Measurement Of Ethanol Concentration Research Articles

High-precision ethanol concentration microsensor with global spectra aided by the multi-layer perceptron

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators can be used for precision measurement thanks to their high sensitivity, small size, and fast response time. Nevertheless, the design of such sensors is usually achieved by selecting a typical single-mode tracking method, which leads to low utilization of a great deal of information in the resonance spectrum and affects the precision. Here, we use the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) deep learning algorithm to train the global spectra and realize the high-precision measurement of ethanol concentration. Firstly, a large number of transmission spectra of different ethanol concentrations are collected and directly used as the original data sets. Secondly, the MLP algorithm is used for training and testing. Finally, the local feature dimension is extracted from the global features of the spectrum for prediction. The results show that the prediction accuracy of the global spectra sensing is 99.81%, which is 13.02% higher than that of extracting 10 local features. In addition, the prediction accuracy of the MLP is compared with four other commonly used machine learning (ML) algorithms, and the results show that the MLP algorithm has the highest prediction accuracy. Therefore, the high-precision ethanol concentration sensor proposed in this paper opens a new way for intelligent optical micro-resonator sensing.

Measurement of ethanol concentration for monitoring the solvent exchange during the alcogel preparation

A crucial and time-consuming stage in aerogel production is the solvent exchange process for alcogel formation. This process involves multiple steps, exposing the hydrogel to ethanol solutions with increasing concentration until the equilibrium in each step. Currently, the determination of contact time between phases (hydrogel and liquid solution) is either arbitrary or based on prior studies. However, considering the unique physicochemical characteristics of each system, as well as the solid-liquid interactions and the liquid diffusion within the matrix, the required time may vary. Monitoring this step can lead to a reduction in the time needed for alcogel production and the optimization of the entire process. The refractive index serves as a tool to assess ethanol concentration in the liquid solution over time, providing immediate information about the status of the solvent exchange. Alongside, differential scanning calorimetry can be employed to evaluate ethanol content in the alcogel (solid phase), confirming the attainment of equilibrium between phases.•This research introduces a technique for monitoring solvent exchange.•Refractive index measurement of the liquid solvent offers immediate concentration information into the status of the solvent exchange.•Differential scanning calorimetry is applicable for measuring the ethanol content within the alcogel and validating refractive index findings.

Measurement Of Ethanol Concentration in Liquid Organic Fertilizer Fermentation Emissions Using The MQ-8 Sensor

Ethanol is beneficial for the sterilization process and increases the rate of photosynthesis. Measurement of ethanol concentration is necessary because ethanol in high concentrations can cause several health problems, such as eye irritation, coughing, lacerations, and ineffective plant sterilization processes. Therefore, a sensor-based measurement system is needed to measure the total gas concentration in liquid organic fertilizer. This research aims to characterize the MQ-8 sensor and analyze the ethanol concentration for the fermentation process. The results of this study indicate that the MQ-8 sensor can work well in measuring the concentration of a single ethanol compound with an accuracy of 91%. The total concentration of ethanol gas in each sample liquid organic fertilizer is measured between 216 ppm to 1583 ppm, depending on the fermented plant.

Microheater Topology for Advanced Gas Sensor Applications with Carbyne-Enriched Nanomaterials

The response characteristics of carbyne-enriched surface-acoustic-wave (SAW)-based gas sensors utilizing meander and rectangular microheater topologies were investigated to assess their desorption and recovery properties. Comparative analysis of contact resistance and interface capacitance before and after heating revealed minimal deviation in contact resistance, signifying strong thermal stability in the carbyne-enriched layer. However, the interface capacitance varied with the microheater size. Our analysis reveals that a small meander microheater configuration (line width: 300 µm) facilitates efficient sensor recovery at ethanol concentration measurements in the range of 180–680 ppm, maintaining a low deviation in time delay across different concentrations (~2.3%), resulting in a narrow hysteresis and linear sensor response. Conversely, the large meander microheater (line width: 450 µm) and rectangular dense microheater induce irreversible changes in the sensing structure, leading to a widened hysteresis at higher concentrations and increased power consumption. Recovery patterns display substantial deviations from initial values at different concentration levels. Higher concentrations exhibit broader hysteresis, while lower concentrations show narrower hysteresis loops, compared to the small meander microheater. The study offers insights into desorption rates, power consumption variations, and recovery behaviors related to different microheater configurations. It demonstrates the importance of microheater topology selection in tailoring recovery properties and response characteristics, contributing to the advancement of carbyne-based sensor technology.

Temperature-Compensated Solution Concentration Measurements Using Photonic Crystal Fiber-Tip Sensors.

We demonstrate fiber optic sensors with temperature compensation for the accurate measurement of ethanol concentration in aqueous solutions. The device consists of two photonic crystal (PhC) fiber-tip sensors: one measures the ethanol concentration via refractive index (RI) changes and the other one is isolated from the liquid for the independent measurement of temperature. The probes utilize an optimized PhC design providing a Lorentzian-like, polarization-independent response, enabling a very low imprecision (pm-level) in the wavelength determination. By combining the information from the two probes, it is possible to compensate for the effect that the temperature has on the concentration measurement, obtaining more accurate estimations of the ethanol concentration in a broad range of temperatures. We demonstrate the simultaneous and single-point measurements of temperature and ethanol concentration in water, with sensitivities of 19 pm/°C and ∼53 pm/%, in the ranges of 25 °C to 55 °C and 0 to 50% (at 25 °C), respectively. Moreover, a maximum error of 1.1% in the concentration measurement, with a standard deviation of ≤0.8%, was obtained in the entire temperature range after compensating for the effect of temperature. A limit of detection as low as 0.08% was demonstrated for the concentration measurement in temperature-stable conditions.

Rapid Estimation of Ethanol Concentration using Acousto‐Optic Diffraction

AbstractFast and accurate determination of ethanol concentration is important in alcohol industries for testing the purity and quality of their products. Here, we demonstrate a quick, robust, and accurate technique to estimate the concentration of ethanol in aqueous solutions. Our method utilizes the principle of diffraction of light in the presence of high frequency ultrasound waves that create diffraction grating in solution. A monochromatic light interacts with this acoustic grating and produces an intensity distribution pattern, which was used to determine the ethanol concentration. We measured ethanol concentrations in various alcoholic solutions and beverages at room temperature with very high accuracy down to 2 % over a concentration range of 30–100 %. The experimental results have been supported with analytical calculations and simulations. We believe that our method will benefit alcohol production industries and lead to the development of portable, inexpensive, and reliable ethanol concentration measurement devices.

Assessment of uncertainty estimation for measurement of ethanol concentration in COVID-19 hand sanitizer using FTIR spectroscopy

Assessment of uncertainty estimation for measurement of ethanol concentration in COVID-19 hand sanitizer using FTIR spectroscopy

Hummingbird ingestion of low-concentration ethanol within artificial nectar.

Both frugivores and nectarivores are potentially exposed to dietary ethanol produced by fermentative yeasts which metabolize sugars. Some nectarivorous mammals exhibit a preference for low-concentration ethanol solutions compared to controls of comparable caloric content, but behavioural responses to ethanol by nectar-feeding birds are unknown. We investigated dietary preference by Anna's Hummingbirds (Calypte anna) for ethanol-enhanced sucrose solutions. Via repeated binary-choice experiments, three adult male hummingbirds were exposed to sucrose solutions containing 0%, 1% or 2% ethanol; rates of volitional nectar consumption were measured over a 3 h interval. Hummingbirds did not discriminate between 0% and 1% ethanol solutions, but exhibited significantly reduced rates of consumption of a 2% ethanol solution. Opportunistic measurements of ethanol concentrations within hummingbird feeders registered values peaking at about 0.05%. Ethanol at low concentrations (i.e. up to 1%) is not aversive to Anna's Hummingbirds and may be characteristic of both natural and anthropogenic nectars upon which they feed. Given high daily amounts of nectar consumption by hummingbirds, chronic physiological exposure to ethanol can thus be substantial, although naturally occurring concentrations within floral nectar are unknown.

Glucose and Ethanol Checked by Flow Direct Catalytic Fuel Cell (DCFC) and Energetic Considerations

Aims: A new basic research was conducted concerning the possibility of using a flow DCFC (Direct Catalytic Fuel Cell) for analytical purposes, checking ethanol and glucose. Also making considerations on the energy conversion aspect of these fuels. Background: There are a large number of studies concerning catalytic or microbial fuel cells, which allow to obtain electricity, both using liquid fuels, such as ethanol and methanol, or solid fuels, such as carbohydrates, biomass and so on. These systems are frequently characterized by high conversion efficiency but also high complexity and considerable costs. Objective: In the present research we investigated the possibility of using a very simple flow system to carry out measurement of ethanol concentration, or glucose analysis, using the same flow system associated with a small reactor containing yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Methods: The main operating conditions have been optimized and the concentration range where the flow system response shows a linear correlation with the fuel concentration was also identified. Result: The current delivered by the catalytic system operating in flow was determined and the calibration sensitivity values are higher than the sensitivity found in batch mode. It has also been shown that it is possible to realize a very simple system, which can be used to study and evaluate the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy, using ethanol or glucose as fuel and the theoretical importance and analytical advantages have been emphasized, so that the use of carbohydrates, such as solid fuels, could represent. Conclusion: Present research has shown how, by operating in flow mode, rather than in batch, it is possible to have advantages from an analytical point of view, since a considerable increase in the sensitivity of the method can be obtained, probably attributable to a reduction in the effects of poisoning. Moreover, how it is possible to study and optimize the energy conversion conditions by means of a simple and inexpensive apparatus.

On-chip ATR sensor (λ = 3.4 μm) based on InAsSbP/InAs double heterostructure for the determination of ethanol concentration in aqueous solutions

We discuss photoelectrical properties of an on-chip attenuated total reflection (ATR) sensor for the ethanol concentration measurements in an aqueous solution. The on-chip sensor/microchip was made from a p-InAsSbP/n-InAs monolithic double heterostructure with three mesas/individual diodes grown on a single n+-InAs substrate/waveguide. Two heterostructure diodes were used as photodiodes, while the third one - as a LED. The ethanol concentration was measured via an algorithm based on analysis of the I-V characteristic parameters of a photodiode and the L-I characteristics of the LED. Keywords: photodiodes in the mid-IR range, LEDs in the mid-IR range, on-chip sensor, optical sensors, ATR sensor.

Микрооптопара (λ = 3.4 μm) на основе двойной гетероструктуры InAsSbP/InAs для измерения концентрации этанола в водном растворе методом МНПВО

We discuss photoelectrical properties of an on-chip attenuated total reflection (ATR) sensor for the ethanol concentration measurements in an aqueous solution. The on-chip sensor/microchip was made from a p-InAsSbP/n-InAs monolithic double heterostructure with three mesas/individual diodes grown on a single n⁺-InAs substrate/waveguide. Two heterostructure diodes were used as photodiodes, while the third one - as a LED. The ethanol concentration was measured via an algorithm based on analysis of the I–V characteristic parameters of a photodiode and the L–I characteristics of an LED.

Experimental analysis of SnO2 coated LMR based fiber optic sensor for ethanol detection

In the recent years, there has been an increasing demand for effective ethanol sensor in the pharmaceutical and food industries where there is a need to constantly monitor and maintain the permissible level of ethanol. In this study, we report the development of a fiber optic sensor based on Lossy Mode Resonance (LMR) technique using tin oxide (SnO2) thin film over the unclad core of the optical fiber as the sensing layer for measuring the ethanol concentration in an aqueous solution. Two sensor probes (SP1 and SP2) comprised of 600 μm core with 120 nm SnO2 layer (SP1) and 400 μm core with 250 nm SnO2 layer (SP2) were selected for measurement of ethanol concentration in the range of 0–100 vol% after optimizing eight sensor probes coated with SnO2 layers of different thicknesses. The ethanol sensing performance was characterized by a shift in the peak LMR wavelength for varying concentrations of ethanol. The sensor probe SP2 exhibits better sensitivity of 3.40 nm/vol% with a maximum sensor response of 13.3% for an ethanol concentration of 80%. The sensor probes exhibit good repeatability with a deviation of 0.26% and 0.12% for probes SP1 and SP2, respectively.

Binge ethanol consumption-associated behavioral impairments in male mice using a gelatin-based drinking-in-the dark model.

Acute intoxication caused by binge ethanol drinking is linked to widespread impairments in brain functions. Various alcohol administration paradigms have been used in animals to model the heterogeneous clinical manifestation of intoxication in people. It is challenging to model a procedure that produces "visible intoxication" in rodents; however, manipulation of variables such as route of alcohol administration, time of availability, frequency, and duration and amount of ethanol exposure has achieved some success. In the current study, we employed a modified drinking-in-the-dark model to assess the validity of this model in producing "post-ethanol consumption intoxication" impairments following prolonged repeated daily voluntary "binge" ethanol consumption. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were allowed a daily 3-h access to non-alcoholic plain or ethanol-containing gel during the dark cycle for a total of 83 days. After the initial 2-month daily DID, ethanol intake patterns were intensely characterized during the next 3 weeks. Immediately following the last DID session (day 83), plain and ethanol gel-consuming mice were then subjected to behavioral tests of locomotor ability and/or anxiety (cylinder, wire grip, open field) followed by blood ethanol concentration measurement. Mice exhibited a relatively consistent ethanol consumption pattern during and across daily access periods. Ethanol intake of individual mice positively correlated with blood ethanol concentration that averaged 61.64±2.84mg/dL (n=12). Compared to the plain gel-consuming control mice, ethanol gel mice exhibited significant locomotor impairment as well as anxiety-like behavior, with the magnitude of impairments of key indices well correlated with blood ethanol levels. The gelatin vehicle-based voluntary ethanol drinking-in-the-dark model reliably produced post consumption acute movement impairments as well as anxiety-like behaviors even after 2 months of daily binge ethanol consumption in male mice. Taken together, this mouse binge ethanol model should facilitate the investigation of mechanisms of binge drinking in subjects chronically abusing ethanol and the search for effective novel treatment strategies.

Dynamic Characteristic of Ethanol Concentration Measurement System

The design of the ethanol concentration measurement system using a specific gravity approach has been previously developed. It was built for batch distillation column automation. The measurement system use a combination of 2 kinds of sensor (i.e. load cell sensor and ultrasonic sensor). However, the dynamic characteristic of the measurement system has not been evaluated. This paper is a continuation of the previous paper. This paper aims to describe the dynamic characteristics of the ethanol concentration measurement system. The dynamic characteristic is another performance analysis besides the static characteristic that present in the previous paper. The dynamic characteristic covers rise time, settling time, and overshoot. This paper also presents a transfer function, pole, and zero location by process the output and input data. This paper concern about dynamic characteristics at one-point operation (75 % of ethanol measuring with a hydrometer) then measured by the ethanol measurement system that was designed in this research. Farther the dynamic characteristic was observed from the device until the device reading was steady-state. The result revealed that the rise time of ethanol concentration of measurement system was 56.4 second, settling time 112.2 second and percentage of overshoot was 1.2%. The measurement system can present the actual data after 117.4 second.

Fiber Taper-Based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for Ethanol Concentration Measurement.

We present a new type of fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer based on a fiber taper and a pair of inner air bubbles for highly sensitive ethanol concentration measurement. The experimental results show there is a nonlinear relationship between the wavelength shift of the dip located near 1485 nm and the ethanol concentration but in the concentration range from 0.3 to 0.7 it can be seen as a linear response with a sensitivity of 28 nm/vol.

Detection of Ethanol Concentration using a Generic Optical Sensor Platform

In this work we introduce a novel and viable model for the measurement of ethanol concentration in water. The concept relies on the optical high spectral sensitivity of plasmonic devices. The ethanol in water mixture shows a linear ratio with the refractive index and the concentration percentage on a selected range of 0 to 45%. The proposed model is based on the refractive index linear relationships of the ethanol concentration and the plasmonic resonance wavelength. Therefore enabling the indirect measurement of the ethanol concentration through the plasmonic resonance wavelength.

Isolation, Identification and Ethanol Production of Indigenous Yeast of Toddy Palm (Borassus Flabellifer L.) Juice From Tuban, East Java, Indonesia

This study aimed to obtain and identify the indigenous yeasts isolated from Borassus flabellifer L. juice and its potency in ethanol production. Steps of this study included isolation, enumeration, characterization, identification and ethanol production and measurement of ethanol concentrations and medium acidity during fermentation. The yeast total isolated from Borassus flabellifer L. juice was 5.06 x 105 CFU/mL and the isolate U2 was phenotypically identified as Candida tropicalis (95.7% ID and T = 1). The pH level of medium decreased during the ethanol fermentation. Yeast isolate U2 was able to produce ethanol by 140.1 g/L using 50 g/L of glucose and it was not significantly different with ethanol yield fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (148.6 g/L).

Amperometric Determination of Ethanol using a Novel Nanobiocomposite

ABSTRACTA novel amperometric biosensor for the determination of ethanol through one-step drop coating of a nanobiocomposite on a glassy carbon electrode is presented. The measurement of ethanol concentration is based on the production of reduced form of the β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), which is the product of enzymatic reaction catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase. The enzyme was immobilized in a polystyrene sulfonate-multiwalled carbon nanotube composite that offers a stable environment for alcohol dehydrogenase. The performance of polystyrene sulfonate–multiwalled carbon nanotube–alcohol dehydrogenase nanobiocomposite–modified glassy carbon electrode was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and amperometry. Enzymatic oxidation of ethanol was realized in the presence of NAD+ and was determined amperometrically. The concentrations of NAD+ and enzyme were optimized. Ethanol determination was performed using 7 IU alcohol dehydrogenase/electrode in the presence of 5 mM NAD+ in pH 8.8 pyrophosphate buffer. The polystyrene sulfonate–multiwalled carbon nanotube–alcohol dehydrogenase/glassy carbon electrode biosensor showed high sensitivity for ethanol of 15.6 µA·mM−1·cm−2 with a linear range from 70 to 420 µM. A detection limit of 19 µM was obtained and negligible interferences from glucose, ascorbic acid, uric acid, and acetaminophen were observed.

Inexpensive Procedure for Measurement of Ethanol: Application to Bioethanol Production Process

We have developed a spectrophotometric method for measurement of ethanol concentration in any unknown sample using a solvent tri-n-butyl phosphate [TBP, non-alcoholic solvent, density = 0.975 to 0.976, solubility in water = 0.028% (w/v)]. Solvent TBP separates ethanol from the non-hydrolyzed substrates that could interrupt the desired result by reacting with dichromate reagent. Oxidation of ethanol with dichromate reagent imparts blue green-colour to the solvent, which is easily detected by Spectrophotomer at 595 nm. Our established method showed similar results performed by relatively expensive Gas Chromatography (GC) method. In our present study we put forth a cheap alternate method for determining ethanol concentration in any aqueous solution.

Alcohol selectivity and measurement of ethanol concentrations in liquors using Teflon® AF2400-coated gold-deposited surface plasmon resonance-based glass rod sensor

Abstract A gold (Au)-deposited surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based glass rod sensor coated with an α-mercaptoethyl-ω-methoxy polyoxyethylene (PEG thiol) layer and a Teflon AF2400 overlayer with high selectivity for small molecules contained in aqueous solutions was developed. The PEG thiol layer forms a space (approximately 13 nm wide) for the analytes to accumulate between the Au film (45 nm thick) and the Teflon layer (approximately 12 μm thick). The water and alcohol content in the sample solutions pass selectively through the porous Teflon overlayer, accumulate in the PEG thiol spacer layer and are then detected through the SPR phenomenon. Cross-sectional scanning electron microscope imaging of the sensor was used to measure the thickness of the Teflon overlayer on the Au film. The sensor selectivity was then evaluated using aqueous solutions of various alcohols. The sensor responds reversibly to the concentrations of only monohydric alcohols. The response is faster than that of the Teflon AF1600-coated sensor as a result of the increased permeability and the reduced thickness of the Teflon AF2400 overlayer. The sensor maintains both its sensitivity and its selectivity for as long as 6 months. Direct measurement of the ethanol concentrations of aqueous ethanol solutions that were mixed with interference compounds is possible using this sensor. The ethanol concentrations of various liquors were measured directly. This sensor is a unique device with functions for both separation and detection of the analytes.