Measurement Of Geometric Parameters Research Articles

A comprehensive laser image dataset for real-time measurement of wheelset geometric parameters

Railway transportation has experienced significant growth worldwide, offering numerous benefits to society. Most railway accidents are caused by wheelset faults so it’s significant to monitor wheelset conditions. Therefore, we need to collect wheelset images, repaint them, extract laser stripe centerlines, construct 3D contour, and measure their geometric parameters to judge the wheelset’s conditions. Deep learning can fulfill the tasks satisfyingly because it’s adaptable, robust, and generalize compared with traditional methods. To train the deep learning models effectively, we need rich and high-quality wheelset datasets. So far, there are no applicable public train wheelset datasets available, which greatly hinders the research on train wheelsets. Thus we construct a publicly available Wheelset Laser Image Dataset (WLI-Set). WLI-Set consists of four sub-datasets, Original, Inpainting, Segmentation, and Centerline. The dataset contains abundant annotated multiline laser stripe images that can facilitate the research on train wheelsets effectively.

Effects of accommodation on geometrical parameters of human lens: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PurposeTo investigate the effects of accommodation on the geometrical parameters of human lens. MethodsEight databases from inception to November 2023 were used for the literature search: CNKI, CBM, VIP, Wan-Fang, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. The Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies was used to assess the risk of bias. The PRISMA were followed and the following outcomes were taken into consideration: lens diameter (LD), lens thickness (LT), anterior curvature radius (ACR), posterior curvature radius (PCR), lens center position (LCP), and total cross-sectional area (TCSA). This systematic review was registered on an international platform for registered systematic reviews and meta-analysis (INPLASY202260085). ResultsA total of 19 studies were included. LT increased by 0.04 mm/D (18 studies; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.03–0.06; I2 = 96.6%; P < 0.001). At the same time, LD, ACR, and PCR decreased by 0.06 mm/D (6 studies; 95%CI, −0.07–0.05; I2 = 50.1%; P < 0.001), 0.53 mm/D (8 studies; 95%CI, −0.64–0.41; I2 = 96.5%; P < 0.001), and 0.14 mm/D (9 studies; 95%CI, −0.19–0.09; I2 = 94.7%; P < 0.001) during accommodation, respectively. Moreover, LCP shifted forward by 0.01 mm/D (3 studies; 95%CI, −0.02–0.00; I2 = 0.0%; P < 0.001), and TCSA by 0.58 mm2/D (2 studies; 95%CI, 0.41–1.57; I2 = 97.0%; P = 0.457) during accommodation. ConclusionsChanges in LT, LD, ACR, PCR and LCP supported Helmholtz's theory. Different apparatuses or measurement methods influenced the measurement of lens geometrical parameters.

Development of Local Software for Automatic Measurement of Geometric Parameters in the Proximal Femur Using a Combination of a Deep Learning Approach and an Active Shape Model on X-ray Images.

Proximal femur geometry is an important risk factor for diagnosing and predicting hip and femur injuries. Hence, the development of an automated approach for measuring these parameters could help physicians with the early identification of hip and femur ailments. This paper presents a technique that combines the active shape model (ASM) and deep learning methodologies. First, the femur boundary is extracted by a deep learning neural network. Then, the femur's anatomical landmarks are fitted to the extracted border using the ASM method. Finally, the geometric parameters of the proximal femur, including femur neck axis length (FNAL), femur head diameter (FHD), femur neck width (FNW), shaft width (SW), neck shaft angle (NSA), and alpha angle (AA), are calculated by measuring the distances and angles between the landmarks. The dataset of hip radiographic images consisted of 428 images, with 208 men and 220 women. These images were split into training and testing sets for analysis. The deep learning network and ASM were subsequently trained on the training dataset. In the testing dataset, the automatic measurement of FNAL, FHD, FNW, SW, NSA, and AA parameters resulted in mean errors of 1.19%, 1.46%, 2.28%, 2.43%, 1.95%, and 4.53%, respectively.

Image Segmentation of Plant Leaves in Natural Environments Based on LinkNet

The conventional approach to plant leaf image segmentation for subsequent measurement of leaf geometric parameters, while reasonably accurate, exhibits lower efficiency. To address this challenge, a plant leaf image segmentation algorithm based on deep learning semantic segmentation models and transfer learning is proposed to achieve rapid and precise leaf segmentation. The presented method adopts LinkNet as its foundational network structure and introduces four key enhancements: leveraging ResNet18 as the backbone encoder network to expedite model fitting through transfer learning; reducing the number of encoding and decoding blocks to decrease network complexity; refining channel reduction strategies to minimize parameters in upsampling; and implementing subpixel convolution for upsampling to lower computational load. Integrated with the focal loss function, this improved LinkNet network is applied to a standard leaf dataset. Experimental outcomes indicate that the proposed algorithm achieves a segmentation accuracy of 97.27%, comparable to the original LinkNet; inference time is merely 7.82 ms, a 39.89% reduction compared to the original network; a substantial decrease in model parameters and floating-point operations; and a significantly faster inference speed of the improved network compared to FCN, U-Net, DeepLabV3+, and similar networks. This algorithm not only swiftly segments the main body of leaves but also effectively preserves details such as leaf edge serrations. It truly enables efficient and precise segmentation of plant leaves, offering a novel approach for rapidly measuring leaf area and other geometric parameters.

Mobile terrestrial laser scanner vs. UAV photogrammetry to estimate woody crop canopy parameters – Part 2: Comparison for different crops and training systems

The measurement of geometric canopy parameters in woody crops is an important task in Precision Agriculture because of their correlation with crop condition and productivity. In recent years, several technological approaches have been developed as an alternative to manual measurements, which are time- and labour-consuming. Two of the most commonly used 3D canopy characterization technologies are mobile terrestrial laser scanning (MTLS) based on light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors, and digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) using imagery from uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs). Although both are state-of-the-art and have been fully tested and validated, a complete comparison between their geometric canopy parameter estimations in different woody crops and training systems has not been carried out. For this reason, a set of geometric parameters (canopy height, projected area, and volume) of a vineyard, an intensive peach orchard, and an intensive pear orchard were measured using UAV-DAP and MTLS-LiDAR. A comparison between both kinds of measurements was performed, accounting for the length of the sections in which the crop hedgerows were divided to extract the geometric parameters. Measurements from the UAV and the MTLS were highly correlated (R2 from 0.82 to 0.94) when considering the data from the three crops together, and the correlations were higher when analysing longer row sections. The canopy geometric parameters estimated using the MTLS-LiDAR always had higher values than those from the UAV-DAP. The results presented in this work provide useful data for a more informed selection of technological approaches for 3D crop characterization in Precision Fruticulture and high-throughput phenotyping.

Reference-free self-calibrating tip-based scattering-type THz near-field microscopy

In this work, we present a quantitative analysis model based on reference-free self-calibration to analyze scattered fields and approach curves on a dielectric substrate for terahertz scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy. The results of our model are compared with experimentally measured data and a fully numerical analysis based on a line dipole image method and a quasi-electrostatic approximation. The model is used to extract the effective radius of the tip and the relative permittivity of the silicon substrate to the near-field scattering signal. The measured approach curves on Au and silicon substrates show good agreement with the calculated approach curves, and the refractive index for silicon is precisely determined to be 3.42. For a tip-based THz scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope, the proposed analysis model allows for the extraction of the effective probe radius and dielectric functions, thereby enabling conclusive measurements of geometric parameters and optical constants.

An Improved Automation System for Destructive and Visual Measurements of Cross-Sectional Geometric Parameters of Microdrills

Microdrills are specific cutting tools widely used to drill microholes and microvias. For certain microdrill manufacturers, a conventional sampling inspection procedure is still manually operated for carrying out the destructive and visual measurements of two essential cross-sectional geometric parameters (CSGPs), called the cross-sectional web thickness (CSWT) and the cross-sectional outer diameter (CSOD), of their straight (ST) and undercut (UC) type microdrill products. In order to comprehensively automate the conventional sampling inspection procedure, a destructive and visual measuring system improved from an existing vision-aided automation system, for both the hardware and the automated measuring process (AMP), is presented in this paper. The major improvement of the hardware is characterized by a machine vision module consisting of several conventional machine vision components in combination with an innovative and lower cost optical subset formed by a set of plano-concave achromatic (PCA) lenses and a reflection mirror, so that the essential functions of visually positioning the drilltip and visually measuring the CSGPs can both be achieved via the use of merely one machine vision module. The major improvement of the AMP is characterized by the establishment of specific image processing operations for an auto-focusing (AF) sub-process based on two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform (2D-DFT), for a web thickness measuring (WTM) sub-process based on an iterative least-square (LS) circle-fitting approach, and for an outer diameter measuring (ODM) sub-process based on integrated applications of an iterative LS circle-fitting approach and an LS line-fitting-based group-dividing approach, respectively. Experiments for measuring the CSGPs of microdrill samples were conducted to evaluate the actual effectiveness of the developed system. It showed that the developed system could achieve good repeatability and accuracy for the measurements of the CSWTs and CSODs of both ST and UC type microdrills. Therefore, the developed system could effectively and comprehensively automate the conventional sampling inspection procedure.

A new method for determining loess particle size distribution based on ‘core + clothes’ structure

AbstractThe particle size distribution (PSD) of loess particles and agglomerates is the key factor determining the microstructure of loess. The PSD largely determines many physical and mechanical properties such as mechanical strength, deformation characteristics and permeability of loess. In this paper, we combined image processing, geometric measurements and statistical methods to quantitatively characterize the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of loess. A new method based on the ‘core + clothes’ structure is proposed to determine the PSD. The developed Gaussian mixture model is applicable to describe the overall distribution of the image pixel density. Determining pixel density distribution and particle boundary allows for the measurement of various geometric parameters. The comparison analyses suggest that the sieve‐hydrometer method has a well‐developed test procedure; however, the measured particle size is limited to 0.075 mm. The laser diffraction method is simple and fast, yet only weak agglomerates can be dispersed, and very fine particles are influenced by size data conversion theory and light source parameters. X‐ray microtomography has the advantage of a non‐destructive sample preparation and intuitive process. However, the results are greatly affected by the parameter settings and segmentation algorithm, and the segmentation effect is poor for particles with a size smaller than 12 μm. The new image processing technique developed in this study improves the limitation of the measurement results via changes in the loess state (water content, stress level). Moreover, different PSDs can be determined according to the variation of functional units. This work is of great significance for the study of numerous properties related to the loess state.

Weld Cross-Section Profile Fitting and Geometric Dimension Measurement Method Based on Machine Vision

A visual measurement method based on a key point detection network is proposed for the difficulty of fitting the cross-sectional profile of ultra-narrow gap welds and the low efficiency and accuracy of manual measurement of geometric parameters. First, the HRnet (High-Resolution Net) key point detection algorithm was used to train the feature point detection model, and 18 profile feature points in a “measurement unit” were extracted. Secondly, the feature point coordinates are transformed from the image coordinate system to the weld coordinate system, and the weld profiles are fitted by the least squares method. Finally, the measurement system is calibrated with a coplanar linear calibration algorithm to perform pixel distance to actual distance conversion for quantitative detection of geometric dimensions. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the proposed method for key point localization is 95.6%, the mean value of the coefficient of determination R-square for curve fitting is greater than 94%, the absolute error of measurement is between 0.06 and 0.15 mm, and the relative error is between 1.27% and 3.12%. The measurement results are more reliable, and the efficiency is significantly improved compared to manual measurement.

Развитие использования дистанционных измерений по определению геометрических параметров колесных пар

Purpose: Measuring is an important process for finding any physical quantity values. Any measurement primary requirement is an accuracy. Processes are being replaced, improved and automated gradually. Geometric parameter measurement has become one of the most popular processes in all industries. With its improvements, the first achievements have begun. The development of the usage of remote measurements to determine wheelset geometric parameters will give huge advantages over manual measurements for railway industry as they will facilitate and accelerate measurement process with minimal error. The article is devoted to the study of remote measurement application to determine wheelset geometric parameters. The article considers the advantages of remote measurement usage when conducting wheelset geometric research. The authors propose methods and algorithms that can be used for more accurate definition of wheelset geometric parameters. The authors also propose a number of recommendations on the use of remote measurements at wheelset investigation to achieve maximum measurement accuracy. In addition, the risks of manual templates, which remote measurement method helps to avoid, are considered. Besides the measurements themselves, which are implemented by manual and remote methods, their calibrations are also considered. The calibration of manual template UT-1 in accordance with its calibration methodology is described as well as the difficulties in the calibration of wheelset control system 3DWheel on a move are given, the scheme, which shows the components for this template calibration, is given. In conclusion, the authors discuss the prospects of further use of remote measurements to research wheelset geometry. The work purpose is to consider the application of remote measurements to define wheelset geometric parameters. Methods: Evaluation of the use of remote measurements to determine wheelset geometric parameters on tester examples. Results: The possibility to use remote measurements to define wheelset geometric parameters is determined, advantages and disadvantages over manual measurements are revealed. Practical importance: The capability of using remote measurements to define wheelset geometric parameters is evaluated that’ll lower the costs on hand template transportation for template periodic calibration and reduce the time spent on metrological maintenance.

Inputs generation for COLISEUM coupling losses model using X-ray tomography: analytic and experimental approaches

Tokamaks coils are wound with long lengths of cables including hundreds of superconducting and copper strands twisted together into multiple stages. They refer to Cable In Conduit Conductors (CICC). Coupling losses induced by magnetic field variations dissipate power in the coils during machine operation. For several years, the CEA has been developing the analytical model COLISEUM (COupling Losses analytIcal Staged cablEs Unified Model) aiming at predicting coupling losses at various conductor scales. Geometrical (cabling radii, twist pitches) and electrical (inter-strand and inter-bundle conductances) parameters of each stage constitute the model inputs. In this article, we first present the raw 3D tomographic image treatment method that will serve to generate COLISEUM inputs with high level of reliability. We then define and extract several relevant effective geometric cable parameters from images data. These inputs are used along with the COLISEUM model to improve coupling losses prediction. A systematic study of six JT-60SA TF type samples has been realized and a geometric parameters database is constructed. The COLISEUM model is used in a 2-stage configuration with the two highest stages of the cable. First results are presented and discussed.Index Terms— Superconducting magnets, CICC, X-ray tomography, geometric parameters measurement, AC losses, modelling.

High-precision detection method for an object edge based on a position-sensitive detector.

The paper proposed and verified a method of object edge detection based on the innovative defect spot working mode of the position-sensitive detector (PSD). With the output characteristics of the PSD in the defect spot mode and the size transformation properties of a focused beam, edge-detection sensitivity could be improved. Calibration experiments with the piezoelectric transducer (PZT) and object edge-detection experiments indicate that the object edge-detection sensitivity and accuracy of our method could reach 1 and 20nm, respectively. Therefore, this method can be widely used in high-precision alignment, geometric parameters measurement, and other fields.

Geometric parameters measurement for the cooling holes of turbine blade based on microscopic image sequence topographical reconstruction

The accurate analysis of the geometric parameters of the cooling holes is essential for evaluating the processing quality of the holes. However, due to the complicated structure of cooling holes, typical measuring techniques suffer from low precision, low efficiency and high cost. With the microscopic image sequence topographical reconstruction, the three-dimensional (3D) topography of realistic cooling hole samples was acquired, and its geometrical characteristics were analyzed. This work presents a focus measure operator and an adaptive window fitting approach to recovering cooling hole topography well. Compared to the standard model obtained by X-ray microscopy, the standard deviation of the profile error is less than 0.018 mm; The measured geometric parameters are nearly identical to the standard value. The results validate the precision and efficacy of the proposed method, which has the potential to replace alternative techniques for determining the geometrical parameters of cooling holes.

Measurement and reconstruction of geometric parameters of the barrel bore based on the laser scanning strategy

The inner surface defects can be displayed intuitively by measuring the geometric parameters of rifling of the artillery barrel. In this paper, the parameters of the barrel bore were scanned based on the high-precision laser, and the three-dimensional reconstruction of the bore shape was conducted based on the test data. The wavelet transform was used for multiple de-noising of the test data, and the Delaunay triangulation interpolation algorithm was used to reconstruct the three-dimensional contour structure of the barrel bore, forming a high-fidelity measurement strategy for the parameters of the barrel bore. The results show that this measurement strategy can achieve the high-precision measurement of the geometric parameters of barrel rifling, and the accuracy can reach .001 mm. By comparing the measured value of rifling with the standard value, the flaw points in the rifling of the birth tube can be accurately specified. The three-dimensional model reconstruction based on the massive sample data realizes the high-fidelity measurement of rifling geometric parameters. This measurement strategy can provide support for the visualization of barrel rifling and effectively improve the detection accuracy of the barrel bore.

Экспериментальные исследования колебаний трамвая «Витязь-М»

Objective: Based on experimental studies of vibrations of Vityaz-M tram car occurring at speeds of 50 km/h or more on track straight sections with P65 rails on reinforced-concrete sleepers, to evaluate the effect of transversal vibrations on traffic safety and passenger comfort. To show the inconsistency of existing regulatory documentation on the structure and maintenance of tram tracks and tram chassis with the development prospects. Methods: Experimental measurements of vibration accelerations of tram body and tram chassis, having different mileage, when moving along track experimental section. Measurement and analysis of geometric parameters of rail track experimental section and of trams. Results: Measurements of vibration accelerations occurring during tram motion with 20 to 50 km/h speeds were performed as well as geometric parameter analysis for rail track experimental section and rolling stock wheels’ profiles, participated in the tests, was pursued. During the races, vibration accelerations that occur during movement were measured in three directions — longitudinal, transversal and vertical. The appearance of transversal vibrations of tram body affecting passenger discomfort and traffic safety has been confirmed. The root mean-square values of the amplitudes of vibration accelerations towards three directions in acceleration gravity (g) fractions have been obtained in two variants — at trolley motion between joints and at joints. Vibration acceleration frequency analysis has confirmed a sharp increase in the amplitude of transversal vibrations at frequencies in the region of 1–2 Hz at a speed of 50 km/h for a tram with worn wheels. The compliance of rail track experimental section geometry with the accepted standards as well as the compliance of rolling stock wheels dimensions with constructive documentation are noted. Practical significance: The need for further comprehensive study of the interaction of track and rolling stock while high-speed tram introduction with the purpose to improve existing standards on the structure and maintenance of tram tracks and tram chassis.

Vision measurement system for geometric parameters of tubing internal thread based on double-mirrored structured light.

Geometric parameter measurement of tubing internal thread is critical for oil pipeline safety. In response to the shortcomings of existing methods for measuring internal thread geometric parameters, such as low efficiency, poor accuracy, and poor accessibility, this paper proposes a vision system for measuring internal thread geometric parameters based on double-mirrored structured light. Compared to previous methods, our system can completely reproduce the internal thread tooth profiles and allows multi-parameter measurement in one setup. To establish the correlation between the structural and imaging parameters of the vision system, three-dimensional (3D) optical path models (OPMs) for the vision system considering the mirror effect of the prism is proposed, which extends the scope of the optical path analysis and provides a theoretical foundation for designing the structural parameters of the vision system. Moreover, modeling and three-step calibration methods for the vision system are proposed to realize high-accuracy restoration from the two-dimensional (2D) virtual image to the actual 3D tooth profiles. Finally, a vision measurement system is developed, and experiments are carried out to verify the accuracy and measure the three geometric parameters (i.e., taper, pitch, and tooth height) of typical internal threads. Based on the validation results using the reference system, the vision measurement accuracy and efficiency are 6.7 and 120 times that of the traditional system, which verifies the measurement effectiveness and accuracy of the vision system proposed in this paper.

СПОСОБЫ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ИНФОРМАЦИИ ТРЕХМЕРНОЙ СЦЕНЫ ОБЪЕКТА ДЛЯ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОГО ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ

In this paper the basic methods of determining the coordinates of cylindrical objects to controlthe geometric parameters of an object with a regular structure are considered. Predominantlythe considered methods are used in determining the parameters of fuel rods (installations) of fuelassemblies at a nuclear power plant. The purpose of this work is to analyze the existing methodsfor determining the geometric parameters of objects with regular structure. To achieve this goal, itis necessary to solve the following problem - to compare and conduct a study of existing methodsfor determining the geometric position of objects with a regular structure and to identify their measurement based on a particular method. Comparative analysis included a description of existingcontact and non-contact methods (measurements of linear dimensions of three-dimensionalobjects, measurements of geometric parameters of an object in space and a device for its implementationand three different methods of controlling linear dimensions of three-dimensional objectsby three Cartesian coordinates). The following tool was used for the determination - the objectunder study was photographed by one video camera on a radiation-resistant CCD from twodefined points in space. The image points of the object were identified on the obtained images.Then, using the data on atomic rector dimensions and video camera parameters, we calculated thespatial coordinates of the object points in the object coordinate system and the elements of externalorientation of the images. The approximate values of the unknowns needed to solve the problemwere determined in advance, using the methods known in photogrammetry. The analysisshowed that the most effective are non-contact methods based on processing images of the sceneformed by video cameras based on mosaic photodetectors. Thus, measuring systems based ontelevision sensors (video cameras) are the most expedient for measuring the height difference ofan ordered sequence of cylindrical objects. The considered mathematical model has allowed todefine a methodical error of measurement of geometrical parameters by reconstruction of a threedimensionalscene on a series of images in conditions of the non-contact definition, caused byimperfection of the defined measuring method or the simplifications admitted at measurements.On the basis of the obtained data, it is possible to determine the center of gravity of the fuel assemblyhead, for which the methodological error is minimal, and, accordingly, to take it as a basis,relative to which to calculate the height difference of all steel heads of fuel assembly.

Study of physical control methods for metric parameters of extended products in cable industry

The paper discusses the problems of electrical cables metric (geometric) parameters measurement. The methods of measuring the eccentricity of the electric cables (contact, ultrasonic, X-ray, and inductive-optical) are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of using these methods of technological control of cable products are shown. A study of the inductive-optical conversion method for measuring the eccentricity of a singlecore cable, including the circuit for switching on the windings of the inductive converter, is proposed; the design of this converter is presented. The proposed solution makes it possible to achieve good conversion linearity when the conductor is displaced in the control zone. Wherein there is no need to use a system of mechanical drives for centering the magnetic transducer. In addition, the proposed scheme enables to combine the magnetic and optical transducer constructively in the same plane, which ensures to reduce its longitudinal dimensions relative to known analogues. The device prototype for eccentricity control is created based on the proposed transducer; its technical characteristics are confirmed. Direction of further research is determined as part of the development of the industrial design of the device.

Ultrasonic monitoring of the VVER-1000 FA form change

A procedure has been developed to determine the geometrical parameters of fuel assemblies (FA) by an ultrasonic pulse-echo technique used for all types of light-water reactor FAs. The measurement of geometrical parameters is achieved through the pairwise installation of ultrasonic transducers opposite the FA spacer grid faces at a distance of not more than a half of the transducer acoustic field near-region length such that the acoustic axes of the pairwise transducers are parallel to each other. The advantages of the presented technique is that it enables monitoring of any FA modifications, including the VVER reactor assemblies with a different number of spacer grids. The paper presents a mathematical model of the acoustic path developed in a geometrical acoustics approximation and its verification results. The model was used for computational and experimental studies of the ultrasonic test technique, and engineering formulas have been developed to calculate the errors of the transducer-measured distance to the FA surface. A code has been developed to simulate the FA form change monitoring and can be used to design new monitoring systems. The developed technique to determine the VVER-1000 FA geometrical parameters was introduced at units 1 and 2 of the Temelin NPP, the Czech Republic, for the TVSA-T FA form change monitoring. The successful use of the proposed technique makes it possible to recommend it for use in inspection benches at other NPPs.

Evaluation of Impact of Soil Properties on Strength of Flood Levees in Indus River Basin of Pakistan

Flood bunds are earthen embankments constructed along rivers to control the floods. Historically speaking, floods in Indus River Basin (IRB) in Pakistan have been posing serious threats and damages to infrastructure and human lives. A long infrastructure of flood bunds (about 6807km) exists parallel to the main river to agricultural crops, human settlements, livestock, industries, etc. from the hydro-disasters arising from the floods in the country. Punjab Province has been severely hit by heavy floods causing severe loss to human lives, infrastructure, crops, livestock, etc. A study was carried out to evaluate the “health” of flood bunds by investigating their geotechnical, geometrical, geochemical, and hydraulic properties to ascertain strength against breaching during floods. A length of about 731 km of river Chenab in Punjab Province of Pakistan was selected to investigate the vulnerability of flood embankments at 78 sites of 38 flood bunds which were found critical after the 2014 flood in Pakistan. Different field activities including density test, measurement of geometrical parameters, collection of undisturbed/disturbed soil samples, physical inspections, and collection of ground-water samples from bore holes were performed. Laboratory tests including soil texture, Atterberg’s limits, compaction, unconfined compressive strength, permeability, direct shear, etc. were performed in laboratories of Irrigation Research Institute, Lahore, Pakistan. An Index called river embankment breaching vulnerability index (REBVI) has been prescribed and calculated to evaluate the strength of the flood embankments against breaching. Cluster analysis has been carried out for different indicators keeping in view the value of REBVI. On the basis of REBVI and Cluster analysis, it was concluded that 11 out of 78 sites are showing high strength against the breaching action, while 35 sites indicated low potential against the breaching action. In other words, it has been found that the consistency of the embankment is very high for 11 sites and high for 35 flood bund sites. The consistency of the embankments is medium, low, and very low at the remaining 16, 12, and 4 flood bund sites due to moderate vulnerability, high probability of embankment breaching, and very high vulnerability respectively.