like insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia, hypertension, and/or dyslipidaemia, among subfertile women compared to healthy controls? Summary answer Signs of metabolic dysfunction were not observed more frequently in subfertile women than in controls. Overweight and obese patients were at risk for metabolic dysfunction. What is known already Metabolic dysfunction is known to impair female fecundity as it is linked to a longer time-to-pregnancy and to subfertility. Three times as many PCOS patients are diagnosed with metabolic syndrome than age matched controls. Moreover, a recent study showed a higher prevalence among the entire subfertile population. Metabolic disorders have been connected to the impairment of normal ovarian function and pituitary-hypothalamic axis. Obesity is correlated with menstrual irregularities, ovulation disorders and infertility. On top, it can increase risk of miscarriage and reduce chances with assisted reproductive technologies. Therefore, metabolic dysfunction might also be a driving factor behind unexplained subfertility. Study design, size, duration This cross-sectional observational case control study was performed in a secondary and tertiary care fertility clinic (MUMC+, Maastricht, The Netherlands). Patients were referred to the fertility clinic with either primary or secondary subfertility (inability to conceive after one year of regular unprotected intercourse), controls were healthy, parous women. All participants were aged between 18 and 41 years at time of inclusion. 119 patients and 68 controls were included over a time span of 3 years. Participants/materials, setting, methods A basic medical history was collected using questionnaires. Physical examination included measurement of weight, height, waist and hip circumference, blood pressure and pulse. Venipuncture was performed after an overnight fast on cycle day 2-4; including insulin, glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipid cholesterol, total cholesterol, glomerular filtration rate, urea, uric acid, creatinine, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol and anti-Mullarian hormone. Urine was collected to measure protein and creatinine. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to Adult Treatment Panel-III guidelines. Main results and the role of chance Body weight and BMI were similarly distributed between patients and controls. Main causes of subfertility comprised male factor (12%), anovulation (20%) and unexplained subfertility (47%). Comparing patients to controls, unexplained subfertility only had slightly higher HDL cholesterol levels (p = 0.046). Anovulatory patients showed 2% higher glucose (p = 0.003) and 133% higher AMH levels (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 6% of unexplained subfertility patients, in 4% of male factor patients and in 5% of anovulatory patients. No controls were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. In a comparison of overweight and obese patients to normal weight patients we observed resp. 16% and 37% higher waist circumference (p &amp;lt; 0.001), 7% and 11% higher waist-to-hip ratio (p &amp;lt; 0.01), 37% and 197% higher fasting insulin (p &amp;lt; 0.01), 30% and 198% higher HOMA-IR (p &amp;lt; 0.02) and 8% and 24% higher uric acid levels (p &amp;lt; 0.03). Concomitantly, obese patients showed dyslipidemia with 98% higher triglyceride levels (p &amp;lt; 0.001) and 24% lower HDL cholesterol (p &amp;lt; 0.01). 181% higher AMH levels were found in obese patients (p &amp;lt; 0.01). Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 1% of normal weight patients, 4% of overweight patients and in 25% of obese patients. Limitations, reasons for caution Participants were young and remarkably healthy, which might account for the low prevalence of metabolic disorders. It is known that the prevalence of metabolic dysfunction is strongly dependent on socioeconomic and geographic determinants in various populations. Our findings apply to a largely ethnically homogeneous Caucasian female population in the Netherlands. Wider implications of the findings We found that the presence or specific cause of subfertility per se, cannot be regarded as a reliable and strong predictor of metabolic dysfunction, even in anovulatory subfertility. As can be expected, metabolic dysfunction is highly associated with BMI and obese patients should consider lifestyle intervention to prevent future complications. Trial registration number Not applicable

Anthropometric evaluation of a 3D scanning mobile application.

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging systems are increasingly being used in health care settings for quantifying body size and shape. The potential exists to provide similar phenotyping capabilities outside of professional settings using smartphone applications (apps). The current study aim was to compare waist, hip, upper arm, and midthigh circumference measurements acquired by a free downloadable app (MeThreeSixty; Size Stream, Cary, North Carolina) and a conventional 20-camera 3D system (SS20; Size Stream) with those measured with a flexible tape at the same anatomic sites. Fifty-nine adults were scanned with the app and SS20; the same software was used to generate circumference estimates from device-acquired object files that were then compared with reference tape measurements. The app and SS20 had similar coefficients of variation that were minimally larger than those by the tape (e.g., waist, 0.93%, 0.87%, and 0.06%). Correlations of the app and of SS20 with tape circumferences were all strong (p < 0.001) and similar in magnitude (R2 s: 0.72-0.93 and 0.78-0.95, respectively); minimally significant (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01) bias was present between both imaging approaches and some tape measurements. These proof-of-concept observations combined with ubiquitous smartphone availability create the possibility of phenotyping adult body size and shape, with important clinical and research implications, on a global scale.