High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Measurements Research Articles

Sex-Specific Sarcopenia Prevalence and Risk Factors in the Korean Population: A Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study.

Background and Objective: This study aimed to identify the incidence of sarcopenia and disease risk factors in Korean adults and to provide data for sarcopenia prevention. Materials and Methods: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2008-2011, we selected 14,185 adults over the age of 20 who participated in sarcopenia diagnostic tests and health surveys. We analyzed sarcopenia risk factors using complex sample multi-logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of sarcopenia in Korea was 31.3%, with 20.2% in men and 40.4% in women. In men, there was a higher risk of sarcopenia in those of older age, without a spouse, with a low body mass index (BMI), who never engage in resistance exercise, or who do mid-level intensity resistance exercises. In women, sarcopenia risk was higher in those in their 20s compared to those in their 60s, and risk factors included a low BMI, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and waist circumference measurements, alcohol consumption, aerobic exercise, and resistance exercise. Conclusions: Interventions and lifestyle improvements will help prevent the onset of sarcopenia in elderly men and young women with risk factors such as a low BMI.

Evaluation of common carotid artery wall stiffness by shear wave elastography in smokers and non-smokers.

Smoking is one of the most important preventable causes of cardiovascular diseases. Vascular disease caused by smoking is associated with vascular endothelial damage, platelet aggregation, and adhesion. In our study, we examined the effect of chronic smoking on vessel wall stiffness in smokers and control group by measuring carotid artery wall stiffness by shear wave ultrasonography. Sixty-two smokers of similar ages and genders, and 67 people who never smoked in the last ten years were included as the control group in this cross-sectional study. Arterial wall stiffness over the common carotid arteries of all participants was measured by shear wave elastography (SWE). In addition, each patient's blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, body mass index (BMI), HDL and LDL cholesterol measurements were recorded. Arterial wall stiffness values in smokers were found to be statistically significantly higher than in non-smokers. The mean of SWE measurements of the smokers was 47.3 ± 6.2 kPa, and that of the control group was 42.9 ± 4 kPa. The mean values of HDL and LDL of the smokers were 46.9 ± 5.6 mg/dL and 147.3 ± 9.3 mg/dL, respectively, and those of the control group were 50.3 ± 5.1 mg/dL and 136.9 ± 5.9 mg/dL. The LDL cholesterol values were statistically significantly higher in smokers compared to the control group, and HDL cholesterol values were statistically significantly lower in smokers. In our study, the arterial wall stiffness values measured by the SWE technique were higher in smokers than non-smokers.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and its Components in Patients with Controlled Graves’ Disease

Abstract Aim: Our aim was to assess the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in patients with controlled Graves’ disease (GD). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving 95 consecutive patients with GD referred to our tertiary care inpatient clinical center meeting the following inclusion criteria: controlled hyperthyroidism, treatment with antithyroid drugs, untreated Graves’ orbitopathy (GO), if present. Patients’ anthropometric parameters were evaluated and laboratory tests were performed with measurement of fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, thyroid hormone and antibody levels. The presence of the MetS and its components as defined by the International Diabetes Federation from 2009 were evaluated. Results: In our patient cohort 82.1% were females, 17.9% were males, mean age 50.2 ± 13 years, with median duration of GD 16.5 months. The MetS was observed in 32.6% of our patients, obesity – in 34.7%, hyperglycemia in 38.9%, arterial hypertension – in 36.8%, low HDL-cholesterol – in 23.2% and hypertriglyceridemia – in 13.7%. There was not statistical difference neither between the prevalence of the MetS, nor between the prevalence of its individual components in female and male GD patients. The MetS was significantly more frequent in older patients, as well as abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia and arterial hypertension. There was not statistical difference in the frequency of the MetS and its components between GD patients with and without GO, except for waist circumference, which was significantly higher in patients with GO. Conclusions: The presence of the MetS and its components among GD patients are to great extent similar to those reported in the general population, which underlines the need for their screening and proper treatment in this subpopulation.

Phenotypes Associated with HFE p.C282Y Homozygosity, the Main Hereditary Hemochromatosis Genotype, in Four Large Genetic Cohorts

Introduction Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is the most common known recessive hereditary disease in people of northern European descent. HH is most commonly caused by the HFE-C282Y homozygosity. Disease penetrance is highly variable (1-20%). We have examined the association between C282Y homozygosity and multiple phenotypes, both case-control and quantitative, across 4 international cohorts (deCODE genetics, UK Biobank, Denmark (Copenhagen Hospital Biobank / Danish Blood Donor Study) and Intermountain Healthcare) in an effort to shed a new light on the pathophysiology of this common hereditary disease. Methods We preformed a phenome wide association study meta-analyses for C282Y homozygosity across the 4 beforementioned cohorts, comprising around 970.000 individuals, of those 5928 were homozygous for the C282Y mutation (746 in deCODE/Iceland MAF 6.71%, 2865 in UK Biobank MAF 7.94%, 1703 in CHB MAF 5.6% and 614 in Intermountain Healthcare MAF 6.19%). The analyses comprised both case-control phenotypes (approximately 7000), cases being defined by ICD-10 codes, and continuous quantitative phenotypes (approximately 5500), both results from blood tests and proteome data from deCODE and UK Biobank. Results C282Y homozygotes had a higher prevalence of the following liver, hematological and rheumatic diseases compared to a control group with no copy of the C282Y variant. Diagnosed fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver (odds ratio 4.30, 95% confidence interval 3.35 to 5.51, p=1.77x10 -30), liver cell carcinoma (9.04, 6.01 to 13.58, p=3.24x10 -26) and fatty liver disease (1.75, 1.45 to 2.11, p=5.42x10 -09) were strikingly more common in C282Y homozygotes. Unsurprisingly C282Y homozygotes also had higher liver parameters. Notably C282Y homozygotes had a higher prevalence of diagnosed polycythemia vera (7.24, 4.93 to 10.62, p=4.37x10 -24) yet no association was found with clonal hematopoiesis (1.09, 0.88 to 1.34, p=4.47x10 -01). Strong association was found between C282Y homozygosity and increased hemoglobin (0.41 standard deviations, 95% confidence interval 0.38 to 0.45, p=6.84x10 -142), MCH (0.98, 0.93 to 1.03, p=<1.00x10 -300) and MCV (0.82, 0.78 to 0.86, p=<1.00x10 -300). Red blood cell count (RBC) was decreased (-0.27, -0.30 to -0.23, p=1.06x10 -50), while reticulocyte count (0.30, 0.26 to 0.34, p=1.42x10 -54) and percentage (0.36, 0.32 to 0.40, p=7.91x10 -79) were increased. Erythropoietin (EPO) measurements were markedly decreased in C282Y homozygotes (-0.31, -0.40 to -0.22, p=1.77x10 -11). Homozygous individuals had an increased risk of being diagnosed with osteoarthritis of hip (1.83, 1.63 to 2.07, p=4.30x10 -23) and were more likely to undergo total hip replacement (2.00, 1.69 to 2.29, p=5.81x10 -18). In contrast to these risk enhancing effects C282Y homozygotes had a lower prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). C282Y homozygotes had decreased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) (0.79, 0.72 to 0.86, p=4.26x10 -07) and angina pectoris (0.77, 0.69 to 0.86, p=4.28x10 -06) and were less likely to undergo coronary artery bypass graft (0.60, 0.49 to 0.74, p=2.39x10 -06). Pure hypercholesterolemia (0.76, 0.69 to 0.83, p=2.52x10 -09) and disorders of lipoprotein metabolism (0.75, 0.66 to 0.85, p=8.41x10 -06) was less commonly diagnosed. C282Y homozygotes were less likely to take cholesterol lowering statin drugs (0.74, 0.67 to 0.81, p=1.45x10 -09). Unsurprisingly with regard to these results strong association was found with lower cholesterol measurements in C282Y homozygotes, the effects being most pronounced on LDL cholesterol (-0.38, -0.42 to -0.35, p=1.61x10 -99). Total cholesterol was also markedly lowered (-0.35, -0.38 to -0.31, p=1.38x10 -91), as well as non HDL cholesterol (-0.34, -0.37 to -0.30, p=2.36x10 -81). No significant association was found with HDL cholesterol and triglyceride measurements. Conclusions C282Y homozygosity was associated with significantly increased risk of liver disease, liver cell carcinoma and osteoarthritis of hip. Homozygous individuals had increased risk of non-clonal primary polycythemia, association with polycythemia vera likely due to misdiagnosis or early diagnosis exacerbated by significantly increased hemoglobin. C282Y homozygotes had a significant decrease in LDL, non-HDL and total cholesterol measurements and were protected against cardiovascular disease.

Performance evaluation of Barozen Lipid Plus for point-of-care testing of lipid profiles: a method comparison study.

The quick and easy nature of point-of-care (POC) testing devices allows regular monitoring of serum lipid levels to increase efficiency. The purpose of this study was to assess a POC lipid analyzer, Barozen Lipid Plus (MICO Biomed Co., Ltd.), which uses capillary blood to measure total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Capillary and venous blood samples were collected from 110 participants at a single center in Korea between June 10 and June 26, 2021. TC, TG, and HDL-C measurements using Barozen Lipid Plus were compared with measurements using our reference device, the Roche-Hitachi Cobas 8000 c702 (Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation). This study followed the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments. We surveyed participants regarding the convenience of the POC device using a questionnaire following the completion of blood collection. When compared to the reference equipment, the measurements obtained using Barozen Lipid Plus were more than 95% satisfactory within TC±10%, TG±25%, and HDL-C±30%. The coefficient of variation in the repeatability testing was within 5% for TC, 5% for TGs, and 7% for HDL-C. The survey results indicated high levels of satisfaction. No adverse events were reported. These findings suggest that Barozen Lipid Plus is reliable for measuring lipid profiles and can therefore be used to monitor lipid levels at the time and place of patient care.

The relationship between the use of nucleos(t)ide analogs and metabolic parameters in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

In the treatment of chronic hepatitis-B (CHB), although viral replication load is reduced with the use of nucleos(t)ide analogs, the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains. We aimed to investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and CHB of nucleos(t)ide analogs, which are effective in mortality-morbidity. In patients who applied to the gastroenterology outpatient clinic between 2021 and 2022, we compared inactive HBsAg-positive patients who did not receive treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogs [entecavir (ETV), lamivudine (LAM), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)] and medical treatment. Demographic characteristics of the patients were recorded. Lipid profile, Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and HOMA-IR were recorded. The presence of hepatosteatosis was graded ultrasonographically. APRI, Forns Index, and FIB-4 score, which are indicators of non-invasive liver fibrosis, were evaluated. Of the 265 patients, 55.5% (n=147) were males and 44.5% (n=118) were females. The ages of the participants ranged from 18 to 80, with a mean age of 46.54±14.03. It was observed that 62.3% (n=165) of the cases received medical treatment. When the drugs used by those receiving medical treatment were examined, 70.3% (n=116) TDF, 6.1% (n=10) TAF, 3% (n=5) LAM, and 20.6% (n=34) ETV, LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol measurement values of those who received medical treatment were lower, while HOMA-IR values were higher compared to those who did not receive the medical treatment. While the HbA1c value of the patients using ETV was found to be high, the liver stiffness indicator scores of those using TDF were found to be significantly higher. In this study, in patients with CHB, it has been shown that medical treatment also affects MetS parameters.

Standardization of Apolipoprotein B, LDL-Cholesterol, and Non-HDL-Cholesterol.

Concern continues about whether the measurement of apolipoprotein B (apoB) is adequately standardized, and therefore, whether apoB should be applied widely in clinical care. This concern is misplaced. Our objective is to explain why and what the term "standardization" means. To produce clinically valid results, a test must accurately, precisely, and selectively measure the marker of interest. That is, it must be standardized. Accuracy refers to how closely the result obtained with 1 method corresponds to the result obtained with the standard method, precision to how reproducible the result is on repeated testing, and selectivity to how susceptible the method is to error by inclusion of other classes of lipoprotein particles. Multiple expert groups have determined that the measurement of apoB is adequately standardized for clinical care, and that apoB can be measured inexpensively, using widely available automated methods, more accurately, precisely, and selectively than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. ApoB is a standard superior to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol because it is a defined molecule, whereas the cholesterol markers are the mass of cholesterol within lipoprotein particles defined by their density, not by their molecular structure. Nevertheless, the standardization of apoB is being further improved by the application of mass spectrophotometric methods, whereas the limitations in the standardization and, therefore, the accurate, precise, and selective measurement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are unlikely to be overcome. We submit that greater accuracy, precision, and selectivity in measurement is a decisive advantage for apoB in the modern era of intensive lipid-lowering therapies.

Kruppel benzeri faktör 2 polimorfizmlerinin koroner arter hastalığı riski ile ilişkisi

Purpose: Coronary artery disease is defined as complications that develop in proportion to the prevalence of ischemia due to occlusion of the coronary arteries and the resulting cell death. The development of atherosclerosis is significantly influenced by endothelial cell dysfunction. Kruppel-like factor 2, a transcription factor, has been shown to regulate critical biological events in endothelial biology, such as vascular tone, migration, proliferation, vasoreactivity, and angiogenesis. In our study, it was aimed to clarify the relationship between coronary artery disease and Kruppel-like factor 2 protein levels and C1239A polymorphisms.
 Materials and Methods: 191 individuals who underwent coronary angiography at Mersin University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Health, Research and Application Center were included in the study. Measurements of serum fasting blood glucose, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were performed on the AU5800 (Beckman Coulter, United States) autoanalyzer. Serum LDL levels were calculated using the Friedwald equation. Serum Kruppel-like factor 2 protein levels were measured by sandwich enzyme-linked immunoassay method on the Multiskan GO (Thermo Scientific, Finland) device. Kruppel-like factor 2 C1239A variations were detected on the Applied Biosystem VIIA™ 7 Real-Time PCR (Life Technologies Co., United States) device by TaqMan® single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping method.
 Results: Men had a 3.8-fold higher risk of CAD than women. (Odd’s ratio 3.83, 95% Confidence interval 1.98-7.39; p

Comparison of Anterior Segment Parameters in Obese Children And Healthy Control Group

Objective:: To evaluate anterior segment parameters in obese children
 Material and methods: 55 obese and 30 control group children subjects participated. All participants and the control group were examined and anthropometric measurements were made. The measurements of fasting blood glucose(FBG), triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and insulin values were performed. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‑IR) was calculated. Each participant underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination and IOP, CCT, ACD and LT were measured.
 Results: The gender distribution of the groups was similar (p=0.893). The mean of CCT and LT were significantly higher in the obese group (572.9 ± 14.5 vs. 559.5 ± 10.1 µm, p=0.001; 3.6 ± 0.14 vs. 3.48 ± 0.25 mm, p=0.007) . No significant difference was found between the obese and control groups in terms of other parameters. BMI and WC had a significant negative correlation with LT control groups. The obese group showed a significant positive correlation between IOP and TG (r=0.276, p=0.042), and a significant negative correlation with HDL-C (r=-0.273, p=0.043). In the control group, there was a significant positive correlation between IOP and BMI (r=0.389, p=0.034), WC (r=0.497, p=0.005), HOMA-IR (r=0.384, p=0.036), Insulin (r=0.407, p=0.026), and a significant negative correlation with TC (r=-0.511, p=0.004). A significantly positive correlation between ACD and LDL-C (r=0.371, p=0.043) and a significantly negative correlation between HOMA-IR in the control group were detected (r=-0.682, p=0.000).
 Conclusion: The obese group had higher CCT and LT than the control groups.

Metabolic Syndrome in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Associated Microvascular Complications.

Background The chronic macro and microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus pose serious health challenges. Metabolic syndrome (MetSy) is characterized by central obesity, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, low high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), high triglycerides (TGs), and hypertension. MetSy precedes or accompanies diabetes, and it has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and premature death. This study aimed to estimate prevalence, identify risk factors, and evaluate associated microvascular complications among MetSy patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methodology Over the period of March 20, 2022, to March 31, 2023, a prospective cohort study was conducted at the Outdoor Clinic and Medicine Department of Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan. Based on the International Diabetes Federation MetSy criteria, a total of 160 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected. A special proforma was used to obtain sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory variables of MetSy in diabetic participants. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements such as waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Fasting venous blood was collected to analyze biochemical variables such as fasting blood sugar (FBS), TG, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). The microvascular complications of T2DM were established using fundus ophthalmoscopy and neurological and kidney function assessments with the help oflaboratory tests. These variables were matched between MetSy and no MetSy groups along with the presence or absence of diabetes microvascular complications. This information was analyzed based on these assessments and patient interviews. Results Of the 160 T2DM patients, the mean age was 52 years with a predominance of females (51.8%) in the 50-59-year age group (56.8%). The average BMI for females was 29.38 ± 0.54 kg/m², and 32 (20%) had obesity. Females exhibited a large WC of 93.52 ± 1.58 cm, and 48 of 83 females had reported diabetes microvascular complications. A significant p-value was observed for hypertension, high TG, low HDL-C, large WC, obesity, BMI, age, and female gender on comparing diabetics with metabolic syndrome (MetSy+) and those without metabolic syndrome (MetSy-). The prevalence of microvascular complications in T2DM patients with MetSy+ was 52.5% compared with 47.5% in MetSy-. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 24.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 20.3%-29.6%), nephropathy was 16.8% (95% CI = 12.8%-20.7%), and neuropathy was 10.8% (95% CI = 7.4%-13.3%). Conclusions The prevalence of MetSy observed among T2DM patients was 65%, with married obese females in the 50-59-year age group being more likely to be affected than males. Hypertension, poor glycemic control, high TG, low HDL-C, and greater anthropometric waist measurements and BMI were additional risk factors that tended to increase the MetSy burden in T2DM. Diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy were the most prevalent microvascular complications of diabetes, and immediate attention is needed to stop their detrimental effects. Longer uncontrolled diabetes, increasing age, and hypertension were independent predictors of microvascular complications. To further reduce the risks of complications that threaten healthy aging and prognosis for these patients, MetSy screening, health education, and better diabetic management are crucial.

A cross-sectional study on the prevalence rate and influencing factors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in overweight/obese children

To investigate the prevalence rate of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in overweight/obese children who visit a hospital, and to explore the influencing factors of NAFLD, in order to provide a basis for the prevention of NAFLD in overweight/obese children. Overweight/obese children who visited Hunan Children's Hospital from June 2019 to September 2021 were recruited. The prevalence rate of NAFLD was examined. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the factors influencing the development of NAFLD [non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)]. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive value of the influencing factors for NAFL and NASH. A total of 844 overweight/obese children aged 6-17 years were enrolled. The prevalence rate of NAFLD in overweight/obese children was 38.2% (322/844), among which the prevalence rates of NAFL and NASH were 28.8% (243/844) and 9.4% (79/844), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the increase of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were associated with the development of NAFL and NASH (P<0.05). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the combined measurement of WHR and HDL-C had a predictive value for NAFL (area under the curve: 0.653, 95%CI: 0.613-0.694), and for NASH (area under the curve: 0.771, 95%CI: 0.723-0.819). The prevalence rate of NAFLD in overweight/obese children who visit a hospital is high. WHR and HDL-C are associated with the development of NAFLD and the combined measurement of WHR and HDL-C has a certain value for predicating the development of NAFLD.

تثبيط جملة الرينين-أنجيوتنسين يحسن الصيغة اللبيدية لدى مرضى الداء الكلوي المزمن

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the blockade of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), achieved by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), could affect the plasma lipid profile in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Ninety-four hypertensive patients with CKD (stage 3-5) were enrolled. Forty-nine patients were treated with either ACEIs or ARBs daily for 6 months, and forty-five patients were treated with other antihypertensive agents (calcium channel blockers (amlodipine), b blockers, diuretics) as positive control group. Creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels measurements were performed before and after the six-month treatment. An improvement in serum lipids levels in hypertensive patients with CKD resulted from RAS blocked therapy and other antihypertensive agents. Both treatment groups significantly decreased total cholesterol (TC), by 7.77% in ACEIs/ARBs group (p≤0.01) and 6.42% in other antihypertensive group (p≤0.05). In CKD patients treated with ACEIs/ARBs, levels of TG (3.29%), and LDL-C (3.15%) dropped more than with other antihypertensive medications (2.12%, and 1.19% respectively). RAS blocked therapy significantly increased HDL-C levels in CKD patients by 5.94% (p≤0.05). The results indicate that RAS blockade therapy with ACEIs or ARB positively affects lipid profile, which may improve the cardiovascular risks caused by CKD.

Association between lipid levels and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in critically ill patients

Extremely low lipid levels are considered a sign of debilitation and illness. The association between lipid levels and the risk of mortality in critically ill patients has not been well investigated. This study was designed to evaluate the association between lipid levels and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in critically ill patients using a large collaborative research database known as the eICU database. In total, 27,316 individuals with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) measurements were analyzed. A J-shaped association was observed between LDL-C, HDL-C, and TC levels and all-cause and noncardiovascular mortality, with low concentrations associated with higher risk. LDL-C, HDL-C and TC levels in the first quintile were associated with higher all-cause and noncardiovascular mortality but not with cardiovascular mortality compared to the reference quintile. There was a marked synergistic effect between low LDL-C combined with low HDL-C on the risk of mortality. Individuals with LDL-C ≤ 96 mg/dL and HDL-C ≤ 27 mg/dL had an increased risk of all-cause mortality (OR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.26–1.82), cardiovascular mortality (OR 1.07, 95% CI: 1.37–1.76) and noncardiovascular mortality (OR 1.82, 95% CI: 1.37–2.43). The results of this observational cohort showed that low LDL-C, HDL-C and TC levels were independently associated with higher all-cause and noncardiovascular mortality in critically ill patients.

Correlation between Serum CD36 Level and Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Khartoum State, Sudan

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. DM-related dyslipidemia are associated with complications resulting from progressive damage of various organs. CD36 is 88-kD, class B scavenger receptor, expressed on different types of cells. In diabetic patients, LDL particles are glycated with strong level; this increases CD36 expression, initiates foam cell formation and accelerates atherosclerosis. Objective: This study aimed to determine the correlation between serum CD36 level and lipid profile among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Zeenam Specialized center, Khartoum State, Sudan, in a period between 2019 and 2022. Methodology: Hundred participants at different ages were included in this study; 70 were type 2 diabetic patients (cases) and 30 apparently healthy individual (control). 3 ml of venous blood were collected from the participants by using a sterile needle and syringe into a labeled plain container. Each sample was stood until complete clot occurs. Clotted blood sample was then centrifuged to obtain the serum. Then they were used for measurement of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride and soluble CD36 levels. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were measured using Biosystem chemistry analyzer BTS-302. Serum CD36 was measured using Microplate Reader (URIT-660). Results: The results revealed that serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with control (P = 0.03, P = 0.031, P = 0.000, P = 0.000) respectively, while there is no statistically significant differences in serum CD36 level between cases and control (P = 0.129). Also this study showed that there is no statistically significant correlation between serum CD36 level and total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, age and body mass index. Conclusion: This study concluded that there is no statistically significant difference in serum CD36 level between cases and control. And sCD36 level was not correlated with total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, body mass index, and age.

PLASMA HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL AND RISK OF FRACTURES IN OLDER ADULTS

Abstract The ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly trial participants (ASPREE, aged &amp;gt;70-years Australians), for whom high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were measured were included. Fractures included were confirmed by medical imaging and included both traumatic and pathological fractures. Fractures were confirmed by an expert review panel. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for associations with fractures. Of the 16262 participants who had a plasma HDL-C measurement at baseline 1,659 experienced at least one episode of fracture over a median of 3.98 years (interquartile range, 0.02, 7.0 years). In the fully adjusted model, each mmol/L increment in HDL-C was associated with a 34% (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.20–1.50) higher risk of fractures. The results remained similar when these analyses were stratified by sex. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that these associations persisted when the analyses were repeated including only: 1) nontraumatic fractures, 2) participants not on osteoporotic medications, 3) participants who were never-smokers and reported that they did not drink alcohol, and 4) participants who walked outside less than 30 minutes and reported no participation in moderate/vigorous physical activity. No association was observed between non-HDL-C and fractures. This prospective observational study suggests that higher levels of HDL-C are associated with higher fracture risk. This association was independent of the common risk factors of fractures.

High-density lipoprotein revisited: biological functions and clinical relevance.

Previous interest in high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) focused on their possible protective role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Evidence from genetic studies and randomized trials, however, questioned that the inverse association of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) is causal. This review aims to provide an update on the role of HDL in health and disease, also beyond ASCVD. Through evolution from invertebrates, HDLs are the principal lipoproteins, while apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins first developed in vertebrates. HDLs transport cholesterol and other lipids between different cells like a reusable ferry, but serve many other functions including communication with cells and the inactivation of biohazards like bacterial lipopolysaccharides. These functions are exerted by entire HDL particles or distinct proteins or lipids carried by HDL rather than by its cholesterol cargo measured as HDL-C. Neither does HDL-C measurement reflect the efficiency of reverse cholesterol transport. Recent studies indicate that functional measures of HDL, notably cholesterol efflux capacity, numbers of HDL particles, or distinct HDL proteins are better predictors of ASCVD events than HDL-C. Low HDL-C levels are related observationally, but also genetically, to increased risks of infectious diseases, death during sepsis, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. Additional, but only observational, data indicate associations of low HDL-C with various autoimmune diseases, and cancers, as well as all-cause mortality. Conversely, extremely high HDL-C levels are associated with an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration (also genetically), infectious disease, and all-cause mortality. HDL encompasses dynamic multimolecular and multifunctional lipoproteins that likely emerged during evolution to serve several physiological roles and prevent or heal pathologies beyond ASCVD. For any clinical exploitation of HDL, the indirect marker HDL-C must be replaced by direct biomarkers reflecting the causal role of HDL in the respective disease.

Sleep duration and its association with cardiometabolic outcomes among adolescents enrolled in the SI Program in Spain

Abstract Background Sleep duration has been inversely associated with increased prevalence of overweight/obesity in childhood and adolescence [1, 2]. However, large studies linking over time objectively measured sleep duration and other cardiometabolic outcomes in adolescence are lacking. Purpose To evaluate sleep duration and its association with cardiometabolic outcomes in a large cohort of adolescents aged 12 to 16 years from the SI! Program for Secondary Schools trial in Spain [3], together with its relationship with sociodemographic variables. Methods Seven-day actigraphic recording was performed in 1229 adolescents at baseline (49.7% girls; 12.5 (0.4) years), 1058 at first follow-up (51.1% girls; 13.9 (0.4) years), and 895 at second follow-up (52.3% girls; 15.8 (0.4) years). Three groups were defined: very short sleep duration (&amp;lt;7 h), short sleep duration (7 to 8 h), and reference sleep duration (≥8 h) [4]. Overweight/obesity were determined according to BMI age- and sex-adjusted percentiles. Continuous Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) score was calculated as the sum of the age-and-gender specific z-scores of mean arterial pressure (MAP) (MAP = ((systolic BP − diastolic BP)/3) + diastolic BP), waist circumference, and fasting blood measures of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels multiplied by −1, triglycerides, and glucose levels [5]. Associations between sleep duration and cardiometabolic outcomes were analyzed using generalized linear and Poisson distribution adjusted models. Results At 12 years of age, only 34.2% of the adolescents met sleep recommendations (sleep hours ≥8), and this percentage decreased with advancing age (23.4% and 19.4% at approximately 14 and 16 years of age, respectively) (Figure 1). Boys and individuals from migrant families tended to sleep shorter. Moreover, sleep duration was directly associated with sleep quality and efficiency. After adjusting for potential cofounders, very short sleepers (&amp;lt;7h) had a higher prevalence ratio (PR) of overweight/obesity at baseline (PR: 1.21 [95% CI: 1.16 to 1.27]) and at first follow-up (PR: 1.72 [95% CI: 1.08 to 2.74]) than the reference group (≥8 h) (Figure 2). Similarly, very short sleepers showed higher mean MetS scores at baseline (0.98 [95% CI: 0.43 to 1.54] and at first follow-up (0.76 [95% CI: 0.24 to 1.27]) as compared with the reference group. Short sleepers showed similar trends with associations of weaker magnitude, as they were the overall associations between sleep duration and cardiometabolic outcomes at second follow-up. Conclusions Most adolescents, and particularly those with a migrant background, did not meet sleep recommendations. Moreover, a shorter sleep duration was associated with cardiometabolic outcomes, particularly at 12 and 14 years of age and when sleeping less than 7 hours. Health promotion programs should emphasize the importance of good sleep habits. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Other. Main funding source(s): 1. Fundaciό la Maratό de TV3.2. SHE Foundation and “la Caixa” Foundation.

Performance of HDL-C measurements assessed by a 4-year trueness-based EQA/PT program in China.

A trueness-based EQA/PT program for high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was initiated. We analyzed the 4year EQA/PT program to overview the measurement standardization for HDL-C in China. Two levels of freshly frozen, commutable serum external quality assessment/proficiency testing (EQA/PT) materials were prepared and determined by reference measurement procedure each year. The samples were delivered to clinical laboratories and measured 15 times in 3days. The precision [coefficient of variation (CV)], trueness (bias), and accuracy [total error (TE)] were calculated and used to evaluate measurement performance. The pass rates of individual laboratories and peer groups were analyzed using the acceptable performance from the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and biological variation as the evaluation criteria. More than 60% of laboratories use heterogeneous systems, and there was a decrease in the percentage from 2016 to 2019. About 95, 78, and 33% of laboratories met the minimum, desirable and optimum TE criteria derived from biological variation. The pass rates were 87.0% (84.7-88.8%), 58.7% (55.3-62.4%), and 97.3% (95.6-98.3%) that met the acceptable performance of TE, bias, and CV of NCEP. The homogeneous systems had higher pass rates of TE, bias, and CV than the heterogeneous groups in 2016, but they did not show apparent advantages in 2017-2019. The trueness-based EQA/PT program can be used to evaluate the accuracy, reproducibility, and trueness of results. For some IVD manufacturers and individual laboratories, accuracy, especially trueness, are still problems. Efforts should be made to improve the situation and achieve better HDL-C measurement standardization.

Abstract P073: Does Physical Activity Modify The Association Between High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol And All-cause Mortality?

Introduction: There is well-known inverse dose-response relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. However, only recently is the entire spectrum of HDL-C being examined with mortality. A similar dose-response relationship with mortality exists with physical activity (PA). Engaging in regular PA has consistently been shown to lower both CVD and all-cause mortality by 20-30%. This study examined the association between HDL-C and mortality by PA categories created around the current federal PA guidelines for United States Adults. Hypothesis: Level of PA participation will modify mortality risk across a spectrum of HDL-C levels. Methods: The study sample (n=8,535) included participants (age 20-79 years) from the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PA was classified into three distinct categories: Those meeting neither of the PA guidelines (category 1), those meeting only the aerobic PA guideline (category 2), and those meeting both the aerobic PA and muscular strengthening activity guidelines (category 3). HDL-C was categorized into eight groups (≤30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60 [referent group], 61-70, 70-80, and &gt;80 mg/dL). All-cause mortality served as the dependent variable in this study. Cox proportional hazard models were used for all analyses. Results: Among those in PA category 1, a statistically significant increase in all-cause mortality risk was found for those with an HDL-C of 71-80 (HR 1.94, 95% CI 1.14-3.32) and &gt;80 mg/dL (HR 2.18, 95% CI 1.25-3.79). In those with an HDL-C &lt;30 mg/dL, a borderline significant increase in all-cause mortality risk was found (HR 1.67, 95% CI 0.96-2.89, p=0.06) Among those in PA categories 2 and 3, no significant increases in all-cause mortality risk were found. Conclusions: Results suggest that meeting at least the aerobic PA guideline mitigates the increased risk for all-cause mortality in those with very high HDL-C and potentially very low HDL-C. Future studies are warranted to investigate the effects of PA on mortality across measures of HDL-C.

Positive association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and bone mineral density in U.S. adults: the NHANES 2011\u20132018

BackgroundSerum lipids are highly inheritable and play a major role in bone health. However, the relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and bone mineral density (BMD) remains uncertain. The goal of this study was to see if there was a link between HDL-C levels and BMD in persons aged 20–59.MethodsMultivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the link between HDL-C and lumbar BMD using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2018. Generalized additive models and fitted smoothing curves were also used.ResultsThe analysis included a total of 10,635 adults. After controlling for various variables, we discovered that HDL-C was positively linked with lumbar BMD. The favorable connection of HDL-C with lumbar BMD was maintained in subgroup analyses stratified by sex and race in women, but not in men, and in blacks, but not in whites. The relationship between HDL-C and lumbar BMD in men and whites was a U-shaped curve with the same inflection point: 0.98 mmol/L.ConclusionsIn people aged 20 to 59, our research discovered a positive relationship among HDL-C and lumbar BMD. Among males and whites, this relationship followed a U-shaped curve (inflection point: 0.98 mmol/L). HDL-C measurement might be used as a responsive biomarker for detecting osteoporosis early and guiding therapy.