Measurement Of Blood Oxygen Saturation Research Articles

CMOS Pulse Oximeter

Abstract: This paper presents the design and implementation of a non-invasive pulse oximeter based on Complementary MetalOxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology, aimed at enhancing the accuracy and accessibility of blood oxygen saturation measurements. Pulse oximetry is a critical tool in clinical and personal health monitoring, providing vital information about respiratory function. The integration of CMOS technology allows for miniaturization and energy efficiency, facilitating the development of compact, wearable devices capable of continuous monitoring. The proposed system utilizes advanced signal processing techniques, including lock-in detection and dual-wavelength illumination, to improve the reliability of photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal acquisition under various conditions. Experimental validation demonstrates the device's capability to deliver accurate SpO2 readings even in the presence of motion artifacts and ambient light interference. Furthermore, the calibration methods employed ensure that measurements are consistent and precise across different users. By leveraging the advantages of CMOS technology, this study not only highlights the potential for improved patient comfort and compliance but also opens new avenues for the application of pulse oximetry in diverse environments. The findings underscore the effectiveness of CMOS-based pulse oximeters in advancing non-invasive health monitoring solutions, ultimately contributing to enhanced patient care and outcomes.

The Relative Indirect Effects of Technology Bias and Implicit Bias on Racial Disparity in Service Delivery and Sepsis Mortality

Racism at the individual and societal levels has been identified as a cause of disparity in healthcare outcomes in the United States but reducing disparity has been slow. This study disentangles the relative effects of two types of racism on inpatient service delivery and hospital mortality: technology bias and implicit bias. Drawing on clinical data from intensive care unit (ICU) patients with sepsis, we use propensity score matching to balance groups of White and nonwhite patients and run a causal mediation analysis to test our model, which links patient race to hospital mortality through two mediating variables related to service delivery: (1) discrepancies in blood oxygen saturation measurements due to technology bias embedded in the medical device (i.e., pulse oximeter) and (2) administration of supplemental oxygen, which could be impacted by clinicians’ implicit bias. We first replicate prior findings that (a) higher discrepancies between oximeter readings and laboratory tests for nonwhite patients compared to Whites and (b) a higher discrepancy lowers the likelihood of patients receiving supplemental oxygen during the ICU stay. We make a unique contribution by finding that nonwhite patients with sepsis have a 79% higher risk of hospital mortality in the ICU compared to Whites, with nearly half of the racial disparity in mortality stemming from technology bias and less than a fifth from clinicians’ implicit bias. Eliminating these two biases would help save thousands of lives annually among racial/ethnic minorities with sepsis in the United States. Our findings indicate that technology bias exerts a greater negative impact on mortality than does implicit bias, highlighting the importance of device approval standards and clinicians' ability to customize decision criteria for supplemental oxygen.

Narrowband absorption far-red organic photodetector for photoplethysmography.

Narrowband absorption organic semiconductors are highly attractive for spectrally selective photodetection applications requiring lightweight and customizable devices. Although narrowband absorption photodetectors have achieved success in the visible range, far-red (650-750 nm) devices are scarce. The far-red wavelength range is relevant for applications in medical diagnostics, such as photoplethysmography for blood oxygen saturation detection. In this study, a non-fullerene bulk heterojunction organic photodetector with a narrowband response in the far-red spectrum is fabricated. The photodetector exhibits a high detectivity of 5.06 × 1012 Jones at a bias of -2 V. The full-width at half-maximum of the responsivity peak of the photodetector is 85 nm, which is the smallest spectral width among solution-processed devices. The response speed is 11.56 kHz. The photodetector responds within the microsecond range. The potential of the photodetector for blood oxygen saturation measurement is demonstrated.

Research on dynamic blood oxygen saturation measurement based on motion noise reconstruction combined with convex combination least mean square adaptive filter

The performance of a pulse oximeter based on photoelectric detection is greatly affected by motion noise (MA) in the photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal. This paper presents an algorithm for detecting motion oxygen saturation, which reconstructs a motion noise reference signal using ensemble of complete adaptive noise and empirical mode decomposition combined with multi-scale permutation entropy, and eliminates MA in the PPG signal using a convex combination least mean square adaptive filters to calculate dynamic oxygen saturation. The test results show that, under simulated walking and jogging conditions, the mean absolute error (MAE) of oxygen saturation estimated by the proposed algorithm and the reference oxygen saturation are 0.05 and 0.07, respectively, with means absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 0.05% and 0.07%, respectively. The overall Pearson correlation coefficient reaches 0.971 2. The proposed scheme effectively reduces motion artifacts in the corrupted PPG signal and is expected to be applied in portable photoelectric pulse oximeters to improve the accuracy of dynamic oxygen saturation measurement.

Xylazine Exacerbates Fentanyl-Induced Respiratory Depression and Bradycardia.

Fatal opioid overdoses in the United States have nearly tripled during the past decade, with greater than 92% involving a synthetic opioid like fentanyl. Fentanyl potently activates the μ-opioid receptor to induce both analgesia and respiratory depression. The danger of illicit fentanyl has recently been exacerbated by adulteration with xylazine, an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist typically used as a veterinary anesthetic. In 2023, over a 1,000% increase in xylazine-positive overdoses was reported in some regions of the U.S. Xylazine has been shown to potentiate the lethality of fentanyl in mice, yet a mechanistic underpinning for this effect has not been defined. Herein, we evaluate fentanyl, xylazine, and their combination in whole-body plethysmography (to measure respiration) and pulse oximetry (to measure blood oxygen saturation and heart rate) in male and female CD-1 mice. We show that xylazine decreases breathing rate more than fentanyl by increasing the expiration time. In contrast, fentanyl primarily reduces breathing by inhibiting inspiration, and xylazine exacerbates these effects. Fentanyl but not xylazine decreased blood oxygen saturation, and when combined, xylazine did not change the maximum level of fentanyl-induced hypoxia. Xylazine also reduced heart rate more than fentanyl. Finally, loss in blood oxygen saturation correlated with the frequency of fentanyl-induced apneas, but not breathing rate. Together, these findings provide insight into how the addition of xylazine to illicit fentanyl may increase the risk of overdose.

Effect of pericapsular nerve group block on perioperative analgesia characteristics for hip fracture operations

Aims: Pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block is a new regional analgesia technique that has recently been used for perioperative analgesia for hip fracture operations. The purpose of this research was to examine the perioperative analgesic characteristics of PENG block in patients who were going to undergo spinal anesthesia for a hip fracture procedure. Methods: The study was conducted as a prospective randomized controlled study between February 2021 and May 2021 after ethics committee approval. Patients with consent were included in the study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups (Group-I and Group-II). Patients in Group I underwent a PENG block with a 0.25% concentration of 20 cc bupivacaine in the preoperative waiting room 30 minutes before the operation. Afterward, spinal anesthesia was applied in the operating room. The patients in Group II received only spinal anesthesia. Preoperative visual analog scale (VAS) scores were recorded for both groups in the preoperative period. ECG, arterial blood pressure, pulse, and oxygen saturation measurements were performed in all patients preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively. Pulse, arterial blood pressure, oxygen saturation measurements, and VAS scores were recorded in the lateral decubitus position before and at the 5th minute after spinal anesthesia. In addition, the comfort of the anesthetist who will administer the spinal anesthesia during the application was questioned (0: poor, 1: moderate, 2: good, 3: very good). All patients 5 min after spinal anesthesia It remained in the lateral position for the duration. VAS scores were recorded during the postoperative phase at the 0th, 2nd, 8th, 16th, and 24th hours, along with the time of the first analgesic administration. The total amount of tramadol and paracetamol taken during the first 24 hours following surgery was noted. Results: Patients; gender, age, body weight, height, BMI, and ASA values were statistically similar (p > 0.05). In comparisons between the groups; During position, postoperative 2nd, 8th, 16th, 24th hours, and their sum, VAS values were found to be statistically lower in Group-I (p < 0.05). While it was found that the first analgesic administration time was statistically longer in Group-I patients (p < 0.001), the amounts of paracetamol and tramadol consumed in the first 24 hours were found to be statistically lower (p < 0.001). In addition, the comfort of the anesthetist during spinal anesthesia was found to be better in Group-I (p: 0.014). Conclusion: PENG block can be used effectively as a part of perioperative multimodal analgesia in hip fracture surgery. PENG can reduce the pain levels of patients with hip fractures as well as reduce the need for additional analgesia. It also increases the comfort of the anesthetist who will administer regional anesthesia.

Enhancing Self-Esteem, Well-Being, and Relaxation in the Elderly through Nature-Based Interventions.

As the populations of many countries are aging, institutions providing support for the elderly increasingly often use nature-based interventions (NBIs) as part of their therapeutic activities. This study aimed to show the impact of 8-week active and passive NBI programs on self-esteem, well-being, and relaxation in the elderly. The NBI programs were conducted in two groups of elderly citizens of Poland: independent senior students and seniors requiring 24 h care. The Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale and the World Health Organization Well-Being Index were used to assess self-esteem and well-being before and after the programs. To assess relaxation, pre-post session measurements of pulse rate (PR) and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) were used. Our study showed an improvement in the self-esteem, well-being, and relaxation of the participants of both active and passive NBI programs. In all study groups, self-esteem and well-being improved after the programs, regardless of the type of intervention, and after each NBI session, the elderly showed a decrease in PR and an increase in SpO2, which indicated a deeper state of relaxation. Our research showed a greater improvement in the tested parameters in the seniors participating in the passive programs in a garden. This confirms a key role of green spaces in residential areas for the elderly and in nursing homes.

The Development and Implementation of Innovative Blind Source Separation Techniques for Real-Time Extraction and Analysis of Fetal and Maternal Electrocardiogram Signals.

This article presents an innovative approach to analyzing and extracting electrocardiogram (ECG) signals from the abdomen and thorax of pregnant women, with the primary goal of isolating fetal ECG (fECG) and maternal ECG (mECG) signals. To resolve the difficulties related to the low amplitude of the fECG, various noise sources during signal acquisition, and the overlapping of R waves, we developed a new method for extracting ECG signals using blind source separation techniques. This method is based on independent component analysis algorithms to detect and accurately extract fECG and mECG signals from abdomen and thorax data. To validate our approach, we carried out experiments using a real and reliable database for the evaluation of fECG extraction algorithms. Moreover, to demonstrate real-time applicability, we implemented our method in an embedded card linked to electronic modules that measure blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) and body temperature, as well as the transmission of data to a web server. This enables us to present all information related to the fetus and its mother in a mobile application to assist doctors in diagnosing the fetus's condition. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in isolating fECG and mECG signals under difficult conditions and also calculating different heart rates (fBPM and mBPM), which offers promising prospects for improving fetal monitoring and maternal healthcare during pregnancy.

Cyber-physical System for Monitoring and Analyzing Human Biomedical Data

The measurement of arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation, pulse, and blood pressure was presented. A review of methods for measuring arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation based on photoplethysmography was provided. The architecture of the hardware and software platform of a cyber-physical system for the primary processing and transmission of information signals, based on a microcontroller with hardware encryption and a Bluetooth module for transmitting encrypted data to a mobile device and a remote server, was considered. Algorithms for measuring blood oxygen saturation and blood pressure were developed. An application for the Android operating system was designed for measuring human biomedical data in real time and analyzing their parameters over a specified period. The developed cyber-physical system is intended for use in medical institutions.

Tissue mimicking materials and finger phantom design for pulse oximetry.

Pulse oximetry represents a ubiquitous clinical application of optics in modern medicine. Recent studies have raised concerns regarding the potential impact of confounders, such as variable skin pigmentation and perfusion, on blood oxygen saturation measurement accuracy in pulse oximeters. Tissue-mimicking phantom testing offers a low-cost, well-controlled solution for characterizing device performance and studying potential error sources, which may thus reduce the need for costly in vivo trials. The purpose of this study was to develop realistic phantom-based test methods for pulse oximetry. Material optical and mechanical properties were reviewed, selected, and tuned for optimal biological relevance, e.g., oxygenated tissue absorption and scattering, strength, elasticity, hardness, and other parameters representing the human finger's geometry and composition, such as blood vessel size and distribution, and perfusion. Relevant anatomical and physiological properties are summarized and implemented toward the creation of a preliminary finger phantom. To create a preliminary finger phantom, we synthesized a high-compliance silicone matrix with scatterers for embedding flexible tubing and investigated the addition of these scatterers to novel 3D printing resins for optical property control without altering mechanical stability, streamlining the production of phantoms with biologically relevant characteristics. Phantom utility was demonstrated by applying dynamic, pressure waveforms to produce tube volume change and resultant photoplethysmography (PPG) signals. 3D printed phantoms achieved more biologically relevant conditions compared to molded phantoms. These preliminary results indicate that the phantoms show strong potential to be developed into tools for evaluating pulse oximetry performance. Gaps, recommendations, and strategies are presented for continued phantom development.

A retrospective cohort study on early antibiotic use in vaccinated and unvaccinated COVID-19 patients.

The bacteriophage behavior of SARS-CoV-2 during the acute and post-COVID-19 phases appears to be an important factor in the development of the disease. The early use of antibiotics seems to be crucial to inhibit disease progression-to prevent viral replication in the gut microbiome, and control toxicological production from the human microbiome. To study the impact of specific antibiotics on recovery from COVID-19 and long COVID (LC) taking into account: vaccination status, comorbidities, SARS-CoV-2 wave, time of initiation of antibiotic therapy and concomitant use of corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). A total of 211 COVID-19 patients were included in the study: of which 59 were vaccinated with mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 while 152 were unvaccinated. Patients were enrolled in three waves: from September 2020 to October 2022, corresponding to the emergence of the pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The three criteria for enrolling patients were: oropharyngeal swab positivity or fecal findings; moderate symptoms with antibiotic intake; and measurement of blood oxygen saturation during the period of illness. The use of antibiotic combinations, such as amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (875 + 125 mg tablets, every 12 h) plus rifaximin (400 mg tablets every 12 h), as first choice, as suggested from the previous data, or azithromycin (500 mg tablets every 24 h), plus rifaximin as above, allows healthcare professionals to focus on the gut microbiome and its implications in COVID-19 disease during patient care. The primary outcome measured in this study was the estimated average treatment effect, which quantified the difference in mean recovery between patients receiving antibiotics and those not receiving antibiotics at 3 and 9 days after the start of treatment. In the analysis, both vaccinated and unvaccinated groups had a median illness duration of 7 days (interquartile range [IQR] 6-9 days for each; recovery crude hazard ratio [HR] = 0.94, p = 0.700). The median illness duration for the pre-Delta and Delta waves was 8 days (IQR 7-10 days), while it was shorter, 6.5 days, for Omicron (IQR 6-8 days; recovery crude HR = 1.71, p < 0.001). These results were confirmed by multivariate analysis. Patients with comorbidities had a significantly longer disease duration: median 8 days (IQR 7-10 days) compared to 7 days (IQR 6-8 days) for those without comorbidities (crude HR = 0.75, p = 0.038), but this result was not confirmed in multivariate analysis as statistical significance was lost. Early initiation of antibiotic therapy resulted in a significantly shorter recovery time (crude HR = 4.74, p < 0.001). Concomitant use of NSAIDs did not reduce disease duration and in multivariate analysis prolonged the disease (p = 0.041). A subgroup of 42 patients receiving corticosteroids for a median of 3 days (IQR 3-6 days) had a longer recovery time (median 9 days, IQR 8-10 days) compared to others (median 7 days, IQR 6-8 days; crude HR = 0.542, p < 0.001), as confirmed also by the adjusted HR. In this study, a statistically significant reduction in recovery time was observed among patients who received early antibiotic treatment. Early initiation of antibiotics played a crucial role in maintaining higher levels of blood oxygen saturation. In addition, it is worth noting that a significant number of patients who received antibiotics in the first 3 days and for a duration of 7 days, during the acute phase did not develop LC.

Smartwatch measurement of blood oxygen saturation for predicting acute mountain sickness: Diagnostic accuracy and reliability.

This study aims to assess the accuracy and stability of smartwatches in predicting acute mountain sickness (AMS). In locations exceeding an altitude of 2500 m, a cohort of 42 subjects had their Lake Louise AMS self-assessment score, blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate, and perfusion index measured using smartwatches, with the data seamlessly conveyed to the Huawei Cloud. A significant decrease in SpO2 was observed in individuals positive for AMS compared to those negative (p < 0.05), with the mild AMS group exhibiting significantly lower SpO2 levels than the non-AMS group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, SpO2 emerged as a significant, independent predictor of AMS [β=-0.086, p < 0.01, OR (95% CI) = 0.92 (0.87-0.97)], indicating that each unit increase in SpO2 decreases the probability of AMS occurrence by 8.6%. The Huawei smartwatches have demonstrated efficacy in diagnosing and foretelling AMS at elevations exceeding 4000 m, showcasing significant reliability and high precision in SpO2 measurement.

Reliability of continuous vital sign monitoring in post-operative patients employing consumer-grade fitness trackers: A randomised pilot trial.

Fitness trackers can provide continuous monitoring of vital signs and thus have the potential to become a complementary, mobile and effective tool for early detection of patient deterioration and post-operative complications. To evaluate potential implementations in acute care setting, we included 36 patients after moderate to major surgery in a recent randomised pilot trial to compare the performance of vital sign monitoring by three different fitness trackers (Apple Watch 7, Garmin Fenix 6pro and Withings ScanWatch) with established standard clinical monitors in post-anaesthesia care units and monitoring wards. During a cumulative period of 56 days, a total of 53,197 heart rate (HR) measurements, as well as 12,219 measurements of the peripheral blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) and 28,954 respiratory rate (RR) measurements were collected by fitness trackers. Under real-world conditions, HR monitoring was accurate and reliable across all benchmarked devices (r = [0.95;0.98], p < 0.001; Bias = [-0.74 bpm;-0.01 bpm]; MAPE∼2%). However, the performance of SpO2 (r = [0.21;0.68]; p < 0.001; Bias = [-0.46%;-2.29%]; root-mean-square error = [2.82%;4.1%]) monitoring was substantially inferior. RR measurements could not be obtained for two of the devices, therefore exclusively the accuracy of the Garmin tracker could be evaluated (r = 0.28, p < 0.001; Bias = -1.46/min). Moreover, the time resolution of the vital sign measurements highly depends on the tracking device, ranging from 0.7 to 117.94 data points per hour. According to the results of the present study, tracker devices are generally reliable and accurate for HR monitoring, whereas SpO2 and RR measurements should be interpreted carefully, considering the clinical context of the respective patients.

Эффективность неонатального скрининга на критические врожденные пороки сердца путем двузонного измерения систолического артериального давления и сатурации

Aim. To evaluate screening methods for critical congenital heart defects (CHD), in particular obstructive aortic arch defects (OАADs), using dual-zone systolic blood pressure (SBP) and oxygen saturation measurements in healthy newborns. Design. A prospective observational study. Material and methods. The study included 12 098 healthy newborns aged 48 (36–50) hours of life, who were screened for critical CHDs using dual-zone measurements of SBP and saturation, as well as using physical methods. Screening for critical CHDs was considered normal if the saturation difference was 2% or less, the saturation was more than 95%, the difference in SBP was 9 mm Hg and less. If the screening was abnormal, echocardiography (ECHO-CG) was performed. The end point of the study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of screening for OPAADs in healthy newborns using dual-zone measurement of SBP and saturation. Results. 12 037 children had normal screening results. In these children, the difference in pre- and postductal SBP was 0 (standard deviation (σ) = 4.26 mm Hg, and the difference (Me) in saturation was 0 (σ = 0.93%). Dual-zone SBP screening was abnormal in 34 newborns. The difference in their SBP was 11 (10–34) mm Hg. In 16 of these children ECHO-CG did not reveal CHD, and in 4 — critical OAADs — coarctation of aorta was diagnosed. A decrease in peripheral pulsation in the femoral arteries was noted only in children with critical OAADs. Pulse oximetry screening was normal in these children with critical OAADs. Dual-zone saturation screening was abnormal in 16 children. The difference in saturation between them was 3 (3–5)%. In 13 of these children, ECHO-CG did not reveal CHDs, and in 1 child critical CHD was diagnosed — transposition of the great arteries. Also, this child (and another who was healthy) had a decrease in saturation of less than 95%. In 11 newborns, screening was abnormal only due to saturation of 95% or less, but ECHO-CG did not reveal CHDs. The sensitivity and specificity of screening for OAADs using dual-zone SBP measurement was 100 and 80%, and using dual-zone pulse oximetry was 0 and 73.6%, respectively. Conclusions. In newborns with OAADs, a difference in SBP of 10 mmHg is recorded after 36 hours of their life. Dual-zone measurement of SBP is the most highly sensitive and specific method for detecting OAADs in comparison with dual-zone pulse oximetry. Dual-zone measurement of SBP and determination of peripheral pulsation are recommended for inclusion in the neonatal screening protocol for critical CHDs. Keywords: congenital heart disease, neonatal screening for congenital heart defects, aortic coarctation, aortic arch interruption, blood pressure.

Non-contact blood oxygen saturation measurement in dynamic head scenes

Non-contact blood oxygen saturation measurement in dynamic head scenes

Acceptance of the Apple Watch Series 6 for Telemonitoring of Older Adults With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Qualitative Descriptive Study Part 1.

The Apple Watch is not a medical device per se; it is a smart wearable device that is increasingly being used for health monitoring. Evidence exists that the Apple Watch Series 6 can reliably measure blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease under controlled circumstances. This study aimed to better understand older adults' acceptance of the Watch as a part of telemonitoring, even with these advancements. This study conducted content analysis on data collected from 10 older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who consented to wear the Watch. Using the Extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model, results showed that participants experienced potential health benefits; however, the inability of the Watch to reliably measure SpO2 when in respiratory distress was concerning. Participants' level of tech savviness varied, which caused some fear and frustration at the start, yet all felt supported by family and would have explored more features if they owned the Watch. All agreed that the Watch is mainly a medical tool and not a gadget. To conclude, although the Watch may enhance their physical health and well-being, results indicated that participants are more likely to accept the Watch if it ultimately proves to be useful when experiencing respiratory distress.

Enhanced SpO2 estimation using explainable machine learning and neck photoplethysmography

Reflectance-based photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensors provide flexible options of measuring sites for blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) measurement. But they are mostly limited by accuracy, especially when applied to different subjects, due to the diverse human characteristics (skin colors, hair density, etc.) and usage conditions of different sensor settings. This study addresses the estimation of SpO2 at non-standard measuring sites employing reflectance-based sensors. It proposes an automated construction of subject inclusion-exclusion criteria for SpO2 measuring devices, using a combination of unsupervised clustering, supervised regression, and model explanations. This is perhaps among the first adaptation of SHAP to explain the clusters gleaned from unsupervised learning methods. As a wellness application case study, we developed a pillow-based wearable device to collect reflectance PPGs from both the brachiocephalic and carotid arteries around the neck. The experiment was conducted on 33 subjects, each under totally 80 different sensor settings. The proposed approach addressed the variations of humans and devices, as well as the heterogeneous mapping between signals and SpO2 values. It identified effective device settings and characteristics of their applicable subject groups (i.e., subject inclusion-exclusion criteria). Overall, it reduced the root mean squared error (RMSE) by 16%, compared to an empirical formula and a plain SpO2 estimation model.

Evaluating blood oxygen saturation measurements by popular fitness trackers in postoperative patients: A prospective clinical trial

Blood oxygen saturation is an important clinical parameter, especially in postoperative hospitalized patients, monitored in clinical practice by arterial blood gas (ABG) and/or pulse oximetry that both are not suitable for a long-term continuous monitoring of patients during the entire hospital stay, or beyond. Technological advances developed recently for consumer-grade fitness trackers could-at least in theory-help to fill in this gap, but benchmarks on the applicability and accuracy of these technologies in hospitalized patients are currently lacking. We therefore conducted at the postanaesthesia care unit under controlled settings a prospective clinical trial with 201 patients, comparing in total >1,000 oxygen blood saturation measurements by fitness trackers of three brands with the ABG gold standard and with pulse oximetry. Our results suggest that, despite of an overall still tolerable measuring accuracy, comparatively high dropout rates severely limit the possibilities of employing fitness trackers, particularly during the immediate postoperative period of hospitalized patients.

RANCANG BANGUN ALAT PENDETEKSI GOLONGAN DARAH DAN SATURASI OKSIGEN BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO

In this study a device was designed to detect human blood group using the ABO method which is integrated with a blood oxygen saturation meter. This tool can detect agglutination or non-agglutination reactions in blood samples that have been treated with antisera and will then be read by three TCRT5000 sensors which are reflective sensors used as detectors of A, B and Rhesus antigens when agglutination and non-agglutination reactions occur on paper. blood sample test. In addition, the MAX30100 sensor is also used to measure blood oxygen saturation in the human body. Data that has been read by the sensor will be directly processed by Arduino Uno and the results from reading by the sensor will be displayed on the 16x2 LCD. In testing the human blood group detector designed where the results of all tests on the respondent's blood samples totaling 8 blood samples obtained a success value of 100%. In addition, the results of testing the Oxygen Saturation Measuring Instrument using the MAX30100 sensor obtained an accuracy value of 99.53%.

The Effects of the Myobrace® System on Peripheral Blood Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) in Patients with Mixed Dentition with Oral Dysfunction.

Myobrace® is an orthodontic device that has the purpose of correcting oral dysfunctions, thus predisposing the physiological growth of the jaws, aligning teeth, and optimizing face development. This device is usually associated with Myobrace® Activities to reach this target. Considering the lack of studies in the literature about peripheral blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) and the use of preformed oral devices, the aim of this study is to quantify the change in blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) in patients treated with the Myobrace® System in mixed dentition. In this study, 23 children (11 females and 12 males) were involved, who were affected by different oral dysfunctions and were treated with a Myobrace®. Blood oxygen saturation measurements were taken at baseline and after every four months for a year. The SpO2 measurements were taken in the rest position and with a closed mouth for a total of 12 min-6 min with and 6 min without the Myobrace® oral device. All data points were anonymized and recorded on an Excel spreadsheet. A statistical analysis was carried out. Therapy with a Myobrace® in patients with mixed dentition resulted in a statistically significant increase in oxygen saturation. In particular, in patients with a closed mouth, a statistically significant increase in oxygen saturation was observed, bringing it from 97.66% to 99.00%, while in the rest position, the increase was from 98.03% to 99.07%. The use of Myobrace® devices in patients with mixed dentition could lead to a significant improvement in blood oxygen saturation.